高黏性吹填土固结过程中细颗粒迁移规律研究

软土地基在真空预压过程中,受强大的真空吸力作用,产生固结压密。其中一类软土黏粒含量较大,排水固结过程中产生细颗粒迁移现象,令土体固结的同时细颗粒也积聚在排水板四周,形成泥膜,造成后期排水通道堵塞,降低了固结效率。本研究采用室内试验模拟吹填土排水固结过程,监测颗粒分布情况,探讨细颗粒迁移规律,从颗粒空间分布特征解释高黏性吹填土固结机理。研究证实,固结条件影响细颗粒迁移现象:自重沉淤固结期间,细颗粒迁移受边界条件及渗流路径影响; 加压固结期间,细颗粒迁移受附加荷载产生的垂直压力影响,随着土体含水量的减少,黏粒迁移趋势逐渐减弱,黏粒不再表现出明显的迁移趋势,土体中细颗粒分布从竖向条带状逐步转变为水平向条带状。同时,高黏性吹填土固结过程中,将土样未加分散剂测试得到的粉粒含量称为似粉粒,随着吹填土排水固结过程的持续,吹填土似粉黏比不断地增加。固结时间越长,似粉黏比随深度增加而减小的特征越明显; 与排水管水平距离较远的土体似粉黏比有所增大。似粉黏比作为吹填土固结过程的指标,与土体强度大小成正比,可间接反应强度变化规律,为确定流塑状态及软塑状态的高黏性吹填土固结程度提供了定性指标,直观地反映出土体固结程度。研究表明,随着固结排水过程的持续,排水速度减慢,吹填土粉黏比不断增加,固结程度迅速增加。     

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移影响研究

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移具有重要影响。结合地下水渗流理论、太沙基一维固结理论和溶质运移对流-弥散理论,建立了变形土体中污染物迁移三维耦合数值模型,考虑了孔隙度、渗透系数和水动力弥散系数随有效应力的动态变化。通过对实际案例进行模拟,分析了地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移规律的影响。结果表明,地下水位下降,土体有效应力增加,土体骨架压缩变形,使得孔隙度、渗透系数减小,导致水动力弥散系数增幅减小,从而延缓了污染物迁移的对流扩散过程。     

高黏粒含量海洋土电阻率特征分析及模型构建

在高黏粒含量海洋土中,黏粒吸附孔液中阳离子形成的双电层会直接影响土体导电性,与孔液、土体结构共同形成土体导电性的影响因素,使导电结构变得复杂。对饱和的海洋土而言,固结程度不同代表了土体结构不同。为量化分析双电层对不同固结程度高黏粒含量海洋土导电性的影响,界定电阻率测试技术对海洋土结构变化的反映能力,分别以黄河三角洲和南海北部陆坡海洋土为研究对象,进行电阻率和其他物理性质测试。基于测试结果分析不同黏粒含量海洋土电阻率的变化规律和独有特征,借鉴黏性土多元导电理论构建适合的电阻率模型。研究表明,黏粒含量对不同固结程度海洋土电阻率的影响不同,根据其变化特征可分为3个阶段：正常固结的海洋土电阻率变化可用简化的二元模型公式表示,当孔隙度小于50%时,电阻率随孔隙度呈明显的幂函数降低,当孔隙度介于50%~60%时,电阻率随孔隙度降低速率明显减小;欠固结海洋土孔隙度均高于60%,电阻率随孔隙度线性减小,可用线性模型公式描述。电阻率测量技术对高黏粒含量正常固结海洋土结构变化（孔隙度变化）反映能力良好,探测灵敏度可达25 Ω·m;对欠固结海洋土结构变化反映困难。     

吸附离子对粉质粘土及改良土特性的影响

利用疏浚土有机质含量高、吸附能力强和低渗透性等特点,探讨将其作为填埋场黏土衬垫改性材料的可能性。针对粘土垫层所关心渗透性及强度两个基本问题,比较了粉质黏土、改良土（粉质黏土添加疏浚土）吸附离子前后的变化。吸附K+、Cu2+后粉质黏土、改良土的渗透系数随着土中离子含量的增加而增大,但对改良土渗透系数的影响要小于粉质黏土;吸附离子后,粉质黏土摩擦角增幅不大,黏聚力有较大增长,而改良土的黏聚力增长较少,摩擦角增长较快。总体而言,添加一定量的疏浚土能改善吸附离子对黏土垫层的影响。采用SEM电镜试验拍摄了离子吸附前后土体微观结构的变化,并从扩散双电层理论出发,解释了吸附离子对粉质黏土及改良土的影响。     

