低级变质沉积岩区压溶作用在褶皱变形中的意义

拉卡兰褶皱带中,发育于Ballarat-Bandigo冲断带中的低级变质砂、泥岩的宏观构造以间离劈理和人字形褶皱为特征,而且劈理在褶皱中呈扇形发育。劈理和褶皱的几何关系分析显示:劈理和褶皱的形成为压溶作用、压扁作用、弯曲作用和被动旋转共同作用的结果,而褶皱砂、泥岩中变形构造则以与压溶作用和再沉淀过程有关的显微构造为其典型特征。Fry法进行的全岩应变测量显示,褶皱砂岩的内部应变相当低(X/Z=1.40—1.83),褶皱应变格局给出变形机制的信息包括:缩短过程中的压扁作用和压溶作用、褶皱过程中由弯滑导致的层平行剪应变、以及褶皱后期发育阶段内弧区强烈的压溶作用。宏观构造、显散构造以及应变特征多方面信息证明:低级变质的沉积岩在褶皱变形过程中,压溶作用为一重要的变形机制。应变分解显示在30％—50％的总地壳水平缩短量下,弯曲导致的缩短最为14％—36％,压扁导致的缩短量为3％—14％,压溶导致的缩短量为8％—26％,而且压溶作用主要发生在褶皱内弧区。     

Deformation in the hinge region of a chevron fold,Valley and Ridge Province,central Pennsylvania

The hinge region of an asymmetrical chevron fold in sandstone, taken from the Tuscarora Formation of central Pennsylvania, U.S.A., was studied in detail in an attempt to account for the strain that produced the fold shape. The fold hinge consists of a medium-grained quartz arenite and was deformed predominantly by brittle fracturing and minor amounts of pressure solution and intracrystalline strain. These fractures include: (1) faults, either minor offsets or major limb thrusts, (2) solitary well-healed quartz veins and (3) fibrous quartz veins which are the result of repeated fracturing and healing of grains. The fractures formed during folding as they are observed to cross-cut the authigenic cement. Deformation lamellae and in a few cases, pressure solution, occurred contemporaneously with folding. The fibrous veins appear to have formed as a result of stretching of one limb: they cross-cut all other structures. Based upon the spatial relationships between the deformation features, we believe that a neutral surface was present during folding, separating zones of compression and extension along the inner and outer arcs, respectively. Using the strain data from the major faults, the fold can be restored back to an interlimb angle of 157°; however, the extension required for such an angle along the outer arc is much more than was actually measured. This disparity between observed and required deformation suggests that the rest of the folding strain may be attributed to minor faulting, isolated severe pressure solution and to slight grain movements; we were not able to recognize the latter. We propose that a single episode of deformation produced the chevron fold causing the brittle deformation after the sandstone had been lithified. This brittle deformation was accomplished by faulting together with the translation of individual sandstone blocks which do not contain significant internal deformation.     

南盘江盆地中三叠统复理石中的同沉积挤压构造——一类新的沉积构造的归类、命名和构造意义探讨

南盘江盆地在中三叠世时接受了厚达5000m的复理石沉积，而该复理石中保存有丰富的原生沉积构造。笔者等在这些沉积构造中识别并命名了一类新的构造——同沉积挤压构造，并用简单的实验定性地模拟了该类构造的形成机理。这些同沉积挤压构造包括：挤压皱纹、挤压岩枕、挤压裂隙和挤压皱脊，发育于复理石砂岩层的底面或泥岩层的顶面，是相关砂层或泥层沉积后到成岩前复理石盆地遭受挤压收缩的动态记录。根据这些同沉积挤压构造的方向初步判断，南盘江盆地在中三叠世接受复理石沉积的同时受到了SSW—NNE方向的挤压作用，盆地处于挤压收缩阶段。这些构造为复理石盆地的动态演化研究提供了新的证据。     

Volumetric strains in neutral surface folding

Neutral surface folding is a significant contributor to fold development. This mechanism produces contrasting strains in the inner and outer arcs of the folded layer that arise from principal stress orientations that are approximately parallel and perpendicular to the layer. We demonstrate that such stress patterns imply significant gradients of mean stress across the folding layer, being more tensional on the outer arc and more compressive in the inner arc. This could pump fluids towards the outer arc during folding and result in heterogeneous volume changes. We conclude that the neutral surface folding model should be adapted to accommodate volumetric strains, in order to explain dilatational structures (e.g. open fractures, veining) on the extrados and volume-loss structures (e.g. pressure solution seams, stylolitic cleavages) on the intrados. This dilatation has economic implications as it allows prediction of sites of mineralization and zones of secondary permeability in fold-related hydrocarbon traps.     

