塔里木盆地北部古生界密集段分布型式与海平面变化的关系

塔里木盆地北部震旦纪－古生代层序地层格架中,发育着６个可作为生油层的大型密集段或复合密集段。密集段在层序格架中有４种叠置型式,即进积组合,退积组合,加积组合和上超组合。不同的叠置型对应于不同的海平面变化过程。相应地,密集段的发育规模及时空展布有着明显的差别,其中,在退积层序组合和进积层序组合中,密集段垂向上相互叠置,侧向上彼此邻接,构成层数与厚度复杂多变的复合密集段,是盆地中的主力生油层。     

海绿石的成因、指相作用及其年龄意义

海绿石以独特的绿色自生色和球粒形状与围岩形成明显反差,关于其成因、演化、沉积和地层学意义目前存在3种普遍被认可并被采用的观点：海绿石是典型的海相沉积自生矿物,原地海绿石是“慢速、弱还原、较深水环境”的典型指相矿物之一;通常是海侵相的产物,含海绿石的地层在浅海沉积中常被作为海侵时期“凝缩段”及其相关沉积的识别标志之一;是沉积年代学中K-Ar、⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄理想的测定对象。在采用海绿石作为典型指相矿物的过程中,应注意海绿石可以形成于多种沉积环境中,只有原地海绿石才能作为海侵时期“凝缩段”及其相关沉积的识别标志;海绿石年龄往往呈“年轻化”或“老化”,没有火成岩定年准确,只有成熟、富钾的海绿石才是最好的定年对象。     

Depositional environments and iron ooid formation in condensed sections (Callovian–Oxfordian, south-eastern Paris basin, France)

Carbonate platforms across Western Europe were superseded at the Middle–Upper Jurassic (Callovian–Oxfordian) boundary either by alternating marl–limestone and widespread marl deposits or by condensed sections containing iron ooids. The characteristics of marine condensed sections in the south-eastern part of the Paris Basin (France) and their distribution pattern are examined here, and a model of iron ooid formation is developed. Iron ooids are found from the shoreface to the offshore zone. They are most abundant in the median-to-distal offshore transition zone, where they originally formed. They also occur commonly, albeit often as reworked grains, in the proximal offshore zone, to which they were transported. The contemporaneous, thick, predominantly marl sections that occur laterally are devoid of iron ooids and were deposited in deeper settings (distal offshore zone). The iron ooids are composed of goethite. Typically, they have a nucleus made up of a clump of goethite crystals and a laminated cortex. Three distinctive nanostructures are identified in the cortex laminae: (i) a nanograined crystalline structure typical of primary goethite; (ii) a secondary nanoflaked structure thought to have formed mechanically by reorientation of the goethite crystals; and (iii) a coalesced structure acquired by subsequent diagenetic recrystallization. The iron ooids formed successively (i) by lamina growth when goethite precipitated in the surface layer of the sediment (nanograined structure) and (ii) by interruption of growth when the ooids were remobilized by hydrodynamic agents, as reflected by the flaked nanostructure; (iii) these two nanostructures were sometimes transformed into a coalesced structure by recrystallization when ooids were buried.     

凝缩段的识别及其地质意义

凝缩段是厚度极薄的海相地层单位,由一种沉积速率极缓慢的深海相沉积物组成.区域上,它们在最大海进期间的延伸最为广泛.凝缩段能将由远海微体化石带证实的年代地层构架与近岸浅海沉积层序的物理地层连接起来,因此它是一个联系浅水与深水沉积相的物理地层纽带,通过地震、测井以及露头资料的分析即可识别.凝缩段在区域性和全球性地层对比中起着极为重要的作用.     

