用改进的经验格林函数方法模拟唐山地震动

建筑物的抗震设防需要尽可能地掌握未来大地震强震动记录信息,但大地震强震动记录的匮乏阻碍了抗震设防实践的发展。经验格林函数方法作为模拟地震动的主要方法,可以提供可靠的大地震强震动记录,但也存在着许多问题,如缺乏对大地震断层滑动分布不均匀的描述、用经验确定小震数目、模拟方法受到大小地震相似条件的限制等。文中对上述经验格林函数方法存在的问题进行了研究,改进的经验格林函数方法,有效地解决了上述问题。并用其对唐山大地震进行了模拟,并把模拟的地震动时程和反应谱与实际记录相比较,发现用改进方法模拟的地震动加速度反应谱比用未改进方法模拟结果更接近实际的地震动记录加速度反应谱。由此说明改进的经验格林函数可更准确的模拟地震动。     

经验格林函数方法理论上的改进

以往的经验格林函数方法存在着两个问题:一是要求大小地震需满足"相似"或"准相似"条件,这就限制了经验格林函数方法的适用范围。二是对大地震断层面的位错不均匀性考虑得不充分,而实际上大地震断层的位错一般是不均匀的。本文在假定大小地震不满足"相似"和"准相似"以及大地震断层面位错不均匀的前提下,对经验格林函数方法进行了改进,并应用于卢龙地震的模拟,模拟的结果与记录符合得比较好,说明改进的经验格林函数方法可以用来估计场地地震动过程。     

青藏铁路典型场地地脉动台阵观测研究

针对青藏高原多年冻土区场地资料较少的情况,为满足工程和防震减灾的需要,对北麓河和二道沟二个青藏铁路沿线典型多年冻土场地进行了地脉动台阵观测,根据场地实际情况设计了地脉动台阵,进行了加速度记录观测。采用小波分析方法对数据进行了处理,滤掉信号中的长频率漂移及直流成分,对各测点加速度数据记录的水平和竖向的最大加速度与平均加速度进行了统计,表明北麓河场地更为坚硬。通过单点谱比法对场地卓越频率进行了分析,两个场地的竖向卓越频率波动的范围大致在3.0~5.5Hz,属较硬实场地。通过改进的空间自相关方法计算了空间自相关系数,提取了Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线,与正常提取结果及理论计算结果进行了对比,验证了地脉动台阵布置和Rayleigh相速度提取方法的合理性,为进一步研究提供了支撑。     

用经验格林函数法和随机方法模拟卢龙地震的比较

在介绍用经验格林函数方法和随机方法模拟地震动的基础上,分别用这两种方法模拟了卢龙5．7级地震。模拟结果表明,用经验格林函数方法模拟地震动的结果与地震记录符合得很好。用随机方法模拟地震动在高频部分与地震动记录符合得比较好,而在中、低频部分符合得不太好。两种方法比较,经验格林函数方法模拟的结果更符合实际记录。但随机方法具有计算简单、无需小震记录的优点,因此发展随机的方法是有意义的。随机方法中中、低频部分不太符合的原因是随机方法中的很多经验关系是在美国大陆得到的。因此建议加强对中国大陆经验关系的研究,并把中国大陆的经验关系加入到随机方法中,使随机的方法成为中国大陆普适的模拟地震动的方法。     

768记录器直流供电体系的简化改造

１７６８记录器的直流供电体系２０年来,７６８记录器以其一系列独到的先进功能,已经成为国内大大小小的模拟遥测地震台网终端可见记录设备独一无二的选择。毫无疑问,这种局面还会继续下去。然而,对直流供电要求的过于复杂,不能不说是给它的美丽染上了一道瑕疵。７６...     