Relationships between deformation and partial melting in the Palmer migmatites,South Australia

The migmatites of the Palmer area, in the core of the Mt Lofty Ranges metamorphic belt, are considered to have formed by partial melting of quartzo‐feldspathic schists and gneisses, rather than by metamorphic segregation as formerly suggested. Large‐ and small‐scale tectonic structures indicate that the Cambrian Kanmantoo Group rocks in the Palmer area have undergone three deformations during the Delamerian Orogeny and that these are similar to those described elsewhere in the Mt Lofty Ranges. The relationships of the migmatitic veins to these structures indicate that some partial melt was present during a large part of the structural history: some veins formed before and after the first folding event, and some formed during or after the third folding event even though the metamorphic grade appears to have been waning in areas more distant from the highest grade ore. The early onset of partial melting is consistent with previously reported evidence that thermal activity in the belt began before penetrative deformation.     

The geometry of en-echelon vein arrays

Two distinct types of en-echelon vein arrays are recognised, those which form in active ductile shear zones and those which form by the primary nucleation of fractures not connected with active shear zones. The theoretical relation between vein width and orientation in a zone undergoing progressive simple shear is examined and compared with similar data from natural arrays. It is found that many veins have undergone dilation prior to rotation during simple shear, showing that shearing occurred after the en-echelon array was established. Generally, all strongly sigmoidal veins occur in arrays in which pressure solution was also active. In non-sigmoidal arrays there is a clear relation between the amount of overlap of adjacent veins and the orientation of the veins relative to the zone containing them. Two different patterns of dilation and distortion of arrays in which pressure solution was not active are described. It is concluded that primary en-echelon veins originated as tensile fractures, whilst en-echelon veins formed in active shear zones originated as shear fractures.     

A determination of the bulk rotational deformation resulting from displacements in discrete shear zones in the Hercynian Fold Belt of South Ireland

In the Hercynian Fold Belt of South Ireland, near the town of Ardmore, County Waterford, units of openly folded Upper Palaeozoic sandstone and siltstone are traversed by closely spaced arrays of en échelon quartz veins. These arrays mark the sites of shear zones which are bounded by weakly deformed wall rocks. We used the attitude of cleavage and the sigmoidal shapes of veins to calculate the cumulative shear strain across each zone, and then determined the bulk deformation suffered by the outcrop by tensor analysis, with the aid of an off-axis Mohr circle construction. We conclude that, as a consequence of vein formation, the rocks at this outcrop suffered significant bulk deformation with an 8–14° clockwise rotation.     

Cleavage-fold relationships and their implications for transected folds: an example from southwest Virginia,U.S.A.

A non-coaxial deformation involving pre-folding initiation of cleavage perpendicular to bedding is proposed to explain non-axial planar cleavage associated with mesoscopic folds in part of the Appalachian foreland thrust-belt of southwest Virginia. Folds are gently plunging, asymmetric, upright to slightly inclined, sinusoidal forms with non-axial fanning cleavage. They show extreme local variations in type and degree of transection and the consistency of transection direction. These relations are further complicated by hinge migration.Cleavage-fan angles, bedding-cleavage angles and δ transection values appear influenced by fold tightness, and in part by fold flattening strain. Fold flattening increments are considered simultaneous with folding. Axial surface traces, and not cleavage traces, coincide with the principal extension direction in fold profiles. Geometric modelling of cleavage fanning and bedding-cleavage angle variations for various theoretical folding modes suggest that folding in limestone and sandstone layers was by tangential longitudinal strain. Significant shape modification and change in bedding-cleavage relations occurred after limb dips of 40 and 50° were attained in limestone and sandstone respectively. Mud-rock class 1C folds with convergent cleavage fans show features transitional between buckling and flexural flow. Initiation of ‘cleavage’ fabrics during layer-parallel shortening prior to significant folding may be important for cleavage evolution in some deformed rocks.     

