退耕还林（草）工程对生态环境的影响分析

彭两珊在《科学新闻》2007年第5期撰文指出，生态环境的恢复与建设是我国两部大开发的首要任务，在保护生态、改善环境、发展经济、建设和谐社会进程中，特别要重视退耕还林（草）对保护西部生态环境的作用。从森林资源退化、草场质量下降、水土流失严重、沙（石）漠化面积扩大、水早灾害加重、生物多样性降低、水资源分布不均的现状，分析了两部地区生态环境，     

陕北地区生态环境质量评价

使用卫星遥感解译结果和气象、水资源、污染资料,依据中国环境监测总站《生态环境质量评价方法及分级标准》,从生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数和污染负荷指数五个方面,对1997年和2004年陕北地区28个县(区)生态环境质量进行了综合评价和对比分析。结果表明,该地区的生物丰度指数和植被覆盖指数有较大幅度提高,土地退化指数有所降低,近40%的地区生态环境质量指数Ieq(简称EQ I)增长率超过40%,年均增长率达到9%,表明陕北地区生态环境质量得到明显改善,退耕还林还草工程取得了明显成效。     

青海省生态环境分区及质量评价指标体系研究

生态环境分区及质量评价指标体系是生态环境系统研究的主要内容之一，也是生态环境质量评价中的基础工作。本就影响青海省各区生态环境的主要因子及其权重进行了较系统的研究，确定了各生态区生态环境质量评价的指标体系。得出青海省各生态区的生态质量评分值，结论是：青海省境内分为5个生态环境区，其中环青海湖湿地农、牧结合生态区的生态环境质量评分为6．17，为全省最优；青南高原高寒草甸、草原牧业生态区为5．76；东部岭谷农、林、牧生态区为5068；祁连山地林、草、冰、裸牧业生态区为5．52；柴达木盆地荒漠绿州牧、农生态区为5.46，依次表现为生态环境质量良好、一般、较差、最差。     

全球变暖对甘肃省经济、社会和生态环境的影响及其对策

根据相关资料,分析了全球变暖的事实以及在全球变暖的大背景下对甘肃省生态环境和社会、经济的影响,并提出了应对气候变化、实现可持续发展的对策。这些对策对甘肃省而言,归纳起来主要是两个问题：一是用好水、管好水、节约用水,开发利用祁连山空中云水资源,实施人工增雨(雪);二是沙的问题。关键是遏制沙漠化进程,使用“区域气候—生态模式”,根据各地的地形、地貌、气候、水文、土壤等生态环境,定量计算各地林、草种植的品种、布局、走向、承载力,以提出恢复植被的最优方案。     

生态环境质量评价体系建设的探讨

针对党的十八大提出的生态文明建设新要求,通过对生态环境质量的科学内涵、国内外研究现状、生态环境质量评价体系建设的深入分析,提出了目前我国生态环境质量评价工作中在评价指标体系建立、评价指标选择和评价结果上存在的主要问题。在制定科学生态环境质量评价原则的基础上,建立了涵盖山、水、林、田、气等5个方面的生态环境质量评价指标体系和不同等级评价指标,这些指标具有简单明了、客观易得、计算方便等特点。以2014年吉林省为例进行了试评价,评价结果与实际情况比较一致,可将此评价结果列入生态文明建设考核指标体系,以促进生态环境的良性治理。     

甘肃省近30年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气空间分布特征

通过对甘肃省1971－2000年共30年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气发生日数的分析，给出了年平均和四季的空间分布特征，并分析了沙尘天气形成的原因。分析发现，从武威开始，经景泰、白银、会宁到天水、徽县存在一个沙舌区，是浮尘天气的多发区。该沙舌与甘肃中部至陇南的干舌基本吻合，与青藏高原东北边缘的地形走向基本一致。该沙舌的存在是甘肃省中东部生态环境脆弱、荒漠化进一步发展的重要因素。     

基于RS和GIS的黄河故道地区土地沙质贫瘠化评价——以河南省中牟县为例

土地沙质贫瘠化是土地沙漠化在黄河故道地区的典型表现形式,对该区域的生态环境和人类可持续发展构成了巨大威胁。利用Landsat TM数据,在遥感与地理信息建模技术支持下,构建了像元为尺度的土地沙质贫瘠化定量化评价模型。通过对模型中的植被盖度、地表温度和裸沙占地百分比等3个关键因子的遥感反演,可实现对研究区土地沙质贫瘠化程...     