黏粒含量对磁县段膨胀土抗剪强度影响的试验研究

利用电动应变控制式直剪仪及直剪/残余剪切试验仪对南水北调磁县段不同黏粒含量的原状膨胀土进行快剪、饱和快剪、饱和固结快剪和反复直剪试验,研究黏粒含量对其抗剪强度的影响。研究表明:饱和后试样的抗剪强度明显降低,固结后强度提高,且饱和作用对黏粒含量较大的中膨胀土强度的削弱作用更为显著,固结作用对黏粒含量较小的弱膨胀土强度的治愈作用更显著; 随黏粒含量的增大,黏聚力逐渐减小,内摩擦角则先减后增,其临界值在32%左右; 峰值强度后的抗剪强度降低幅度随黏粒含量的增加而增大; 土体的峰值强度f随黏粒含量则先减后增,变化趋势比较平缓; 残余强度r随黏粒含量增加逐渐减小,成指数关系; 残余强度内摩擦角r与黏粒含量成对数关系,黏聚力cr则比较离散。     

真空预压处理高黏粒吹填土的物理化学指标

大连海港常采用高黏粒吹填土作为吹淤造陆工程土料,但高黏粒吹填土的黏粒含量大,真空预压处理地基时竖向排水体四周常常被黏粒淤堵,延误工程进度。为深入研究该类吹填土工程地质特性,基于室内物理模型采用80 kPa真空预压技术处理高黏粒吹填土,针对淤堵难题进行分析。通过测试土体的物理化学参数,建立含水率、易溶盐总量、钠离子含量、酸碱度、阳离子交换量、有机质含量等物理化学指标的特征分布曲线。结果表明：80 kPa真空预压处理的高黏粒吹填土含水率与易溶盐总量、酸碱度等化学指标呈反比;竖向排水体四周吹填土的易溶盐含量较大,有机质含量高;阳离子交换量与酸碱度呈正比。同时物化指标在排水板四周富集的现象反映80 kPa真空预压处理的高黏性吹填土固结状况,同时建议真空预压处理过程中采用分级真空预压方法,改进高黏粒吹填土地基处理,以降低淤堵状况。     

污染泥堆场处置中自重固结与污染物迁移的耦合分析

基于一维固结方程和对流-弥散方程,提出了一种用于污染泥堆场处置中自重固结与污染物迁移耦合问题的求解方法,其中,自重固结方程由解析解直接求解,污染物迁移方程由显示差分法求解。在自重固结方面,新方法可考虑线性的压缩关系和渗透关系;在污染物迁移方面,新方法能够考虑对流、扩散、机械弥散、线性和非线性吸附以及孔隙率相依的有效扩散系数。新方法与CST1数值模型进行了对比,验证了新方法的正确性。基于所提出的解,分析了固结效应、压缩系数、渗透系数和污染物初始分布形式对污染物在淤泥中迁移过程的影响。计算结果表明:固结效应、压缩性、渗透性和污染物的初始分布形式对污染物的迁移过程有着显著的影响;固结效应能显著地加速污染物的流出;土体的压缩系数越大其污染物累计流出质量越大;土体的渗透系数越大其污染物累计流出质量越大;污染物的初始分布形式对污染物的流出速率影响较大。     

袋内材料对土工袋动力特性参数影响的试验研究

土工袋加固地基技术已普遍应用于房屋地基、边坡加固等工程中。大量研究表明,土工袋具有显著的减振消能效果。为了进一步探讨不同的袋内充填土体材料对土工袋减振消能效果的影响,通过对不同粒径、级配、黏粒含量的填充土体材料及装有相应填充土体材料的土工袋进行水平循环剪切试验,研究袋内填充土体材料与动剪切模量及等效阻尼比2个参数的关系。试验结果表明,土体装入土工袋后,动剪切模量降低,等效阻尼比增大;当填充土体材料及土工袋内土体材料粒径相对较小、级配均匀、黏粒含量高时,等效阻尼比和动剪切模量较大。总体而言,粒径和级配对土工袋减振消能效果影响不大。     