广宁厚溪铌钽矿床的地质构造特征

广东广宁厚溪铌钽矿床赋存于震旦系C组地层中,区内褶皱构造、断裂构造十分发育.铌钽伟晶岩矿脉受控于NNE向褶皱构造的一组近水平张扭性轴向裂隙系.断裂构造有控矿和破矿的双重作用.通过查明矿床的容矿构造特征以及构造期次与成矿的关系,对寻找新的铌钽伟晶岩矿床具有重要的实践意义.     

Stress configurations in conjugate quartz-vein arrays

Arrays of quartz gash-veins in small angle (40°), conjugate shear zones (type 1 arrays of Beach) are well-developed in the Upper Devonian Merrimbula sandstone of the south coast region of New South Wales, Australia. We argue that vein and cleavage geometry support an origin of the veins as tension fractures in a rotated secondary stress field rather than a primary shear origin as advocated by Beach. We also conclude that the veins develop in dilational shear zones under high fluid pressure.     

Deciphering the presence of axial-planar veins in tectonites

Veins and dikes are often oriented subparallel to the axial surfaces of folds in the adjacent layered or foliated rocks.This implies an awkward situation,since veins would lay in planes close-to-parallel to the maximum stretching axis.A series of geometric models have been conceived in order to gain insight into the possible mechanisms for their formation.The models are based on the analysis of a varied selection of field structures and on the review of similar structures in the existing literature.A first categorization consists on distinguishing between axial-planar veins achieved by either progressive or polyphase deformation.Five models of axial-planar veins resulting from progressive deformation are described and discussed:(1) fold-related veins associated with the standard folding mechanisms,(2) fracture arrays localized along the short limbs of folds(asymmetric fold-related veins),(3) folds associated with rotation of extension veins(vein-related folds),(4) high strain and transposition of early veins,and(5) high strain and late veins parallel to axial planar foliations(axial planar foliation-related veins).The axial planar geometry is achieved through variable amounts of progressive rotational strain,except in model 5,in which the co-planarity is acquired at the time of vein intrusion.The possibility for axial-planar veins to have developed in two distinct phases in the context of polyphase or polyorogenic tectonics has also been explored and discussed.This study contributes to a better understanding of the intriguing interplays between deformation,metamorphic and magmatic processes in orogenic belts.     

Environmental changes in the Hirnantian (upper Ordovician) of the Prague Basin,Czechoslovakia

Sedimentary sequences through the uppermost Ordovician (Hirnantian), Kosov Formation, are described. The Kosov Formation is a shale-dominated formation with two thin horizons of sandy diamictites near the base and two ‘flysch’ units separated by shales forming the main part of the formation, which is overlain abruptly by Silurian graptolitic shales. The diamictites are interpreted as of glaciomarine origin, probably deposited from coastal winter ice. The flysch units have many beds with hummocky cross-stratification and wave-ripples indicating deposition from storm generated currents above storm wave-base. The shales between the two flysch units have thin interbedded sandstones and siltstones with mainly unidirectional current structures, but also some wave-ripples, suggesting deposition around storm wave-base. The sequence shows clear evidence of two regressive phases, the second of which is the more pronounced, followed by rapid transgression near the Ordovician/Silurian boundary. The regressions and subsequent transgression are interpreted as being caused by Hirnantian glacioeustatic changes rather than being tectonic in origin. The importance of the glaciomarine diamictites is that they record the onset of cold climatic conditions in the region as being early Hirnantian. The disappearance of most of the fauna at about the same time might reflect the influence of low temperatures on faunal diversity, and could have significance for the end Ordovician extinction.     