短周期烟记录地震仪技术改进试验研究

针对烟记录地震仪存在的问题，采取仅改动其放大器、电源与记录部分，利用现有拾震器和大滚筒记录器，投入少量资金，即可改造成适合台站使用的新型ＤＹＪ－１型短周期墨水记录地震仪。     

改进磁变仪布局的研究

本文讨论了各分量磁变仪磁针之间的相互影响以及地磁场各分量的变化、记录光入射角对记录的影响，并由此认为一套磁变仪的布局应满意三项标准：（１）各分量仪磁针间的相互静磁影响要小，且任一磁针受其它磁针工作的影响要低于该分量仪记录的分辨率；（２）各分量仪的状态函数稳定，即保持定向能力强；（３）可产生较高精度的线性记录磁照图。鉴于目前的磁变仪布局与此三标准有明显差距，故本文提出了一种新的布局方案，可满足此三项     

SQ—70型倾斜仪调仪器后校正值计算的改进方法

根据倾斜固体潮波记录曲线的特性及多年工作的经验，对现行观测中，调仪器时间较长或停记时间较长情况下进行校正值的计算提出了一种改进方法，该方法能较好地提高校正值计算的精度，使校正值更为合理。     

改进的两步法在地震动衰减关系建立中的应用

地震动衰减关系系数的回归是地震动衰减关系研究中一项关键的技术,由于地震动衰减公式具有震级与距离相关性和地震动参数本身的不确定性较大等特点,一般迭代回归方法难以满足回归精度的要求.目前常用的回归方法有单随机变量加权最小二乘法、多随机变量加权最小二乘法、两步法、新两步法等;在上述方法中,两步法和新两步法虽然考虑了震级和距离相关性的特点,但回归系数的稳定性较差.因此,在两步法思想的基础上提出了既能考虑震级和距离相关性,又能提高回归系数的稳定性的一种新方法-改进的两步法.     

三维叠后差分偏移的因子分解法

提出一种三维叠后偏移的一步差分方法，称为因子分解法．差分格式是二阶精度的隐式格式，求解方法与通常一步差分偏移不同，不采用分步法交替求解。ｘ－ｙ方向的二维问题，而是采用因子分解法，将求解的差分方程分解为向前因子和向后因子，从而在一次扫描中同时完成ｘ－ｙ方向的正递归和反递归．为了抑制边界反射，采用了吸收边界条件，给出了理论合成记录和实际记录的偏移结果，数值试验表明该方法具有较好的精度和较高的计算效率．     

Event-oriented velocity estimation based on prestack data in time or depth domain1

A 2D reflection tomographic method is described, for the purpose of estimating an improved macrovelocity field for prestack depth migration. An event-oriented local approach of the ‘layer-stripping’ type has been developed, where each input event is defined by its traveltime and a traveltime derivative, taken with respect to one of four coordinates in the source/receiver and midpoint half-offset systems. Recent work has shown that the results of reflection tomography may be improved by performing event picking in a prestack depth domain. We adopt this approach and allow events to be picked either before or after prestack depth migration. Hence, if events have been picked in a depth domain, such as the common-shot depth domain or the common-offset depth domain, then a depth-time transformation is required before velocity estimation. The event transformation may, for example, be done by conventional kinematic ray tracingr and with respect to the original depth-migration velocity field. By this means, we expect the input events for velocity updating to become less sensitive to migration velocity errors. For the purpose of velocity estimation, events are subdivided into two categories; reference horizon events and individual events. The reference horizon events correspond to a fixed offset in order to provide basic information about reflector geometry, whereas individual events, corresponding to any offset, are supposed to provide the additional information needed for velocity estimation. An iterative updating approach is used, based on calculation of derivatives of event reflection points with respect to velocity. The event reflection points are obtained by ray-theoretical depth conversion, and reflection-point derivatives are calculated accurately and efficiently from information pertaining to single rays. A number of reference horizon events and a single individual event constitute the minimum information required to update the velocity locally, and the iterations proceed until the individual event reflection point is consistent with those of the reference horizon events. Normally, three to four iterations are sufficient to attain convergence. As a by-product of the process, we obtain so-called uncertainty amplification factors, which relate a picking error to the corresponding error in the estimated velocity or depth horizon position. The vector formulation of the updating relationship makes it applicable to smooth horizons having arbitrary dips and by applying velocity updating in combination with a flexible model-builder, very general macro-model structures can be obtained. As a first step in the evaluation of the new method, error-free traveltime events were generated by applying forward ray tracing within given macrovelocity models. When using such ‘perfect’ observations, the velocity estimation algorithm gave consistent reconstructions of macro-models containing interfaces with differential dip and curvature, a low-velocity layer and a layer with a laterally varying velocity function.     