河北省生态环境监测系统建设初探

根据国内外有关生态环境监测研究的现状 ,提出了河北省生态环境监测系统建设的基本框架。系统主要包括 :生态环境监测的基本思路和步骤 ;监测方法和监测内容 ;生态环境监测体系 ,如监测标准规范、站网布局、信息传输和信息服务等。对生态环境监测的未来前景进行了展望。     

海北州草地生态环境综合评价体系研究及应用

本文结合海北州生态环境现状和农牧业生产实际,利用层次分析原理探讨并初步建立了草地生态环境综合评价体系,在合理选取评价因子的基础上,运用评价体系对草地生态环境进行了评价,得出门源为海北州草地生态环境综合状况最好的地区,祁连西部的托勒地区为最差。     

青海高原生态环境演变特征及态势分析

在广泛收集和整理青海省荒漠化、水资源、草地资源等典型生态环境因子资料基础上,对青海高原典型生态环境演变特征进行了基础性的分析。大量研究结果表明,在气候变化和人类活动的共同驱动下,近几十年中处于高海拔脆弱生境中的青海高原已出现了明显地生态环境退化现象,青海高原气候异常事件频繁、草场退化、土地沙化、冰川萎缩、湖泊水位下降和河流流量减少等一系列生态环境问题日益突出。揭示了自然灾害与生态环境恶化相互关系的机制,分析了未来气候变化情景下青海生态环境演变态势。以配合青海省生态环境建设的基础性、战略性和前瞻性研究,为青海省生态环境与社会经济的协调发展,水土资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Determining the climatic requirements of trees suitable for agroforestry

After fossil fuel burning, clearing of forests for agriculture is the second most significant factor increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Replanting trees on previously cleared land around the world could reduce the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, forests were usually cleared to grow crops or graze animals, so there is no possibility of completely restoring forests on most cleared lands. There is a need to develop agroforestry systems, which integrate trees with agricultural activities.One of the key problems in developing successful agroforestry systems is identifying which trees can be successfully grown in different areas. This problem will become even greater as tree breeding produces a wider variety of genotypes available for planting. General methods are described to identify where a particular tree (species, provenance or clone) with potential for use in agroforestry systems can be grown. The methods also help to identify locations where particular trees are growing under relatively extreme climatic conditions for that taxa. Conditions at these locations should be carefully evaluated as more reliable future climatic scenarios are developed. In the meantime they could be monitored to provide early warning of the effects of climatic and atmospheric change.     

藏北牧草青草期的气候变化特征分析

利用1971—2000年西藏那曲地区平均气温、≥5 ℃界限温度、降水量以及月平均最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等资料, 运用Penman-Monteith模型计算得出最大可能蒸散, 进而得到地表湿润系数, 分析了近30年藏北牧草青草期的气候变化趋势。结果发现:各牧区青草期间表现为平均气温升高、降水增多、持续天数延长、积温增高的趋势; 20世纪70年代各牧区青草期开始得晚、结束得早、持续天数短; 90年代相反, 青草期开始得早、结束得晚、持续天数长; 那曲地区西部青草期间的平均气温从未出现过异常年, 中东部牧区1976年异常偏冷; 各牧区降水量的异常年份主要出现在20世纪70年代; 70年代中期藏北大部分牧区青草期积温异常偏低, 90年代末出现了异常偏高年份。研究结果还表明:气温升高, 地表湿润系数增大, 暖湿化的气候变化趋势, 有利于生态环境的改善。     

中世纪温暖期气候变化的花粉化石记录

麦里泥炭剖面高分辨率花粉化石记录表明,东北科尔沁沙地在相当于中世纪温暖期阶段夏季降水量曾显著增加,主要表现为沙丘上的乔木和草本植物均获得了繁茂的生长,花粉沉积速率明显上升。作者推测,在中世纪温暖期中,欧亚大陆作为一个整体夏季温度可能暖于今天,这可能通过增强夏季风环流使中国东北夏季雨量增多,为沙丘植物茂盛生长提供了有利条件。     

焦作气候生态环境对四大怀药生长的影响

在对自然地理和生态环境进行考察的基础上,利用生产山药、地黄、牛膝、菊花等药材的不同地域气象台站1971-2000年气候整编资料,对怀药种植区光、热、水等农业气候资源进行了分析评价,并与周边地市及周边省份生产药材的代表气象台站的气候统计资料、自然生态环境条件进行对比分析。结果表明,焦作得天独厚的自然生态环境和气候条件,为“四大怀药”名贵药材独特品质的形成提供了绝佳的生长环境,造就了“四大怀药”独特的药效和滋补作用。最后对怀药生产可持续发展提出应对措施。     

Impacts of recent climate change on wheat production systems in Western Australia

The wheatbelt of Western Australia shows a distinct Mediterranean climate with most of the rainfall occurring in the winter months. The main factor limiting plant production in this region is rainfall. Due to clearing of native vegetation, dryland salinity is a major problem in south-west Australia. Since the mid 1970s the region has experienced a significant decrease in winter rainfall. Across nine sites, growing season rainfall (May to October) decreased by an average of 11% and the sum of rainfall in June and July (June + July) decreased by 20%. We used the ASPIM-Nwheat model in combination with historic climate data to study the impact of recent climate change on the hydrology and production of wheat based farming systems by comparing results for before and after 1975. Despite the large decline in rainfall, simulated yields based on the actual weather data did not fall. At the same time, simulated drainage decreased by up to 95% which will significantly reduce the spread of dryland salinity. These results were due to the rainfall changes mainly occurring in June and July, a period when rainfall often exceeds crop demand and large amounts of water are usually lost by deep drainage. The findings will have significant implications for estimates of future climate change impacts in this region with changes in rainfall causing non-proportional impacts on production and hydrological aspects, such as deep drainage and waterlogging, where proportionality is often presumed.     

