Water—Rock Interactions and Chemical Compositional Variations During Ductile Deformation of the NW—Striking Shear Zone in te Jiapigou Gold Belt,China

Two kinds of mylonite series rocks,felsic and mafic,have been recognized in the NW-striking shear zone of the Jiapigou gold belt.During ductile deformation, a large amount of fluid interacted intensively with the mylonite series rocks:plagioclases were sericitized and the An values declined rapidly,finally all of them were transformed to albites;dark minerals were gradually replaced by chlorites(mostly ripidolite).Meanwhile,large-scale and extensive carbonation also took place,and the carbonatization minerals varied from calcite to dolomite and ankerite with the development of deformation.Theδ^13 Cvalues of the carbonates are-3.0‰--5.6‰suggesting a deep source of carbon.The ductile deformation is nearly an iso-volume one(fv=1).With the enhancement of shear deformation,SiO2 in the two mylonite series rocks was depleted,while volatile components such as CO2 and H2O,and some ore-forming elements such as Au and S were obviously enriched.But it is noted that the enrichment of Au in both the mylonite series rocks did not reach the paygrade of gold.The released SiO2 from water-rock interactions occurred in the form of colloids and absorbed gold in the fluid.When brittle structures were formed locally in the ductile in the ductile shear zone,the ore-forming fluids migrated to the structures along microfractures,and precipitated auriferous quartz because of reduction of pressure and temperature.Fluid inclusion study shows that the temperature and pressure of the ore-forming fluids are 245-292℃and 95.4-131.7MPa respectively;the salinity is 12.88-16.33wt% NaCl;the fluid-phase is rich in Ca^2 ,K^ ,Na^ ,Mg^2 ,F^- and Cl^-,while the gaseous phases are rich in CO2 and CH4.The δD and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluid are -84.48‰--91.73‰and -0.247‰- 2.715‰respectively,suggesting that the fluid is composed predominantly of meteoric water.     

Theoretical Modelling of Water—Rock δD—δ18O Isotopic Exchange System and Source of OreForming Fluid：A Case Study on Jinduicheng Superlarge—Scale Molybdenum Deposti,Central China

Based on the theoretical modelling of water-rock δD-δ¹⁸O isotopic exchange process, the evolution and sources of ore-forming fluid in four metallogenic epochs of the Jinduicheng superlarge-scale porphyry-type molybdenum deposit were investigated. It was revealed that in the pre-metallogenic and early-metallogenic epochs, the ore-forming fluid was a residual fluid derived from magmatic water-wall rock interaction at middle to high temperatures (T = 250–500°C) and lower W/R ratios (0.1> = W/R>0.001), while in the metallogenic and postmetallogenic epochs, the ore-forming fluid was a residual fluid derived from meteoric water-wall rock interaction at middle to lower temperatures (T = 150–310°C) and relatively high W/R ratios (0.5>W/R≥0.1). The meteoric water played an important role in molybdenum mineralization, and at the main metallogenic epoch the W/R ratio reached its maximum value. This project was financially supported by both the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Key Research Project of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China.     

Water–Rock Interactions: An Investigation of the Relationships Between Mineralogy and Groundwater Composition and Flow in a Subtropical Basalt Aquifer

A holistic study of the composition of the basalt groundwaters of the Atherton Tablelands region in Queensland, Australia was undertaken to elucidate possible mechanisms for the evolution of these very low salinity, silica- and bicarbonate-rich groundwaters. It is proposed that aluminosilicate mineral weathering is the major contributing process to the overall composition of the basalt groundwaters. The groundwaters approach equilibrium with respect to the primary minerals with increasing pH and are mostly in equilibrium with the major secondary minerals (kaolinite and smectite), and other secondary phases such as goethite, hematite, and gibbsite, which are common accessory minerals in the Atherton basalts. The mineralogy of the basalt rocks, which has been examined using X-ray diffraction and whole rock geochemistry methods, supports the proposed model for the hydrogeochemical evolution of these groundwaters: precipitation + CO₂ (atmospheric + soil) + pyroxene + feldspars + olivine yields H₄SiO₄, HCO₃ ⁻, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ + kaolinite and smectite clays + amorphous or crystalline silica + accessory minerals (hematite, goethite, gibbsite, carbonates, zeolites, and pyrite). The variations in the mineralogical content of these basalts also provide insights into the controls on groundwater storage and movement in this aquifer system. The fresh and weathered vesicular basalts are considered to be important in terms of zones of groundwater occurrence, while the fractures in the massive basalt are important pathways for groundwater movement.     

