我国钻孔应力-应变地震前兆监测台网的现状

当今的地震成因理论表明：地震是地应力（应变）积累到一定程度，使断层滑动而发生的。由此可见地应力－应变观测的重要性。我国的钻孔应力－应变地震前兆监测网，是全国地震前兆监测台网的一个组成部分。观测对象包括：体应变，分量应变，分量应力和钻孔应力－应变差应变。文章通过分析调查结果，比较详细地介绍了我国的钻孔应力－应变地震前兆监测台网的现状。     

地震临震预测预报的地应力方法

地震的发生与地球自转和极移的惯性力的作用密切相关，在惯性力的作用下地壳岩石内产生应力应变。用四方位地应变传感器观测水平地应力应变变化规律和临震前兆信息－地应力应变剧烈变化和地壳岩石出现微观断裂滑移及微观弹塑性应变应变波群，再根据主压应力作用方向和地质构造断裂带分布情况作综合分析，可以在临震前１０￣７２小时内初步预报出地震的时间、方向、地点和震级。对于震中距４００公里内的中强地震预报对应率较高，根据     

基于B/S的钻孔应变数据可视化分析平台

随着四分量钻孔应变观测数据的积累和观测可靠性的提升,提高钻孔应变观测数据的处理分析和可视效率是当前钻孔应变观测研究的重要任务。钻孔应变观测数据在超宽频带内具有高分辨率,使得钻孔应变观测对地震和地震预报研究具有重要意义。利用正应力花瓣图表示法来显示地应力的变化,不仅有助于定性分析台站所处地点的相对地应力变化,也可以定量读取在某时刻任一方向上观测到的正应力。本文通过这种方法与数据可视化技术结合,以图表数据结合地图展示作为平台主体,搭建了基于B/S体系结构的四分量钻孔应变数据可视化分析平台。该平台可以直观展示钻孔应变仪记录的地应力时空变化,实现钻孔应变数据的可视化分析与多用户共享访问。     

藏东应力场分析

利用GPS观测结果、震源机制解及地应力测试分析藏东地区的应力场特征。根据GPS资料得到了藏东地区的地壳应变状态,而拉萨地块内部,最大主压应变的方位为NE41．21°,羌塘地块内部的最大主压应变方位为NEl9．88°。而在川滇和羌塘地块交界的三江地区,GPS计算得到的最大主压应变方位为SE47．76°;在滇缅地块区内部,最大主压应变方位为NE46．13°根据震源机制解资料得到了藏东地壳应力状态,拉萨地块最大主压应力方位为NE78．33。,羌塘地块最大主压应力方位为NE36．24°三江地区最大主压应力方位为NE81．54°滇缅地块最大主压应力方位为NE47．000。由钻孔地应力测试得到的藏东拉萨地块主应力方位在NE65～75。之间。     

基于四分量钻孔应变的天山中段地区构造应变变化

根据钻孔应变观测理论，利用巴仑台、库米什和小泉沟分量钻孔应变观测数据定量计算测区附近构造应变变化。结果显示，三个台站的最大-最小主应变、面应变和剪应变的应变速率相对恒定，主方向大体不变；巴仑台附近区域受张-压应力相互作用，主压应变方向为N22°W,库米什台附近区域受拉张应力作用，主张应变方向为N8°E;小泉沟台附近区域受压应力作用，主压应变方向约为N46°W;精河M_S6.6地震前巴仑台和小泉沟的应变变化速率明显高于平均水平，均呈现在压缩背景下的应变加速变化异常，可以为应变资料同类异常的识别和判定提供参考。     

地应力测量的非弹性应变恢复法及应用实例

岩芯非弹性应变恢复法是近年来发展起来的比较经济有效的深部地应力测量方法,汶川5.12地震后,我国大陆首次将该方法应用于汶川地震断裂带科学钻的地应力测量.本文简述了该方法的原理、计算方法和汶川地震科学钻一号孔的典型结果.给出了一号孔在所测深度之处的三个主应力的大小和方向.三个主应力中,最大主应力和中间主应力近于水平,最小主应力近于直立.最大主应力方向为北西.在746 m深度,三个主应力的大小为25.2 MPa,21.5 MPa,18.5 MPa.这种应力状态可使龙门山断层产生逆冲兼右行走滑运动,与汶川5.12地震的断层运动一致.该方法得到的结果与震源机制解及其他地应力测量方法得到的结果吻合.测量结果表明,非弹性应变恢复法具有较大的实用价值.特别是在较大深度的钻孔和地层较破碎的复杂地质条件下,应力解除法、水压致裂法等难以实施时,此方法仍有可能获得较可靠的地应力数据,适应性更强.     