劈理现象的观察与讨论

劈理现象的研究从D.沙尔普开始,已有百余年的历史。关于劈理形象的描述、分类与成因方面的一些基本看法,在本世纪初期及更早一些时候就提出来了(Sorby H. C. 1856; Becker G. 1904; LeithC. K. 1905; Becke F. 1913)。以后,仍有不少构造地质工作者继续不断地进行劈理的研究,提出一些补充资料和分类与成因的看法(如Sander B. 1930; Closs E. 1947; Hoeppener R. 1955; de Sitter L.U. 1956; Knill J. K. 1960; Gonzalez-Bonorino F. 1960; Turner F. J. & Weiss L. E. 1963)。     

福建泰宁丹霞地貌中的洞穴类型及成因浅析

福建泰宁白垩纪红层盆地出露晚白垩世沙县组紫红色中一薄层粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩和崇安组紫红色厚层砾岩、砂砾岩。红层发育北东,北北东向等多组不同走向断裂及节理。经外动力地质作用形成青年期丹霞地貌,崖壁上千姿百态的丹霞洞穴构成独特的微地貌景观。丹霞洞穴发育受岩性及节理、裂隙控制,崇安组粉砂岩、砂岩及含砾砂岩夹层是形成洞穴的主要层位,岩层的厚度及节理、裂隙控制洞穴产出的规模,风化剥蚀、流水侧蚀、大气降水及其水流侵蚀、重力崩塌是形成不同形态洞穴的主要外动力作用,洞穴的形成以一种外动力作用为主,或在发展过程中叠加了其它外动力作用,因而常为多种外动力综合作用的结果。     

碳酸盐岩成岩作用及其对储层控制的定量评价——以和田河气田石炭系生物屑灰岩段为例

成岩作用对碳酸盐岩储层的影响很大。石炭系生物屑灰岩段是田河气田的主要产层，控制其储层物性的成岩作用主要有胶结作用、压实－压溶作用、白云石化作用、溶蚀（岩溶）作用和破裂作用。胶结作用和压实作用是主要的孔隙破坏者，它们破坏了几乎所有的原生孔隙和部分次生溶孔；压溶作用产生的缝合线大部分已成为油气的运移通道和储集空间；白云石化作用发生了准同生期，符合渗透回流白云石化机理，产生的大量晶间孔占储层总孔隙度的30％左右，且白云石含量与孔隙度呈正相关关系；埋藏岩溶作用主要是由硫酸溶蚀作用形成，产生的溶蚀孔隙是该储层的主要储集空间，占储层总孔隙度的37．5％以上；破裂作用产生的构造裂缝是储层渗透率的主要贡献者，它为储层提供99．6％以上的渗透率和2％－6％的总孔隙度，破裂作用是致密碳酸盐岩能够成为油气储层的必要条件。岩溶作用和白云石化作用都发育的区域应是碳酸盐岩的主要勘探目标。     

Scaling relationships of joint and vein arrays from The Burren,Co. Clare,Ireland

We present a study of the systematics of veins and joints in Carboniferous limestones of The Burren, Ireland. Scaling relationships were established for fracture arrays mapped from low elevation aerial photographs that image fractures on numerous limestone pavements for areas up to ca 1 km². The veins and joints occur in the same sequence, but have contrasting scaling properties. The veins strike north-south and cut many beds to form vertically persistent, non-stratabound arrays. They are strongly clustered and have scale invariant geometric properties. Vein geometries suggest they grew sub-critically under relatively high differential stresses, during north-south directed Variscan compression. The joints form stratabound arrays, with regular spacings that scale with bed thickness. They show greater strike variation than the veins and have lognormal length distributions. The joints formed during uplift, under low-differential stress conditions. The contrasting scaling properties of the joints and veins are attributed to different overburden stresses at the time of formation. The veins formed at greater depths than the joints, in conditions that favoured fracture propagation across mechanical discontinuities, resulting in the development of non-stratabound scaling properties.     