岩石风化与岩石化学成分的变化研究

研究岩石风化过程中岩石化学成分的变化规律,对于进一步研究岩石的风化机理以及岩石的物理力学性质变化过程有着十分重要的意义.本文通过对湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石不同风化程度的化学成分分析研究表明,岩石中的化学成分将随风化的进行而不断发生变化,在一定程度上反映了陡山沱组黑色岩石风化过程中其化学成分的变化趋势.     

埃达克质岩与Cu-Au成矿作用关系的初步探讨

近来的研究发现，埃达克质岩与Au、Cu、Mo等浅成低温热液矿床及斑岩矿床有密切的关系。我们的研究表明：(1)我国的斑岩铜矿大多与埃达克质岩有关，如德兴、沙溪、多宝山、乌奴格吐山和新近发现的东疆土屋斑岩铜矿等，有些被划归与富碱侵入岩或A型花岗岩有关的斑岩铜矿，如玉龙，也具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特征；(2)华北地区的Au矿床大多与埃达克质岩有关，最典型的如胶东和小秦岭；(3)长江中下游地区的Cu、Au、Mo矿床的岩浆岩大多为埃达克质岩。埃达克质岩与成矿作用之所以密切相关，其原因在于它们在地壳深部形成的条件和环境类似，这就为Au、Cu、Mo等的找矿开辟了一个新的思路。埃达克质岩浆是玄武质岩石在高压、高温和含水条件下熔融形成的，上述条件有利于Cu、Au、Mo等金属元素溶解进入熔体。关于找矿方向，文中指出3点：(1)埃达克质岩发育的地区可能是矿床聚集的地区；(2)与消减作用有关的埃达克岩更有利于成矿元素的富集，对于中国来说，晚元古宙-古生代的古亚洲洋造山带内消减作用广泛发育，有巨大的找矿前景；(3)找矿工作应围绕埃达克质岩体及周围地质体进行。     

夹皮沟金矿带韧性剪切变形中的水岩反应及物质组分变化规律”

夹皮沟金矿北西向剪切带存在着长英质和镁铁质两类糜棱岩系列岩石，韧性变形中伴随的大量流体与糜棱岩之间发生了强烈的水岩反应：斜长石绢云母化和钠化，暗色矿物绿泥石化，以及大范围强烈的碳酸盐化。     

河南栾川罗村岩体特征及其钼矿化

通过对罗村岩体的岩石、岩石化学、微量元素、包裹体测温及同位素年龄测试等方面的研究,罗村岩体属燕山晚期中低温浅成相酸性斑岩体;岩体中环带角砾岩微量元素Cu、W、Mo含量可高出K·图尔基安等同类岩石平均值12倍以上,Mo高出30倍,具有较高的矿化度,对成矿十分有利;罗村岩体属于伸展拉张的构造环境,成矿与岩体中的角砾岩关系密切,对进一步开展地质找矿具有重要意义。     

Mineralogical changes during intense chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is situated in a subtropical to tropical climatic zone. A recently weathered crust has developed on sedimentary bedrock (sandstone, siltstone, shale and claystones) of Tertiary–Quaternary age. Weathered samples were collected from 16 sections totaling 68 samples and were analyzed mineralogically. The main primary minerals identified in the weathered crust of sedimentary rocks are quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, muscovite, sparse carbonate and epidote. The secondary minerals are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, gibbsite and goethite. Weathering initiated along the grain boundaries and cleavage planes of the minerals, forming small cloudy materials which were very difficult to identify. In the advanced stage of weathering, these cloudy materials have turned into secondary minerals. In region 1, high rain fall (7100 mm/yr) and monsoonic climate resulted in a kaolinite–gibbsite–goethite suite through the weathering of feldspars and biotite. The occurrence of gibbsite in the relatively elevated lands of Sylhet and Fe-kaolinite throughout the study areas is indicative of a humid–tropical climate during formation of the weathered crust.     