A note on the applicability of log-Gumbel and log-logistic probability distributions in hydrological analyses: II. Assumed pdf

Abstract

Applicability of log-Gumbel (LG) and log-logistic (LL) probability distributions in hydrological studies is critically examined under real conditions, where the assumed distribution differs from the true one. The set of alternative distributions consists of five two-parameter distributions with zero lower bound, including LG and LL as well as lognormal (LN), linear diffusion analogy (LD) and gamma (Ga) distributions. The log-Gumbel distribution is considered as both a false and a true distribution. The model error of upper quantiles and of the first two moments is analytically derived for three estimation methods: the method of moments (MOM), the linear moments method (LMM) and the maximum likelihood method (MLM). These estimation methods are used as methods of approximation of one distribution by another distribution. As recommended in the first of this two-part series of papers, MLM turns out to be the worst method, if the assumed LG or LL distribution is not the true one. It produces a huge bias of upper quantiles, which is at least one order higher than that of the other two methods. However, the reverse case, i.e. acceptance of LN, LD or Ga as a hypothetical distribution, while the LG or LL distribution is the true one, gives the MLM bias of reasonable magnitude in upper quantiles. Therefore, one should avoid choosing the LG and LL distributions in flood frequency analysis, especially if MLM is to be applied.     

复杂地区速度场建立与变速构造成图方法研究

在复杂构造地区,用传统的Dix公式变速成图方法得到的叠加速度不准确,不适合于高陡倾角地层的速度转换,构造图的精度也较低.本文对复杂地区速度场建立与变速构造成图方法进行了深入研究,介绍了基于Dix公式转换法（改进后）、叠加速度反演法和CMP道集相干反演法三种速度场建立与构造成图方法的原理和思路,总结出了适合于复杂构造区的速度场建立与变速成图方法.通过在塔里木盆地的实际应用,这三种方法有效地提高了复杂地区速度场和构造图的精度, 具有良好的推广应用前景.     

On robustness of large quantile estimates to largest elements of the observation series

The robustness of large quantile estimates of largest elements in a small sample by the methods of moments (MOM), L‐moments (LMM) and maximum likelihood (MLM) was evaluated and compared. Bias (B) and mean square error (MSE) were used to measure the estimation methods performance. Quantiles were estimated by eight two‐parameter probability distributions with the variation coefficient being the shape parameter. The effect of dropping largest elements of the series on large quantile values was assessed for various variation coefficient (C_V)/sample size (n) ‘combinations’ with n = 30 as the basic value. To that end, both the Monte Carlo sampling experiments and an asymptotic approach consisting in distribution truncation were applied. In general, both sampling and asymptotic approaches point to MLM as the most robust method of the three considered, with respect to bias of large quantiles. Comparing the performance of two other methods, the MOM estimates were found to be more robust for small and moderate hydrological samples drawn from distributions with zero lower‐bound than were the LMM estimates. Extending the evaluation to outliers, it was shown that all the above findings remain valid. However, using the MSE variation as a measure of performance, the LMM was found to be the best for most distribution/variation coefficient combinations, whereas MOM was found to be the worst. Moreover, removal of the largest sample element need not result in a loss of estimation efficiency. The gain in accuracy is observed for the heavy‐tailed and log‐normal distributions, being particularly distinctive for LMM. In practice, while dealing with a single sample deprived of its largest element, one should choose the estimation method giving the lowest MSE of large quantiles. For n = 30 and several distribution/variation coefficient combinations, the MLM outperformed the two other methods in this respect and its supremacy grew with sample size, while MOM was usually the worst. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Velocity model estimation for depth imaging: Comparison of three tomography methods on a 2D real data set

The estimation of velocity models is still crucial in seismic reflection imaging as it controls the quality of the depth‐migrated image, which is the basis of geological interpretation. Among the numerous existing methods for velocity determination, tomographic methods are very attractive for their efficiency and ability to retrieve heterogeneities of the medium. We present three tomographic methods in order to estimate heterogeneous velocity models from 2D prestack PP reflection data: a traveltime tomography in the time‐migrated domain, a traveltime and slope tomography in the non‐migrated time domain, and a slope tomography in the depth‐migrated domain. The first method (traveltime tomography in the time domain) is based on continuous picked events, whereas the two slope tomographic methods, one in the time domain and the other in the depth domain, are based on locally coherent events, with no assumptions about reflector geometry or the unknown velocity field. The purpose of this paper is not to describe in detail the theoretical basis and implementation of the methods, but to apply and compare their output using the same marine real data set. Based on the estimated velocity models, the migrated images and the common‐image gathers from the three processing routes, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods are discussed. Finally, similarities are indicated and potential alternative approaches are proposed.     