基于地质剖面构建三维地质模型的方法研究

地质剖面是三维地质建模的重要数据源,运用地质剖面构建三维地质模型的方法应用较为广泛。在模型构建之前,统一确定模数据的坐标系和比例足,建立原始资料数据库。构建三维地质模型的关键是不同地质界面。本文详细介绍了模型边界面、断层面、地层界面、岩体界面等4种主要地质界面的构建流程与方法,尤其对褶皱构造、地层界面的断层效应、复杂岩体界面等的构建进行了重点阐述按模型边界面(模型的底界面和四周边界面)、DEM面、断层面、其他地质界面的顺序依次构建地质界面,构建断层面和其他地质界面时严格按先新后老的顺序。运用已构建好的地质界面按先新后老的顺序逐个、依次建立单个地质体,再将所有地质体的面模型组合成整个模型的面模型。通过对面模型进行网格(实体)填充和对网格赋予相应的属性值,最终构建三维地质模型。     

贵州贵阳地区下三叠统凝缩段的遗迹化石特征

贵阳地区下三叠统是一个完整的碳酸盐岩层序(相当于三级旋回层序)。该层序中的凝缩段由深色薄层(单层厚0.5cm~1cm)的泥晶灰岩和泥质条带灰岩组成。凝缩段中产丰富的遗迹化石。该遗迹群落为:Cochlichnus,Cosmorhaphe,Chondrites,Gordia,Glockeria,Huaxich-nus,Oldhamia,Phycosiphon,Protopaleodictyon,Pinnatpedus,Mammillichnus,Neoneriles和生物扰动构造。遗迹化石组合与Nereites遗迹相相似。此外,文本还讨论了此遗迹群落的形成原因。     

宝塔灰岩——中奥陶统密集段

广泛发育于中、上扬子地区的宝塔组马蹄纹灰岩是中奥陶统一密集层段,其依据是:宝塔组沉积时水深最大,沉降幅度大,沉积速率低,分布广泛;在成岩早期可能是一种海底硬地,马蹄纹是海底硬地发生收缩的结果。这些特征与密集层段的特征非常接近.     

声波时差测井资料识别层序地层单元界面的方法、原理及实例

结合济阳坳陷古近系层序地层研究,在地震、岩芯、录井等资料综合分析基础上,探讨了运用声波时差测井识别层序地层单元界面的方法和原理。在正常埋藏压实条件下,泥页岩的声波时差对数与其深度的关系曲线为一条直线(回归线),由于沉积作用形成的不整合造成地层缺失、风化层和致密的湖侵泥岩层形成等,将使不整合面(层序界面)上下的声波时差对数与深度的回归线出现错开、斜率不同、异常值等异常响应。生油岩密集段(CS段)在湖盆洼陷带对应于泥岩、页岩沉积,有机质含量高,声波时差值也高,并且同一层序内在最大湖泛面位置声波时差值达到最大,向上、向下均逐渐减小,在层序界面附近达到最小。     

塔南凹陷岩性油藏成藏条件与4种成藏模式

本文分析了塔南凹陷岩性油藏的成藏条件,结果表明,开阔的复式箕状断陷结构使塔南凹陷形成了多凸多凹、凹隆相间的构造格局,为岩性油藏的形成创造了有利的空间;南屯组多沉积中心发育的优质烃源岩为岩性油藏发育提供了物质基础;同沉积断裂及其配置关系决定了塔南凹陷具有沟谷控源、转换带控扇、断坡控砂的成盆特点,水下扇中扇,三角洲前缘和远...     

Climbing‐ripple successions in turbidite systems: depositional environments,sedimentation rates and accumulation times

Climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination is most commonly deposited by turbidity currents when suspended load fallout and bedload transport occur contemporaneously. The angle of ripple climb reflects the ratio of suspended load fallout and bedload sedimentation rates, allowing for the calculation of the flow properties and durations of turbidity currents. Three areas exhibiting thick (>50 m) sections of deep‐water climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination deposits are the focus of this study: (i) the Miocene upper Mount Messenger Formation in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand; (ii) the Permian Skoorsteenberg Formation in the Tanqua depocentre of the Karoo Basin, South Africa; and (iii) the lower Pleistocene Magnolia Field in the Titan Basin, Gulf of Mexico. Facies distributions and local contextual information indicate that climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination in each area was deposited in an ‘off‐axis’ setting where flows were expanding due to loss of confinement or a decrease in slope gradient. The resultant reduction in flow thickness, Reynolds number, shear stress and capacity promoted suspension fallout and thus climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination formation. Climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination in the New Zealand study area was deposited both outside of and within channels at an inferred break in slope, where flows were decelerating and expanding. In the South Africa study area, climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination was deposited due to a loss of flow confinement. In the Magnolia study area, an abrupt decrease in gradient near a basin sill caused flow deceleration and climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination deposition in off‐axis settings. Sedimentation rate and accumulation time were calculated for 44 climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination sedimentation units from the three areas using TDURE, a mathematical model developed by Baas et al. (2000) . For T_c divisions and T_bc beds averaging 26 cm and 37 cm thick, respectively, average climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination and whole bed sedimentation rates were 0·15 mm sec^?1 and 0·26 mm sec^?1 and average accumulation times were 27 min and 35 min, respectively. In some instances, distinct stratigraphic trends of sedimentation rate give insight into the evolution of the depositional environment. Climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination in the three study areas is developed in very fine‐grained to fine‐grained sand, suggesting a grain size dependence on turbidite climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination formation. Indeed, the calculated sedimentation rates correlate well with the rate of sedimentation due to hindered settling of very fine‐grained and fine‐grained sand–water suspensions at concentrations of up to 20% and 2·5%, respectively. For coarser grains, hindered settling rates at all concentrations are much too high to form climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination, resulting in the formation of massive/structureless S₃ or T_a divisions.     

琼东南盆地梅山组海底扇天然气成因类型及成藏模式

琼东南盆地梅山组海底扇勘探面临烃源、运移通道及圈闭有效性评价等难题.通过开展区域油-气-岩地球化学指标对比、源-汇-岩性圈闭描述及成藏动力学分析,明确了梅山组海底扇优势运聚区及有利勘探目标.研究表明,乐东-陵水凹陷梅山组发现的天然气主要来自近凹斜坡区崖城组陆源海相烃源岩;梅山组一段海底扇储层发育规模大,扇的远端及浊积砂...     

柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面粒度特征及其沉积环境

通过对柴达木察尔汗盐湖贝壳堤剖面沉积物粒度、碳酸盐和磁化率的对比,结合沉积物粒度频率曲线与多种粒度参数分析,详细讨论了研究剖面形成过程中物质搬运和沉积作用以及所反映的环境变化。结果表明沉积物粒度特征指示了湖泊水位的相对变化。在距今约38.2 ka BP（14-C年代,未校正。下同）左右,沉积记录指示古湖泊的范围和水位已达到剖面位置,之后湖泊继续扩张、水位波动上升;在距今约35.5 ka BP,粒径有一突然变细又变粗的过程,可能为一次较快速的湖面波动;在距今约35.5 ～ 33.3 ka BP之间,沉积物颗粒较粗,碳酸盐含量和磁化率值低,揭示湖泊水位较低。距今约33.3 ～ 27.1 ka BP之间,沉积物颗粒较细,碳酸盐含量较前一阶段高,表明此阶段湖泊水位相对较深,但粒度、碳酸盐和磁化率等指标也记录了三次较明显的湖泊快速但短暂的退缩过程;在距今约29.7～28.3 ka BP,沉积物颗粒最细,指示了此时期可能为湖泊水位最高期。从距今约27.1 ka BP开始,沉积积物颗粒明显变粗,揭示湖泊进入到退缩期,距今约18.1 ka BP,粒度指标的变化和上层的盐壳指示湖泊进入快速盐化阶段,之后湖泊退出剖面所在的位置,此后研究区湖泊水位再也没有达到这个高度。     

A simulation of continental basin margin sedimentation in response to crustal movements, eustatic sea level change, and sediment accumulation rates