非弹性应变恢复法三维地应力测量——汶川地震科学钻孔中的应用

随着地球动力学和深部能源开发利用等研究工作的不断深入,深部应力状态的研究越来越重要,但目前尚没有即经济又简便完善的深部三维地应力测量方法.基于岩芯的非弹性应变恢复法是近年来发展起来的深部三维应力测量方法.汶川5·12地震后,中国大陆首次将该方法应用于科学钻孔的地应力测量.本文详细介绍了这一方法现场测量岩芯非弹性恢复应变的基本流程,并对此法测量的岩芯首次开展了岩石非弹性应变恢复柔量的实验研究,将现场非弹性应变测量与室内非弹性应变恢复柔量实验相结合,确定汶川地震科学钻一号孔(WFSD-1)1173 m处最大主应力方向为NW64°,实测得到岩石的剪切与体积模式非弹性应变恢复柔量的比值为2.9,计算得到最大、中间和最小主应力分别为43,28和25 MPa.结合龙门山地区其他方法的地应力测量结果,表明龙门山断裂带从NE到SW现今最大主应力作用方向表现为由EW→NEE→NWW的变化规律,龙门山断裂带现今地应力作用方向的分段性特征与5·12汶川地震时龙门山断裂带西南段逆冲为主,东北段走滑为主的运动特点相吻合,研究结果对于认识汶川地震的动力学机制具有一定参考价值.     

中国大陆现今应变场动态

根据2004年和2007年GPS复测资料,计算出中国大陆的水平主应变数据,显示出各亚板块的主压应变轴方向与震源机制解的P轴和用地质方法得到的主压应力轴基本一致,表明在区域上和长时期中,地壳的构造应力场是相对稳定的．中国大陆西部的青藏亚板块和新疆亚板块的主压应力轴,为南北向及北北东-南南西向,受欧亚板块和印度板块相互碰撞而产生的作用力的控制;东部的黑龙江亚板块和华北亚板块的主压应变轴,为北东东-南西西向,显示出受欧亚板块与北美板块、太平洋板块碰撞俯冲产生的作用力影响,同时也受青藏亚板块和新疆亚板块侧向作用力的影响;华南亚板块的主压应变轴,为北西西-南东东向,反映出受菲律滨海板块与欧亚板块碰撞产生的作用力影响,同时也受青藏亚板块侧向作用力的影响．通过比较2004-2007年与2001-2004年的主压应变轴方向,反映出两个时间段各亚板块的主压应力作用方向基本一致,只是主应力轴方向集中程度有一定差别．前后两个时间段不同单元的面应变率显示,压性变化为主的数量减少,张性变化为主的数量有所增多．      

2013年芦山MS7.0地震的震前及临震应变异常

距离芦山地震震中70 km的姑咱地震台YRY四分量钻孔应变仪2013年4月16—19日记录到8次幅度达到十倍固体潮幅的张性应变阶跃, 这在该仪器6年多运行期间尚属首次. 这些应变异常与芦山地震在时间、 空间上相关; 应变异常的主压应力方向与震前宝兴水压致裂地应力测量主压应力方向相近, 并与震前5个月中长达3个月的应变异常主压应力方向一致; 应变阶跃起始与远震震波同时到达. 综上认为, 4月16—19日的应变异常有可能是芦山地震发震断裂在破裂错动前地层蠕滑的反映.      

昆仑山口西8.1 级地震前祁连山地震带附近形变异常的演化特征

昆仑山口西8.1 级地震前在我国祁连山地震带附近观测到一系列的巨幅形变异常, 这些异常包括了地倾斜、地应力和地应变等测项。文中对这些形变异常进行了研究, 并给出了昆仑山口西8.1 级地震前形变异常的分布特征:乐都、兰州、门源和肃南地倾斜异常的幅度、持续时间与昆仑山口西8.1 级地震震级之间满足形变异常特征与地震强度之间的一般性统计关系;德令哈地应力观测曲线在震前出现了较明显的转折, 最大应力扰动方向与地震方位密切相关;武都应变观测曲线在昆仑山口西8.1 级地震前出现了幅度较大的异常, 最大剪应变方向为西偏北23°~ 44°, 应变变化幅度与地震震级之间也满足上述统计关系。研究结果表明, 祁连山地震带附近出现的一系列应力、应变和倾斜巨幅异常与昆仑山口西8.1 级地震有一定的相关性。     