土壤中可挥发性污染物清除的离心试验研究

土工离心模拟试验技术是研究环境岩土工程问题的有效手段。本文研究了非水相流体污染物在非饱和土中的迁移以及随后的抽气清除过程。 当离心机运行到要求的加速度时,汽油污染物从地下油罐中释放并在非饱和土中迁移一年,之后采用土壤通气法对污染土壤进行修复。对土壤取样分析,得到污染物在土体中的迁移规律和分布特征。试验结果表明,土壤通气法可以清除非饱和土体中的挥发性有机污染物,是一种有效的原位土壤修复技术。     

酸碱污染黄土抗剪强度演化规律及微观机制

为探索酸碱污染对天然黄土抗剪强度的影响,首先对原状黄土试样浸泡不同浓度的HCl和NaOH溶液,而后展开三轴强度试验、扫描电镜测试、压汞试验以及土体化学组成和液塑限的测定,研究酸碱污染作用对黄土抗剪强度、微观结构、化学成分和塑性的影响规律。结果表明：酸污染浓度增加,土体应力-应变曲线峰值衰减,抗剪强度劣化,黏聚力近指数趋势折减,内摩擦角相对稳定;碱污染浓度增加,土体应力-应变曲线峰值提升,抗剪强度增大,黏聚力增幅显著,内摩擦角略增;酸污染后,土体颗粒形态破碎,胶结物质溶解,颗粒与孔隙间界限模糊,骨架颗粒间孔隙、黏粒间孔隙含量及尺寸均增大;碱污染后,土体支架孔隙塌落,次生胶结均衡了局部损伤,补强了结构联结度,骨架颗粒间孔隙含量及尺寸均减小,黏粒间孔隙尺寸减小而含量增加;浸泡酸液后,土体内阳离子含量显著增加,碳酸钙含量急剧减少,液塑限均减小;浸泡碱液后,土体内Al³⁺略有增加,其余阳离子平缓减少,碳酸钙含量小幅增加,液塑限均增大。分析试验结果,归纳了酸碱污染黄土抗剪强度演化的微观机制：酸碱污染效应下,土体内矿物溶解、离子交换、颗粒及孔隙结构调整,驱动土体初始结构损伤,新...     

The development of a multi-surface soil speciation model for Cd (II) and Pb (II): Comparison of two approaches for metal adsorption to clay fractions

The mobility of toxic metals in soils or sediments is of great concern to scientists and environmentalists since it directly affects the bioavailability of metals and their movement to surface and ground waters. In this study, a multi-surface soil speciation model for Cd (II) and Pb (II) was developed to predict the partition of metals on various soil solid components (e.g. soil organic matter (SOM), oxide mineral, and clay mineral). In previous study, the sorption of metal cations on SOM and oxide minerals has been evaluated by thermodynamically based surface complexation model. However, metal binding to soil clay fractions was normally treated in a simplistic manner: only cation exchange reactions were considered and exchange coefficient was assumed unity. In this study, the binding of metals onto clays was described by a two-site surface sorption model (a basal surface site and an edge site). The model was checked by predicting the adsorption behavior of Cd (II) and Pb (II) onto three selected Chinese soils as a function of pH and ionic strengths. Results showed that the proposed model more accurately predicted the metal adsorption on soils under studied condition, especially in low ionic strength condition, suggesting that adsorption of metals to soil clay fractions need to be considered more carefully when modeling the partition of trace elements in soils. The developed soil speciation model will be useful when evaluating the movement and bioavailability of toxic metals in soil environment.     