As eustasy, subsidence, and sediment accumulation vary, a 2D computer-based graphical simulation generates on-lapping and off-lapping geometries of both marine and near coastal alluvial deposits, reproducing timelines within sediment-bodies at basin margins. In the simulation, deposition is expressed by creation of new surfaces above previous ones. Thicknesses of layers are reduced by both erosion and compaction while their surfaces move vertically in response to tectonic change and loading. Simulation is divided into a series of equal time steps in which sediment is deposited as an array of en-echelon columns that mark the top of the previous depositional surface. The volume of sediment deposited in each time step is expressed as a 2D cross section and is derived from two right-angle triangles (sand and shale), whose areas are a 2D expression of the quantity of sediment deposited at that time step and whose length matches the width of the offshore sediment wedge seaward of the shoreline. Each column in the array is filled by both marine sediments up to sea level, and alluvial sediments to a surface determined by an alluvial angle that is projected landward from the shore to its intersection with the previous surface. Each time the area representing the sediment column is subtracted from the triangles, the triangle heights are reduced correspondingly. This process is repeated until the triangle heights match the position of sea level above the sediment surface, at which time the remaining area of the sediment triangle is deposited seaward as a single wedge of offshore sediments. This simulation is designed to aid interpretation of stratigraphic sequences. It can be used as a complement to seismic stratigraphy or can be used alone as an inexpensive test of stratigraphic models.     

南海北部深水区白云凹陷古近系烃源岩的早期预测

烃源岩评价是深水区油气勘探非常关键的问题,由于深水区没有井钻穿始新统,所以本研究只能根据相邻浅水区钻井和区域对比的方法,通过层序地层格架、沉积相、地震相、地震速度岩性等资料与相邻地区对比识别烃源岩,确定烃源岩的性质和分布。白云凹陷古近系地层沉积中,沉积密集段具有如下特征:(1)准层序逐步向岸推进;(2)陆源碎屑物质供应不足;(3)水体相对较深的中深湖细粒沉积发育。地震反射特征与有利烃源岩具有良好的对应关系,白云凹陷恩平组湖扩体系域和文昌组湖扩体系域发育中弱振幅、中低频率和中高连续性地震相,是有利烃源岩发育区。利用单井资料建立起一个通过孔隙度来预测烃源层有机质成熟度的预测模型,泥岩孔隙度可以较容易从地震信息中获取,从而对白云凹陷的烃源层的热演化程度进行初步评价。根据沉积相与有机相的关系,直接将沉积相转换为有机相,预测有机相类型。在白云凹陷深水烃源岩预测实践的基础上,本文总结了一套深水区烃源岩早期评价方法,包括:(1)层序格架分析法确定有利烃源岩发育的垂向位置;(2)地震反射特征分析法确定烃源岩的横向分布范围;(3)根据泥岩层速度计算烃源岩热成熟度;(4)沉积相转有机相预测有机相类型。(5)对烃源岩进行综合评价优选次洼。     

模式化煤系露头剖面沉积环境分析方法

含煤岩系在富含丰富矿产资源的同时,还是地质历史时期高分辨率古环境、古气候恢复、地层旋回性及其全球成因动力学研究的有利载体。沉积环境分析是了解和认识煤系的重要方法和手段之一。为了促进煤系沉积环境分析程序的规范化和标准化以及分析结果的可靠性,以祁连山石炭纪等煤系为例进行了露头剖面沉积环境分析方法的探讨与研究。结合野外实践和前人研究成果,着重探讨了在野外工作时对沉积环境分析步骤、程序和方法。归纳总结出一套模式化的煤系露头剖面沉积环境分析方法,并将其概括为地质分层与描述-岩相归纳与环境解释-信手岩相剖面图绘制-沉积模式建立-剖面环境演化史总结等5个环节,明确了各环节分析内容和方法,指出地质分层与描述为沉积环境分析基础、岩相归纳和环境解释为核心、信手岩相剖面图绘制是主线、沉积模式建立和剖面沉积演化史总结是重点。     

藏北北羌塘盆地晚三叠世古风化壳地质地球化学特征及其意义

对最近在藏北羌塘盆地菊花山、肖茶卡、石水河等地区新发现的肖茶卡组顶部的粘土质角砾岩的地质、地球化学特征研究表明:其岩石矿物成分、结构构造、角砾层产状及剖面演化序列等与古风化壳的形成及其特征较为一致;相对于基岩,古风化壳的主量元素表现为CaO、CO2的淋失和SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5等不同程度的相对富集;古风化壳中的粘土质风化残积层的稀土元素具有明显的富集,表现为LREE含量远大于HREE的特征,存在明显的Ce的正异常以及Eu的负异常;微量元素除Mo、Sn和U外,粘土质风化残积层的其余元素含量均有明显的增加。这些特征从另一角度证实了北羌塘盆地晚三叠世存在明显的沉积间断。晚三叠世肖茶卡组顶部古风化壳的发现,为了解区域地壳发展史、古气候、古地理演化、层序地层的划分与对比、羌塘含油气盆地分析等提供了重要的依据。     