Burial stress and elastic strain of carbonate rocks

Burial stress on a sediment or sedimentary rock is relevant for predicting compaction or failure caused by changes in, e.g., pore pressure in the subsurface. For this purpose, the stress is conventionally expressed in terms of its effect: “the effective stress” defined as the consequent elastic strain multiplied by the rock frame modulus. We cannot measure the strain directly in the subsurface, but from the data on bulk density and P‐wave velocity, we can estimate the rock frame modulus and Biot's coefficient and then calculate the “effective vertical stress” as the total vertical stress minus the product of pore pressure and Biot's coefficient. We can now calculate the elastic strain by dividing “effective stress” with the rock frame modulus. By this procedure, the degree of elastic deformation at a given time and depth can be directly expressed. This facilitates the discussion of the deformation mechanisms. The principle is illustrated by comparing carbonate sediments and sedimentary rocks from the North Sea Basin and three oceanic settings: a relatively shallow water setting dominated by coarse carbonate packstones and grainstones and two deep water settings dominated by fine‐grained carbonate mudstones and wackestones.     

APE理论与地电阻率前兆

介绍了含裂隙介质的ＡＰＥ理论（ａｎｉｓｏｔｒｏｐｉｃ ｐｏｒｏ－ｅｌａｓｔｉｃｉｔｙ）。根据ＡＰＥ理论,对裂隙膨胀提出了新的看法,认为当岩石不产生大量破裂时,裂隙的扩张和闭合是互为依存、彼此平衡的。用笔者建立的裂隙方面性集中体积模型的各向异性电导率张量表达式,研究了应力场导致裂隙纵横比变化与地壳岩石电阻率变化的关系。结果表明,即使地壳岩石的平均体应变很小或不产生新的裂隙,也可以出现电阻率大的突变。     

钻孔应变,应力测量区域特征初探

我国钻孔应变、应力测量依不同时段区域变化形态有明显差异;短期(一月内)、中期(一年内)区域变化特征不显著。正常形态显示平稳、应变测量显示固体潮形态、应力测量显示年变形态。震前异常多呈现突升、突降式的应变阶跃、固体潮畸变、年变形态改变。长期(10年内)与其构造部位、地震活动性及区域构造运动,矢量速率有一定的相关性,因而存在着明显的区域变化特征。识别不同区域的曲线变化特征,对判定震兆信息有一定的指导作用,从而提高了应变、应力测量资料的应用价值。     

加卸载响应比在体应变固体潮中的应用

从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了体应变固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理, 给出了体应变固体潮加卸载响应比的计算方法,并以昌平和峰峰台的体应变观测值为例,计算了二台的体应变固体潮加卸载响应比。结果表明,在中强地震前存在增大变化。     

In-situ fluid-pressure measurements for earthquake prediction: An example from a deep well at Hi Vista,California

Short-term earthquake prediction requires sensitive instruments for measuring the small anomalous changes in stress and strain that precede earthquakes. Instruments installed at or near the surface have proven too noisy for measuring anomalies of the size expected to occur, and it is now recognized that even to have the possibility of a reliable earthquake-prediction system will require instruments installed in drill holes at depths sufficient to reduce the background noise to a level below that of the expected premonitory signals. We are conducting experiments to determine the maximum signal-to-noise improvement that can be obtained in drill holes. In a 592 m well in the Mojave Desert near Hi Vista, California, we measured water-level changes with amplitudes greater than 10 cm, induced by earth tides. By removing the effects of barometric pressure and the stress related to earth tides, we have achieved a sensitivity to volumetric strain rates of 10^–9 to 10^–10 per day. Further improvement may be possible, and it appears that a successful earthquake-prediction capability may be achieved with an array of instruments installed in drill holes at depths of about 1 km, assuming that the premonitory strain signals are, in fact, present.     