Lab-scale performance of selected expandable clays under HLW repository conditions

Smectite clay has been proposed for embedding canisters with highly radioactive waste in deep repositories because of its isolating capacity. Montmorillonite-rich bentonite is a premier buffer candidate for many national organizations that are responsible for disposal of such waste. Experience from the use of drilling mud at large depths indicates that other smectite clay minerals are more stable chemically and saponite is one of them. The physical properties of smectitic mixed-layer minerals like Friedland clay are known to be less sensitive to high salt contents and such clay may also be a buffer candidate. Montmorillonite-rich MX-80 clay, Greek saponite with a minor amount of palygorskite, and Friedland clay were investigated in hydrothermal tests with dense samples confined in oedometers with 95 °C temperature at one end, which was made of copper, and 35 °C at the other, for 8 weeks. A 1 % CaCl₂ solution was circulated through a filter at the cold end. At the end of the tests, the samples were sliced into three parts, which were tested with respect to expandability, hydraulic conductivity, and chemical composition. The tests showed that while the saponite was hardly changed at all and did not take up any copper, MX-80 underwent substantial changes in physical performance and adsorbed significant amounts of copper. The Friedland clay sample was intermediate in both respects.     

Dynamic Properties of Soft Clay and Loose Sand from Seismic Centrifuge Tests

Appropriate evaluation of shear modulus and damping characteristics of soils subjected to dynamic loading is key to accurate seismic response analysis and soil modeling programs. Dynamic centrifuge experiments were conducted at C-CORE (Memorial University of Newfoundland) centrifuge center to investigate the dynamic properties and seismic response of soft clay and dry loose sand strata. Soft clay with shear strength of about 30 kPa and well graded silica sand at about 35% relative density were employed in a rigid container to simulate local site effects. Several earthquake-like shaking events were applied to the model to evaluate variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude and confining pressure, and to assess their effects on site response. The estimated modulus reduction and damping ratio were compared to the predictions of empirical formulae and resonant column tests for both soft clay and loose sand. The evaluated shear modulus and damping ratio were found to be dependent on confining pressure in both soil types. Modulus variation in both soils agreed well with the empirical curves and resonant column test results. However, the sand modulus values were slightly higher than the empirical relations and resonant column tests. This discrepancy is attributed to higher stress and densification of sand during large amplitude shaking applied to the model. The damping ratio at shear strains lower than 0.5% was in reasonable agreement with the empirical curves and the resonant column tests in both clay and sand models, but was generally higher at shear strain larger than 0.5%.     

Laboratory measurement of fine-grained soil fluid conductivity

Advective fluid flow, which depends directly on hydraulic conductivity, controls contaminant migration through soils in many cases. The state of practice in laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity of soils was reviewed and found to be extremely variable, with the result that measurements on a given soil material often give variations of several orders of magnitude. An experimental program was completed using compacted clay soils to study several facets of laboratory testing practice, and a suitable test procedure for consistent results was developed. Recommendations on several important aspects of procedure are presented.     

非饱和上海软土水力和力学特性耦合弹塑性模拟

目前大多数非饱和土的弹塑性本构模型用非饱和击实土的试验结果进行验证,但现场其他类型的土,如沉积土经常有在非饱和状态下外部环境变化的情况。现有的非饱和土弹塑性模型是否适用于沉积土一类的现场土是需要研究的课题。进行非饱和上海第③层土的吸力控制排水排气三轴剪切试验,使用文中提出的能统一考虑非饱和土水力性状和力学性状的弹塑性本构模型,预测上述三轴试验结果,并与试验数据进行比较。比较结果显示,建立的本构模型能够很好地预测非饱和上海软土的水力和力学性质,说明该模型不仅可以适用击实土的预测,还能够很好地适用于其他类型非饱和土的水力和力学性质的模拟。     

Effects of gasoline and diesel additives on kaolinite

Centrifuge tests were carried out to confirm and determine the effect of different pure alcohols, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) and mixtures of alcohols with gasoline and diesel on a thin disc of consolidated clay. The evolution of changes in the clay hydraulic conductivity with time was investigated and other structural changes due to chemical attack were monitored. The findings presented here demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity of the clay appear to be generally related to the polarity of the chemicals and the dielectric constant. The cracking effect of butanol and MTBE on consolidated clay at low flow rate and low stress level was observed. The addition of ethanol or MTBE to diesel increased the clay permeability and the migration of organic chemical. The addition of ethanol to gasoline also caused an increase in the clay hydraulic conductivity. The effect of the association of alcohols with gasoline or diesel on the clay hydraulic conductivity is discussed, with a view to improving current pollution remediation techniques.     