Application of the Spatial Auto-Correlation Method for Shear-Wave Velocity Studies Using Ambient Noise

Ambient seismic noise or microtremor observations used in spatial auto-correlation (SPAC) array methods consist of a wide frequency range of surface waves from the frequency of about 0.1 Hz to several tens of Hz. The wavelengths (and hence depth sensitivity of such surface waves) allow determination of the site S-wave velocity model from a depth of 1 or 2 m down to a maximum of several kilometres; it is a passive seismic method using only ambient noise as the energy source. Application usually uses a 2D seismic array with a small number of seismometers (generally between 2 and 15) to estimate the phase velocity dispersion curve and hence the S-wave velocity depth profile for the site. A large number of methods have been proposed and used to estimate the dispersion curve; SPAC is the one of the oldest and the most commonly used methods due to its versatility and minimal instrumentation requirements. We show that direct fitting of observed and model SPAC spectra generally gives a superior bandwidth of useable data than does the more common approach of inversion after the intermediate step of constructing an observed dispersion curve. Current case histories demonstrate the method with a range of array types including two-station arrays, L-shaped multi-station arrays, triangular and circular arrays. Array sizes from a few metres to several-km in diameter have been successfully deployed in sites ranging from downtown urban settings to rural and remote desert sites. A fundamental requirement of the method is the ability to average wave propagation over a range of azimuths; this can be achieved with either or both of the wave sources being widely distributed in azimuth, and the use of a 2D array sampling the wave field over a range of azimuths. Several variants of the method extend its applicability to under-sampled data from sparse arrays, the complexity of multiple-mode propagation of energy, and the problem of precise estimation where array geometry departs from an ideal regular array. We find that sparse nested triangular arrays are generally sufficient, and the use of high-density circular arrays is unlikely to be cost-effective in routine applications. We recommend that passive seismic arrays should be the method of first choice when characterizing average S-wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V_s30) and deeper, with active seismic methods such as multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) being a complementary method for use if and when conditions so require. The use of computer inversion methodology allows estimation of not only the S-wave velocity profile but also parameter uncertainties in terms of layer thickness and velocity. The coupling of SPAC methods with horizontal/vertical particle motion spectral ratio analysis generally allows use of lower frequency data, with consequent resolution of deeper layers than is possible with SPAC alone. Considering its non-invasive methodology, logistical flexibility, simplicity, applicability, and stability, the SPAC method and its various modified extensions will play an increasingly important role in site effect evaluation. The paper summarizes the fundamental theory of the SPAC method, reviews recent developments, and offers recommendations for future blind studies.     

THE CORRELATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WITH FORMATIONS IN THE SOUTH-WEST OF SCOTLAND *

In seismic studies being carried out to elucidate the structure at depth of the Midland Valley rift and the Tertiary igneous province in the West of Scotland, a lack of deep boreholes makes the collection of velocity data imperative for identification of seismic events and for determinations of depth. Three methods are used to investigate the correlation of seismic velocities and geological formations. The results show as strong a dependence of velocity on method of measurement as on lithology and the wide spread of values within a given formation makes the attribution of discrete velocity ranges to specific formations impossible. Changes of velocity are more significant than absolute values. The variations in both are discussed.     

