海洋瞬变电磁法研究进展

随着海洋电磁法的研究逐渐转向浅水域,海洋瞬变电磁法得到了更多的关注.瞬变电磁法相比频域电磁法,对浅水域海底高阻油气藏具有更高的分辨率,并且瞬变电磁法能够有效的分离空气波与海底地层响应.近几年来,海洋瞬变电磁法得到了快速的发展.本文回顾了海洋瞬变电磁法的历史发展与现状,总结了海洋瞬变电磁法的三维正反演理论的最新进展,并对海洋瞬变电磁法的各种装置类型进行了相关评述.目前海洋瞬变电磁法的问题主要在于数据采集成本高,没有很好的集成到整个勘探流程系统中.未来发展方向包括(1)探索新的装置系统,节约数据采集成本,提高海洋瞬变电磁法的市场竞争力.(2)海洋瞬变电磁法与其他方法的联合解释技术,提高海洋瞬变电磁法数据解释的有效性.(3)海洋瞬变电磁法的三维正反演理论的进一步发展.     

瞬变电磁系统探测海底电导率的研究

选择在海洋工程与环境地质等方面有应用前景的海洋瞬变电磁法作为研究对象．研究了在高导海水中探测海底电导率的电磁感应理论,研制了共轴水平磁偶极-偶极装置（HRHR）的瞬变探测系统和解释软件．经东海海域实地试验,取得了良好效果,证实了瞬变电磁探测的有效性和方法优势．目前,它可作为海底地质填图的主要手段．经拓展后可用于海底分层和基底深度的探测．     

我国海底大地电磁探测技术研究的进展

几年以前 ,我国尚未独立开展过海洋电磁探测 ,没有获取海洋岩石层电性资料的技术手段。然而 ,地下岩层的电性参数较之其他物性参数能更好地反映岩石的性质以及岩石所处的物理状态 ,因此迫切需要发展海底大地电磁探测技术。海底大地电磁探测是把仪器布置在海底 ,采集海底大地电磁场数据 ,从而研究海底以下不同深度上介质导电性的分布规律 ,达到了解地下不同深度地质情况的目的。经过两年的努力 ,我们已基本实现了海底大地电磁探测技术的研究目标     

海洋直流电阻率法各向异性正演模拟研究（英文）

受沉积环境影响,海底地层层理发育,各向异性介质更接近于真实海洋地质条件。对海洋各向异性研究可更好认识海底构造特征,有效地进行海底资源勘查。本文从各向异性麦克斯韦电磁方程出发,根据电磁场的无源特征引入标量位函数;利用电场和磁场的连续性分别向海底深部和海水中延拓,并将延拓后的电磁位函数在海底耦合到发射源上,从而实现海底电场和磁场的递推求解。我们首先探索如何利用海洋电阻率法识别和求解海底电各向异性特征。研究发现海底各向异性可从视电阻率测深曲线和海底视电阻率极性图进行求解。进而,我们通过海底各向异性地层中高阻体(油气藏)模型进行正演模拟,发现海洋电法视电阻率在浅水区对地下高阻薄层有明显的异常反应。相比海洋可控源电磁法,海洋直流电法不受空气波影响,在浅海区油气资源勘查有着较好的优势,而前人大多基于各向同性模型进行研究,本文实现一维海洋直流电阻率法各向异性正演模拟,算法计算精度高,能很好的为二维、三维正演模拟提供理论参考。     

南海天然气水合物远景区海洋可控源电磁探测试验

为了测试我国自主设计与研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能及其在水合物探测中的适用性,本文从海洋可控源电磁法基本原理出发,首先根据试验海域水合物地质特征,建立简化地电模型开展理论研究,确定海洋可控源电磁试验的技术方案;利用研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器,在南海天然气水合物远景区开展探测试验,首次获得了我国深水海域的海洋可控源电磁数据.通过对采集数据进行处理与反演,获得了试验剖面的海底电性结构模型,揭示了4号测点下方存在一个50m厚的高阻层,其电阻率为25Ωm、顶部埋深为181m,为该区天然气水合物调查提供了有价值的电性参考资料.研究结果表明,自主研发的海洋可控源电磁仪器性能达到了预期的设计指标,这标志着我国海洋可控源电磁探测技术向实用化进程迈出了重要一步.     