基于动力离心试验的软基尾矿库地震响应研究

基于离心机振动台,分别针对典型软基尾黏土尾矿库及加高扩容后的尾矿库开展了动力离心模型试验,重点探究了加速度分布规律、软土及尾矿内部孔压变化规律以及“软基?库内尾矿?尾矿坝”系统的变形规律等内容。试验结果表明：软基对地震动的放大效应较为微弱,而坝体加速度沿高程逐渐放大,高层子坝加速度响应最为强烈,加高扩容后的现坝顶加速度响应可达原坝顶的2.2倍;地震作用下软土与库内尾矿内部均会产生一定的孔压增量,但未达到液化状态。地震动强度、软基及库内尾矿的固结状态对尾矿库的变形模式影响较大。当固结不充分时,在强震作用下易发生尾矿的水平滑移,进而造成坝顶及下游软土隆起。在固结较为充分且地震动强度较弱的情况下,变形模式以震陷为主。该试验成果将为此类尾矿库的动力稳定分析及抗震加固设计提供一定参考。     

土层结构对非饱和毛细水盐运移的影响

层状土层之间孔隙结构和水力学性质的不连续性对土体水盐运移有显著影响。基于现场调查,设计了两种不同粒径土层二元结构组合(黄土-砂质粉土和黄土-粉质黏土)的室内土柱试验,通过模型试验讨论了不同地下水补给条件下土层结构对毛细水分布和盐分累积的影响。试验结果表明:在毛细水补给条件下,黄土-砂质粉土构成的上细下粗型土层结构有利于毛细水盐运移,经过60 d蒸发后,其表层SO_4~(2-)含量是上粗下细型土柱的两倍。在无毛细水补给条件下,砂质粉土层中水盐向上迁移总量和迁移速率大于粉质黏土层,最终上细下粗型土柱中上覆土层各层位离子含量均大于上粗下细型土柱。研究结果为层状土区盐渍土病害的防治提供了试验参考。     

陆面过程模式对不同土壤物理性质的敏感性研究

使用NCAR陆面过程模式（LSM）和荷兰Cabauw1987的大气观测资料，考察了在11种不同的土壤条件下陆面过程模式所模拟的地表能量及水分循环的差异。结果表明，粘土含量较高的土壤具有较好的持水能力，蒸发量和径流量都比较大，而在含砂量高的土壤中，水分大量的下渗，蒸发量和径流量小，从而到地表热通量的分配，在不考虑大气反馈的情况下，各种土壤造成的差异主要出现在春季的4、5月份。     

氯离子在黏土-膨润土屏障中迁移的离心试验研究

将对流-扩散试验装置置于土工离心机中,以50g离心加速度运行12 h,研究了黏土-膨润土混合土样中Cl-的迁移扩散,使用解析解对试验结果进行拟合确定相关参数,分析了试验的相似条件,使用商用软件对离心试验原型进行模拟,与试验结果进行比较,探讨了离心机用于溶质迁移分析的比尺效应,最后通过数值分析研究了试验的黏土-膨润土屏障用于老垃圾填埋场防渗帷幕补强的效果。结果表明,土工离心机试验中,按实际出流量计算的实际孔隙水流速小于临界流速,两试样中的佩克莱数（Pe数）小于临界Pe数,机械弥散的作用可以忽略,试验满足扩散的相似定律;离心机试验所模拟的2.5 m厚衬垫原型,在水头5 m和10 m作用下3.42 a后均未被击穿;常重力下试验土样的渗透系数为8.5×10-8 cm/s,有效扩散系数为7.82×10-7 cm2/s,对试验原型进行的数值模拟表明,n倍重力加速度下,土工离心机可以 尺寸的试样实现对原型的模拟,同时将对流和扩散作用下的溶质迁移时间缩短至原型的 ;试验的黏土-膨润土屏障用于老垃圾填埋场防渗补强,可显著减缓溶质迁移,防渗补强后可满足渗滤液迁移扩散的控制要求。