震前应变固体潮畸变的物理模式

本文根据岩石力学及固体潮理论，建立了孕震期弹性物体应变固体潮的物理模式，给出了其数学公式。通过分析潮汐应力与寻震应力的合力随潮汐力相位的变化，从物理本质上讨论了不同应力阶段应变固体潮曲线的形态特征；讨论了震前不同异常时期，应变固体潮畸变的不同特．点；并对震例进行了分析，同时，对应变固体潮畸变与地震三要素预报作了初步探讨。     

Stress in the lithosphere: Inferences from steady state flow of rocks

Mechanical data and flow processes from steady state deformation experiments may be used to infer the state of stress in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. Extrapolations of flow equations to a representative geologic strain rate of 10^–14/sec. for halite, marble, quartzite, dolomite, dunite and enstatolite are now warranted because the steady state flow processes in the experiments are identical to those in rocks and because the geotherms are reasonably well established. More direct estimates are obtained from free dislocation densities, subgrain sizes and recrystallized grain sizes all of which are functions only of stress. Using the last of these techniques, we have estimated stress profiles as a function of depth from xenoliths in basalts and kimberlites, whose depths of equilibration were determined by pyroxene techniques, from four different areas of subcontinental and suboceanic upper mantle. The results are similar and indicate stress differences of about 200 to 300 bars at 40 to 50 km, decaying to a few tens of bars at depths betow 100 km. These stresses are reasonable and are in accord with extrapolations of the mechanical data provided that allowance is made for a general increase in strain rate and decrease in viscosity with depth.     

Coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips at subduction zones

Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the earth, accumulation of elastic strain energy by tectonic loading and release of such energy by earthquake fault slips at subduction zones may take place on different spatial scales. If the lithospheric plate is acted upon by distant tectonic forces, strain accumulation must occur in a broad region. However, an earthquake releases strain only in a region comparable to the size of the rupture area. A two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone with viscoelastic rheology has been used to investigate the coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips. A fault lock-and-unlock technique is employed so that the amount of fault slip in an earthquake is not prescribed, but determined by the accumulated stress. The amount of earthquake fault slip as a fraction of the total relative plate motion depends on the relative sizes of the earthquake rupture area and the region of tectonic strain accumulation, as well as the rheology of the rock material. The larger the region of strain accumulation is compared to the earthquake rupture, the smaller is the earthquake fault slip. The reason for the limited earthquake fault slip is that the elastic shear stress in the asthenosphere induced by the earthquake resists the elastic rebound of the overlying plate. Since rapid permanent plate shortening is not observed at subduction zones, there must be either strain release over a large region or strain accumulation over a small region over earthquake cycles. The former can be achieved only by significant aseismic fault slip between large subduction earthquakes. The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault, which requires significant aseismic fault slip between asperities.     

Inducing action of hydrogen migrating along faults on earthquakes

The reduction of the microhardness and the crystal constants of some non-metallic materials, such as calcite, dolomite, antigorite, etc., are observed after a short time of hydrogen permeating treatment at low pressure. It means that hydrogen diffusion can cause their strength dropping or weakening. The hydrogen, which is produced under the earth by various chemical reactions or accumulated when the earth formed, is migrating up continuously along faults, causing weakening of rocks and faults at the same time. So it is possible that rocks and faults break under lower tectonic stress condition. Hydrogen anomalies are passive reflection, precursor and accompaniment of fault activities or earthquakes on the face of it, but hydrogen migrating has active influence on faults and its moving. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 229–235, 1992.     

Volume changes during fracture and frictional sliding: A review

Summary Volume changes in geologic materials have been measured with strain gauges, cantilever displacement gauges, or through observation of either pore or total volume. When porosity is less than 0.05, compaction is small or absent; apart from elastic strains in the minerals, dilatancy predominates, beginning at 50 to 75 percent of the fracture stress difference. When initial porosity exceeds about 0.05, compaction and dilatancy may overlap. The onset of dilatancy has not been identified, but most of the dilatancy occurs within about 10 percent of the fracture stress difference. In low porosity rocks, dilatancy increases initial porosity by a factor of 2 or more; in porous rocks or granular aggregates the increase is only 20 to 50 percent. However, the actual pore volume increase is larger in rocks of high initial porosity. Hence, earthquake precursors which depend on the magnitude of dilatancy should be more pronounced in porous rocks or in fault gouge. In contrast, precursors which are based on fractional changes in some porosity-related property may be more pronounced in rocks of low initial porosity. Future work is particularly needed on constitutive relations suitable for major classes of rocks, on the effects of stress cycling in porous rocks, on the effects of high temperature and pore fluids on dilatancy and compaction, and on the degree of localization of strain prior to fracture.