Simulating the impacts of climate change on cotton production in India

General circulation models (GCMs) project increases in the earth’s surface air temperatures and other climate changes by the mid or late 21st century, and therefore crops such as cotton (Gossypium spp L.) will be grown in a much different environment than today. To understand the implications of climate change on cotton production in India, cotton production to the different scenarios (A2, B2 and A1B) of future climate was simulated using the simulation model Infocrop-cotton. The GCM projections showed a nearly 3.95, 3.20 and 1.85 °C rise in mean temperature of cotton growing regions of India for the A2, B2 and A1B scenarios, respectively. Simulation results using the Infocrop-cotton model indicated that seed cotton yield declined by 477 kg?ha^?1 for the A2 scenario and by 268 kg?ha^?1 for the B2 scenario; while it was non-significant for the A1B scenario. However, it became non-significant under elevated [CO₂] levels across all the scenarios. The yield decline was higher in the northern zone over the southern zone. The impact of climate change on rainfed cotton which covers more than 60 % of the country’s total cotton production area (mostly in the central zone) and is dependent on the monsoons is likely to be minimum, possibly on account of marginal increase in rainfall levels. Results of this assessment suggest that productivity in northern India may marginally decline; while in central and southern India, productivity may either remain the same or increase. At the national level, therefore, cotton production is unlikely to change with climate change. Adaptive measures such as changes in planting time and more responsive cultivars may further boost cotton production in India.     

风沙灾害对阿拉尔垦区棉花播种出苗的影响

由于塔里木河流域生态环境的改变,风沙灾害已经成为阿拉尔垦区棉花播种出苗期内的主要自然灾害之一,严重制约着棉花生产的发展。文中依据近10a气象资料,分析了风沙灾害对棉花播种出苗的影响,并提出相应的对策建议。     

The local impacts of climate change in the Ferlo, Western Sahel

Recent increases in the accuracy of climate models have enhanced the possibilities for analyzing the impacts of climate change on society. This paper explores how the local, economic impacts of climate change can be modeled for a specific eco-region, the Western Sahel. The people in the Sahel are highly dependent on their natural resource base, and these resources are highly vulnerable to climate change, in particular to changes in rainfall. Climate models project substantial changes in rainfall in the Sahel in the coming 50 years, with most models predicting a reduction in rainfall. To connect climate change to changes in ecosystem productivity and local income, we construct an ecological–economic model that incorporates rangeland dynamics, grazing and livestock prices. The model shows that decreased rainfall in the Sahel will considerably reduce local incomes, in particular if combined with increases in rainfall variability. Adaptation to these climate change projections is possible if reductions in rainfall are followed by destocking to reach efficient grazing levels. However, while such a strategy is optimal from the perspective of society, the stocking rate is determined by individual pastoralists that face few incentives to destock.     

Changes in agro-meteorological indicators in the contiguous United States: 1951–2000

Summary Mosaic changes in regional and local surface air temperatures and precipitation have occurred along with the increase of the average global surface air temperature in the 20th century, particularly in the recent two decades since 1980. From those changes have emerged these questions: how have the changes altered the local and regional agro-meteorological environment and affected the crop productions? These questions especially their spatially varying aspects have not been well examined. The aim of this study is to examining the effects of regional climate change on agro-meteorological environment, in terms of indicators, such as the thermal time (or Growing Degree Days) and growing season length, and to evaluate the influence of environmental change on crop yield. Major results of this study show a significant trend of increase in the thermal time across the western United States and a trend of decrease in thermal time from the U.S. Great Plains to the east coasts at a rate of 20 Growing Degree Days per 10 years. Results also show a significant trend of decreasing annual number of frost days at a rate of 3 days per decade and a trend of lengthening growing season by 4 days per decade in the western United States. Concurrently, the rainfall patterns in the warm season indicate more persistent weeklong wet spells and fewer dry spells in recent decades. These spatial variations of changes in the agrometeorological environment across the contiguous United States indicate substantial regional effects on crop production from the changing climate in the last 5 decades. Detailed geographical variations of the agrometeorological indicators revealed in this study can be beneficial for updating management decisions and practice routines in local and regional agricultural productions.