四川地区的地震层析成像

由四川地震台网的P波数据所进行的层析成像研究得到了该区地壳及上地幔速度图像的新信息(结果表明:1.20^-km深度处的速度图像与地表构造特征密切有关,反映了地壳的岩性分布,呈现为断块结构;龙门山、鲜水河主要断裂及南北构造带和四川盆地清晰地成像在图上.一直被认为是隐伏存在的华蓥山断裂则鲜明地展现在20-85km深度的速度图像上.2.50±km深度处的速度图像则反映了该区的莫霍面深度明显起伏;四川盆地、徽（县）成（县）盆地和汉中盆地的地壳厚度小于50km,上地幔顶部速度约8.1km/s.龙门山以104°E为界,北段地壳厚度与四川盆地一样,中南段与川西相近.康滇地轴为四川地区地壳由东向西增厚的过渡地带.3.岩石层厚度显著变化,扬子准地台为比较活动的褶皱区,具有较厚的岩石层.4.速度结构与地震活动性存在一定的联系,该区1930年以来M≥6.0的强震震中在20^-km深度（上地壳）上的投影大都分布在速度梯度带上,成条带分布.考虑到强震的余震区大都偏高速体一侧,似乎表明,高速体有高于周围介质的剪切强度,它可能起沿断裂带凹凸体的作用.强震震中在50⁺km深度（上地幔顶部）上的投影几乎都分布在低速区及其边缘,那里壳幔间速度呈过渡关系,是软流层顶部较浅地区.     

APPLICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY AND DEPTH OF SOIL-LAYERS

The shear wave velocity is one of the important parameters in seismic engineering.The common mathematical models of relationship between shear wave velocity and depth of soil-layers are linear function model,quadratic function model,power function model,cubic function model,and quartic function model.It is generally believed that the regression formulae based on aforementioned mathematical models are mainly used for preliminary estimation of the local shear wave velocity.In order to increase the value of test data of wave speed in boreholes,the calculation formulae for the thickness of ground cover layer are derived based on the aforementioned mathematical models and their fitting parameters.The calculation formulae for the mean shear wave velocity of soil-layers are derived by integral mean value theorem.Accordingly,the calculation formulae for the equivalent shear wave velocity of soil-layers are derived.The calculation formulae for the depth of reflective waves in time-depth conversion of the reflection seismic exploration are derived.Through the statistical analysis of test data of shear wave velocity of soil layers in Changyuan County,Henan Province,regression formulae and their fitting parameters of aforementioned mathematical models are obtained.The results show that in the determination of the quality of these regression formulae and their fitting parameters,the adjusted R-square,root mean square error and residual error,the matching on the statistical range between the geometry of function of mathematical models used and the scattergram of the measured data,the application purpose and the simplicity of the regression formulae should be considered.With the aforementioned new formulae,the results show that the calculated values of equivalent shear wave velocity of soil-layers and thickness of ground cover layer meet the engineering needs.The steps for statistics and applications of the relationship between shear wave velocity and depth of soil-layers for a new area are as follows:(1) Analyze the relevant data about the site such as the drilling and wave speed test data,etc.and divide the site into seismic engineering geological units;(2) In a single seismic engineering geological unit,make statistical analysis of the data of borehole wave speed test,comprehensively identify and select mathematical models and their fitting parameters of the relationship between shear wave velocity and depth of soil-layers;(3) Substitute the selected fitting parameters into the formulae,based on their mathematical models for the thickness of ground cover layer,or the equivalent shear wave velocity of soil-layers,or the depth of reflective wave,then the thickness of ground covering layer,equivalent shear wave velocity,and depth of reflective wave are obtained.     

Theoretical basis and numerical simulation of parallel seismic test for existing piles using flexural wave

This paper presents theoretical analysis of the parallel seismic (PS) method for evaluating existing piles using the flexural mode wave exited by a horizontal impact on the lateral surface of a pile. A simplified theoretical model of the flexural wave for PS method was established to elaborate the theoretical basis. A correction factor was then obtained and proposed to correct the pile depth obtained from the PS method, thus providing a more accurate estimation. A three dimension (3-D) finite element (FE) model was developed and the existence of the flexural waves on branch F(1, 1) in the pile shaft has been verified. Two time domain methods were used to calculate the flexural wave velocity in the pile. One was based on the pile tip reflection signal using a model where pile head reflection was minimized, and another method used the slope of the upper fitted line in the PS test. The flexural wave velocities from both methods match well with the predicted flexural wave group velocity determined from the dispersion curve of a 1-D rod embedded in the soil. The accuracy in estimation of pile tip depth is improved by applying the correction factor. A series of parametric studies were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of using flexural wave for PS test and the correction factor proposed in this study.