Daily Variation of Natural Emission of Methane to the Atmosphere and Source Identification in the Luntai Fault Region of the Yakela Condensed Oil/Gas Field in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

The static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane to the atmosphere in the Luntai fault region of Yakela Condensed Oil/Gas Field in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Municipality, northwestern China. Using an online method, which couples together a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry （GC/C/MS）, 13^C/12^C ratios of methane in flux chambers were measured and showed that methane gases are liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoirs to the surface through fault regions and that a part of the migrated methane, which remains unoxidized can be emitted into the atmosphere. Methane emission rates were found to be highest in the mornings, lowest in the afternoons and then increase gradually in the evenings. Methane emission rates varied dramatically in different locations in the fault region. The highest methane emission rate was 10.96 mg/m^2·d, the lowest 4.38 mg/m^2, and the average 7.55 mg/ m^2·d. The 13^C/12^C ratios of the methane in the flux chambers became heavier as the enclosed methane concentrations increased gradually, which reveals that methane released from the fault region might come from thermogenic methane of the deep condensed oil/gas reservoir.     

琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究

运用当代层序地层学的原理和方法, 综合分析了地震、测井、岩心等资料, 发现琼东南盆地经历了早期裂陷和晚期坳陷两大发育历程, 相应划分出TejasA和TejasB两个超层序组; 与盆地非海相、海相过渡相、生长断层、缓坡和被动大陆边缘背景演化阶段相匹配, 形成了5个超层序.以不整合及其与之可以对比的整合为三级层序边界, 识别出19个层序, 含5 7个体系域、5 4个以上准层序组、196个以上准层序.在盆地的不同演化阶段, 沉积层序的不同点主要在于低水位体系域包含的沉积体系不同.在恢复古地理环境的基础上, 提炼出有关沉积层序模式.根据可容纳空间分析, 编制了本区海平面升降曲线, 发现陵水中期、梅山早期和莺歌海早期三次大的海泛与全球变化完全合拍.在纵向上, 海进体系域至密集段生烃潜力最强, 空间上以外陆架-大陆坡最好, 其次为滨沼或海陆过渡相.指出了陆架坡折附近的低水位楔和斜坡扇是值得注意的隐蔽圈闭勘探目标.      

Changshanian Maximum Flooding Event in China and Its Global Correlation

Various orders of condensed sections are recognized in the Cambrian of North China Carbonate Platform. Study of comparative sedimentology proves that CS4-CS5 in the Changshanian age is the maximum sea flooding sediments in the Cambrian, regardless of the distribution, thickness, internal structure of the condensed section series and K2O abundance. It is a two-layered composite condensed section series, characterized by the enrichment of such elements as K, P, Mn, Ti, Co, V, Cr, Cu, Zr, Ni, Li, Th, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Y, Sc and Be. The Changshanian maximum flooding event can be correlated on a global scale, and the corresponding sedimentary records are discovered in 26 intercontinental sections in N. Europe, N. America, and Tarim and the Yangtze Platform of China. Through detailed sedimentological research, meter-scale cycle analysis and Fischer plots, it is concluded that the Changshanian maximum flooding was a composite effect of the second-order eustacy superimposed by the third-and fourth-order eustacy,     

塔里木盆地柯坪地区奥陶系鹰山组台内滩储层地层特征对比研究:以石灰窑和大湾沟剖面为例

塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩礁滩体储层已经成为当前油气勘探的热点.以塔里木盆地柯坪地区石灰窑和大湾沟露头剖面为例,对奥陶系鹰山组台内滩地层的岩相组成及层序地层特征两个方面进行深入对比研究,并在此基础上分析了碳酸盐岩台内滩地层发育的控制因素.结果表明:(1)石灰窑地区和大湾沟地区鹰山组地层发育特征存在差异,石灰窑剖面以薄层颗粒灰岩...