Occurrence and chemical composition of amphiboles and related minerals in corundum-bearing mafic rock from the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Japan

A corundum-bearing mafic rock in the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Japan, was derived from upper mantle conditions to lower crustal conditions with surrounding peridotites. The amphiboles found in the rock are classified into 3 types: (1) as interstitial and/or poikilitic grains (Green amphibole), (2) as a constituent mineral of symplectitic mineral aggregates with aluminous spinel at grain boundary between olivine and plagioclase (Symplectite amphibole) and (3) as film-shaped thin grains, usually less than 10 μm in width, at grain boundary between olivine and clinopyroxene (Film-shaped amphibole). The Film-shaped amphibole is rarely associated with orthopyroxene extremely low in Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ and CaO (Low-Al OPX). These minerals were formed by infiltration of SiO₂- and volatile-rich fluids along grain boundaries after the rock was recrystallized at olivine-plagioclase stability conditions, i.e. the late stage of the exhumation of the Horoman Complex.

Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns and primitive mantle-normalized trace-element patterns of the Green amphibole and clinopyroxene are characterized by LREE-depleted patterns with Eu positive and negative anomalies of Zr and Hf. These geochemical characteristics of the constituent minerals were inherited from original whole-rock compositions through a reaction involving both pre-existing clinopyroxene and plagioclase. We propose that the fluids were originally rich in a SiO₂ component but depleted in trace-elements. Dehydration of the surrounding metamorphic rocks in the Hidaka metamorphic belt, probably related to intrusion of hot peridotite body into the Hidaka crust, is a plausible origin for the fluids.     

桂北高邦山中基性岩体的铜镍成矿性研究

高邦山中基性岩体形成于四堡运动的构造岩浆活动,是桂北地区出露最大的基性岩体,出露面积20km^2以上.对该岩体的岩相、地球化学、稀土元素组成等特征的研究表明,其与区内层状、似层状成矿基性杂岩体相比,具有同源岩浆成因,并有着更好的深部岩浆分异作用和良好成矿地质条件.研究认为,该类岩体底部、下部的岩浆通道及附近断裂构造为重要的成矿场所.首次在岩体内发现受断裂控制的矿化超基性岩,这对桂北铜镍矿找矿有着重要的启示作用.     

Non-equilibrium water/rock interactions—I. Model for interface-controlled reactions

The results of established crystal growth theory and silicate dissolution experiments are combined in developing a new model for mineral/water reactions controlled by surface processes. The overall reaction rate at steady-state is determined by coupling equations for the velocities of mass transport and interface detachment processes. Non-steady state processes can be successfully treated when interface reactions control the rate. For most sparingly soluble minerals, diffusion through the solution can be neglected as a rate-determining factor.Many surface processes are driven by the total interface under saturation, but only processes facilitating detachment contribute to dissolution. Other, non-detachment related, surface reactions result in lower dissolution rates. Slow rates of many mineral/solution reactions are attributed to the surface processes which consume the energy that would otherwise drive detachment.An analysis of the time dependence of interface reaction velocities indicates that linear rate laws apply when uniform detachment or layer-source generation mechanisms such as screw dislocations control the dissolution rate. At low interfacial undersaturations, first-order, logarithmic rate laws prevail. A parabolic time dependence occurs if surface detachment parameters vary as a function of (time)^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}.     

Secular changes recorded in mineralization of African crust

Variations in enrichment of mineral deposits in continental crust over time may be one way to test for secular changes in crustal genesis. We present spatial and chemical information about African mineral deposits with which to ‘fingerprint’ the metal endowment of African crust of different age. We then compare three regions of juvenile African crust, all with similar geology, tectonic history, and mineral deposits, but each of a different age. Each region was formed during rapid accretion of similar tectonic units derived from the mantle over ∼500 million years, and is apparently devoid of older recycled continental crust. Together, the three areas span 2500 million years of Earth history, from 0.5 Ga to 3.0 Ga, (e.g. the Zimbabwe Craton (2.5–3.0 Ga), the Birimian Shield (1.8–2.3 Ga), and the Arabian–Nubian Shield (0.5–1.0 Ga)). The three areas have a studied total of 2671 mineral deposits that are divided into six groups according to their geochemical affinities. Using these known deposits, a measure of spatial association (spatial coefficient) is derived. We show that each region has a unique metal endowment and that, per unit area, there is a greater concentration of mineral deposits in the crust of the Archean Zimbabwe Craton relative to the younger crust of the Birimian Shield and in turn the Arabian–Nubian Shield. This study quantitatively corroborates past studies that suggest older crust is more mineral diverse and enriched in mineral deposits than younger crust. Thus, a secular change in mineralization is implicated, and the mantle derived metal endowment of the African crust has undergone major evolutionary changes from Archean to Neoproterozoic time.