Early foreland deformation of the Fuegian Andes (Argentina): Constraints from the strain analysis of Upper Cretaceous-Danian sedimentary rocks

This contribution addresses new structural data from Upper Cretaceous-Danian sedimentary rocks of the Fuegian Andes orogenic front in Argentina. The structures studied, called D′, were formed during the early foreland deformation of the orogen, in the Late Cretaceous-Danian, in times when South America and Antarctica were still connected. The strain analysis of these structures indicates that deformation occurred at upper-crustal depths, and was characterized by flexural folding accompanied by formation of pressure-solution tectonic foliations in zones of higher strain. Deformation intensities increase toward the hinterland and with depth. The history of deformation involved progression from layer-parallel shortening to folding above a detachment, and further formation of a forward-propagating thrust wedge. Layer-parallel shortening and incipient folding recorded in Maastrichtian-Danian rocks indicate the leading edge of D′ deformation. Non-coaxial finite strain orientations were involved during formation of D′ structures along the Fuegian Andes front. These finite strain orientations cannot be explained with the SW-NE regional contraction usually assumed to have driven Andean deformation in this region; alternatively, we consider that N-S contraction combined with buttressing against the cratonic foreland comprise a more suitable interpretation for D′ and younger deformation.     

Formation conditions of Upper Eocene olistostromes and retro-overthrusts at the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus

The paper considers age, formation conditions, and tectonic setting of Upper Eocene olistostromes of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The formation of olistostromes resulted from the contribution of coarse-clastic material to the Late Eocene basin, which was related to the erosion of thrusted sheets of the Racha–Vandam cordillera of the Gagra–Java zone of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and concomitant multiple catastrophic landslide processes. In the Early Pliocene (Rodanian folding phase), Upper Eocene olistostromes along with nappes of the flysch zone were thrust to the south. In the pre- Quaternary (Valakh) folding phase, due to intense shortening, olistostromes in the frontal part of nappes were squeezed, displaced to the north, and thrust with the formation of retro-overthrust, fragments of which remain as isolated blocks (klippen) inside the flysch zone.     

川西马尔康—金川地区晚三叠世松潘甘孜残留洋盆复理石建造沉积特征与沉积模式

西康群是松潘-甘孜复理石沉积盆地的主体,分布范围广、岩性单调,强烈的构造变形和褶皱叠加导致地层原始的沉积序列、沉积构造破坏殆尽,基于野外露头的沉积学研究较少,巨量复理石的沉积模式也没有合理的解释。详细研究了川西马尔康-金川县一带西康群典型剖面的沉积构造、砂板比、古流向、砂岩粒度及矿物组成,讨论了西康群的沉积环境及沉积模式。认为该区复理石沉积环境属于海底扇扇中-扇端,局部存在砂质碎屑流或等深流的参与和叠加改造;存在两期次的海底扇,其触发机制均为海平面下降,导致三角洲向陆架边缘进积形成海底扇,而随着冲积平原及三角洲复合体的逐渐消耗,沉积物供应量逐渐减小,海底扇的规模及影响范围逐渐缩减,形成两期向岸退积的海底扇沉积。松潘-甘孜盆地复理石建造属于受周缘造山带提供多源或线源,多期次叠加的,以细粒浊积体为主的海底扇,海岸冲积平原及三角洲复合体经过二次搬运使得砾级粗粒沉积物进一步破碎,形成中-细粒砂岩及泥岩为主的扇体沉积。     

Structural control on gold mineralization at Walhalla,Victoria

Gold mineralization associated with quartz reefs is related to the structural history of the Early Devonian, Walhalla Group. These reefs are situated in the Walhalla Synclinorium, developed during the Middle to Late Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny. A pervasive north‐south‐trending axial planar cleavage and two styles of folding were produced during regional east‐west compression. The first are upright, open to close folds with sub‐horizontal fold axes. The second are plunging inclined, close to tight folds with fold axes that plunge steeply to the north and south. An extensional event is associated with the emplacement of the Woods Point Dyke swarm and a set of normal faults that offset all earlier structures. High‐angle reverse faults, which post‐date the folding and the emplacement of the dykes, were utilized as conduits for hydrothermal fluids and preferentially localize mineralization to laminated quartz veins. En echelon vein arrays formed during initial stages of reverse faulting became deformed during prolonged shearing to produce ptygmatic veins. Laminated quartz veins within high‐angle reverse faults contain arsenopyrite and pyrite in vein margins and gold in fractures that cross‐cut continuous quartz crystals. Gold, galena, chalcopyrite and sphalerite may also be deposited adjacent to and within fractured arsenopyrite and pyrite. Late‐stage, cross faults developed in a regime of north‐south compression and post‐date the laminated quartz veins and mineralization.