海底可控源电磁接收机及其水合物勘查应用

海洋可控源电磁法在国外已成为海底天然气水合物调查的有效手段之一.为实现我国海域深水条件下水合物的海洋可控源电磁探测,本文从方法原理出发,采用低功耗嵌入式控制、前端低噪声斩波放大、高精度时间同步和水声通讯等技术,设计并开发了由承压舱、玻璃浮球、采集电路、电场与磁场传感器、姿态测量装置、声学释放器、USBL定位信标、测量臂、水泥块等部件组成的海底可控源电磁接收机,实现了海洋微弱电磁场信号的高精度采集.海底可控源电磁接收机具有高可靠性、低噪声、低功耗和低时漂的特点.利用研制的海底可控源电磁接收机,在琼东南海域进行水合物勘查,采集得到了可靠的人工源电磁场数据.通过数据处理及反演,获得了研究区海底的电阻率模型,结合地震资料,对高阻异常体进行推断解释,其结果为天然气水合物钻探井位布置提供了电性依据.     

三维任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁法正演研究

由于海底介质受沉积环境的影响,层理发育呈现明显各向异性特征.对于海洋可控源电磁法各向异性的研究以往主要局限于一维和二维模型,为更深入了解复杂情况下海底各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响规律,本文开展三维任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁法正演研究.采用交错网格有限差分技术,通过对任意各向异性介质电导率张量实行体积和空间电流密度平均,完成海洋可控源电磁二次散射电场的离散化,成功实现任意各向异性介质中海洋可控源电磁正演模拟.通过对几种典型各向异性电性模型条件下海洋电磁电场多分量响应及分布特征和各向同性情况的对比分析,总结电各向异性对海洋电磁响应的影响规律和识别方法.本文算法研究及算例可为海洋可控源电磁数据精细化处理解释提供技术支撑.     

海底大地电磁数据采集器

进行海底大地电磁数据采集，需借助于专用的水下探测设备 . 虽然大地电磁测深法无论是仪器或是测量手段在陆地上的应用已较为成熟，但把该方法移 植到海洋中，还需解决一些与海洋探测有关的工程技术问题. 主要包括：水下电场信号的提 取，海底环境的监测，仪器在非实时监控运行中的纠错对策以及测量部件的密封承压等等 . 在研制海底大地电磁数据采集器的过程中，采用先进的材料工艺，高精度的电子线路，可 靠的软件编程以及牢固的器件安装结构，有效地解决了上述技术问题. 用所研制的仪器首次 在我国海域进行了探测试验.     

南黄海海底大地电磁测深试验研究

针对南黄海盆地深层地震地质条件差,地震波受屏蔽,能量严重衰减,在海洋反射地震资料中很难识别反映中-古生界的反射地震波组,不能满足南黄海盆地前第三系油气资源前景评价的需要等问题,于2006年5月,开展了南黄海海域海底大地电磁测深试验,在盆地内五莲斜坡和胶州凹陷区布设了3个海底大地电磁测深点,取得了可靠的海底观测数据.本文详细阐述了海底大地电磁测深与常规大地电磁测深在数据处理方法上的差别,论述了海洋电磁噪声对海底大地电磁场观测的影响,提出了海底大地电磁场实测资料“水平姿态”校正、“方位”校正和“海洋电磁噪声”校正的方法.通过对试验观测资料的处理和反演,并结合地质、物性资料进行综合分析,结果表明在南黄海盆地海底以下深部还存留有古生代地层,这对于南黄海前第三系含油气前景的评价具有重要意义.试验结果也证明了海底大地电磁测深技术在研究古生代残留盆地方面的问题可以发挥相当好的作用.     

基于非结构网格剖分的海洋可控源电磁三维正则化反演研究

为更好地处理与解释复杂海底地形条件下测得的海洋可控源电磁数据,本文提出了一种基于非结构网格剖分的频率域海洋可控源电磁数据三维正则化反演方法.该方法首先对海洋地电模型以非结构四面体单元进行离散,然后基于矢量有限元方法获得海洋可控源电磁响应和灵敏度信息,最后采用共轭梯度法求解高斯-牛顿反演方程计算模型修正量.为提高反演的稳定性,通过在反演过程中采用对数转换方法实现反演模型参数的上下限约束.本文分别测试了单测线水平海底地形反演算例和面积性测量的起伏海底地形反演算例.反演结果表明,本文提出的频率域海洋可控源电磁三维反演能够准确地恢复高阻储油层的位置和电阻率信息,且计算效率较高,可用于实测海洋电磁资料的处理与解释.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.