云南抚仙湖窑泥沟复合湿地的除氮效果

为了延缓抚仙湖局部湖湾水体富营养化趋势,在北岸建设了净化面积1hm2.的复合人工湿地.综合利用生物氧化塘、水平潜流湿地和表面流湿地治理技术,对入湖河道窑泥沟污水中氮的去除效果进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,湿地系统的除氮效果十分明显,水力负荷年平均为437mm／d,氮负荷年平均为3.315 g／(m2·d),湿地系统氮滞留量年平均为1.91g／(m2·d).其中,通过植物吸收同化作用除氮量为0.142g／(m2·d),占总氮滞留量的7.5％左右.湿地系统对污水中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐氮(NOX-)、氨氮(NH4+)、有机氮(TON)和总氮(TN)的去除率年平均分别为62.7％、53.8％、62.4％和57.5％.在湿地系统各功能区中,表面流人工湿地除氮效果最佳,氮去除率年平均为39.4％,硝化和反硝化作用均较强;生物净化塘除氮效果次之,氮去除率年平均为18.5％;潜流人工湿地氮去除率年平均为10.6％;沉淀池中氮去除率年平均只有3.6％.     

盐度对芦苇(Phragmites australis)表流湿地除氮效果的影响

利用芦苇湿地去除农业污水中的氮是博斯腾湖流域控制富营养化的重要手段.但是,污水中的盐分往往会抑制芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地的除氮效果.为了探索不同盐度对芦苇湿地脱氮效果的影响和机制,研究4个不同的盐度梯度(淡水、2‰、5‰和10‰)对芦苇表流湿地中氮去除的影响,测定不同盐度下湿地表层(0~10.0 cm)和下层土壤(10.0~20.0 cm)中硝化、反硝化作用强度的变化.结果表明,盐度上升显著降低了湿地氮的去除率,但是不同离子形态的氮变化趋势并不一致.5‰和10‰盐度下的芦苇湿地中总氮、铵态氮去除率分别下降了9.03%、31.80%和23.10%、39.20%,亚硝态氮累积率分别上升了190%、690%,而硝态氮并未发生明显变化.相对于参与反硝化作用的菌群,盐度对参与硝化作用菌群的抑制作用更强是产生此现象的主要原因.除此之外,盐度升高导致植物根系泌氧减少也是土壤中的硝化作用强度降低的重要原因之一.     

利用不同物候期水生植物配置提高浮床人工湿地的除氮效果

为验证利用不同物候期水生植物配置提高碳氮比失衡湿地脱氮能力的可行性,设计了向水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)浮床人工湿地系统中添加轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的实验,研究了在秋、冬季低温条件下,暖季型植物分解释碳对系统氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,添加轮叶黑藻显著提高了系统水体碳氮比,促进反硝化作用,提高总氮和硝态氮的去除率.在4个周期中,与对照组相比,物候期组合型浮床人工湿地系统的总氮去除率分别提升23.03%、10.90%、18.55%和22.93%,硝态氮去除率分别提升38.28%、20.74%、17.87%和17.06%.由此可见,利用暖季型和冷季型植物配置提高碳氮比失衡湿地氮去除率是可行的.     

长江中下游典型湿地沉积物-水界面硝酸盐异养还原过程

反硝化(Denitrification,DNF)和硝酸盐异化还原为氨(Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium,DNRA)是硝酸盐异养还原的2个主要途径.反硝化被认为是彻底去除水体氮负荷的主要过程;而硝酸盐异化还原为氨则将水体中的硝态氮转化为氨氮.2个过程均以硝酸盐为电子受体,并存在相互竞争关系.这2个过程的研究对理解湿地氮转化以及指导湿地氮污染修复具有重要意义.运用无扰动沉积物柱样流动培养、15NO-3-N同位素示踪实验,并采用氨氧化-膜接口质谱仪联用(OX/MIMS)测定氨氮同位素产物的方法,对鄱阳湖碟形湖湿地、巢湖重污染河流湿地、巢湖重污染湖泊湿地3种类型湿地沉积物-水界面的硝酸盐异养还原过程进行研究,结果表明存在显著差异.3种类型湿地DNF速率的范围为(6.36±2.57)~(99.98±14.05)μmol/(m2·h),DNRA速率的范围为(0.51±0.45)~(79.82±6.08)μmol/(m2·h).在3种类型湿地中,随着氮污染程度加重,DNF和DNRA速率均显著增加,且DNRA过程在总的硝态氮异养还原中所占的比重不断增大,说明较高的硝酸盐负荷、较高的沉积物有机质含量更有利于DNRA过程的竞争.而对反硝化方式的进一步研究发现,巢湖重污染河流、湖泊湿地主要以非耦合反硝化为主导过程,而鄱阳湖碟形湖湿地则更倾向于以硝化过程耦合控制的反硝化为主.     

潜流湿地中微生物对三峡库区微污染水净化效果的影响

为了探讨潜流湿地对三峡库区微污染河水的净化效果,在野外构建芦竹、菖蒲、空心菜和无植物(空白)水平潜流人工湿地,研究人工湿地系统中微生物基本菌群和功能菌群数量分布,探讨污染物去除与微生物菌群种类和数量的相关性.结果表明:实验湿地系统运行情况良好,植物湿地系统对各污染物指标的去除效果优于空白湿地系统;芦竹、菖蒲、空心菜和空白湿地系统的微生物数量均随温度的降低而减少,其中,植物湿地系统的微生物数量高于空白系统;各湿地系统的微生物数量与水质指标去除率之间的相关性较强,在夏季,不同人工湿地系统的细菌总数与CODMn的去除率之间存在着显著的正相关,真菌、亚硝酸细菌总数与铵氮去除率之间均存在着显著的正相关,在冬季,不同人工湿地系统的反硝化细菌总数与总氮去除率之间存在着显著的正相关.     

湿地植物固体碳源养分释放动态及其对人工湿地水体脱氮效率的影响

污水低碳氮比(C/N)是影响人工湿地氮去除效果限制因素,传统的碳源添加及利用存在成本较高、补充困难的局限性.本研究契合“就地取材,原位处理”的废物利用原则,选择人工湿地常见的水生植物和农业废弃物(玉米芯、稻草)作为对照,对比了挺水植物(香蒲、美人蕉)、浮叶植物(莲)、沉水植物(菹草)、湿生植物(南荻、短尖苔草)的释碳能力,初步确定了以香蒲、美人蕉、南荻为代表的植物具有较好的释放碳能力,在中国湿地中分布广泛,且均对水体二次污染较小.以南荻、美人蕉、玉米芯作为碳源添加的模拟人工湿地实验验证表明,在低碳氮比的模拟表流人工湿地投入植物碳源,能有效提高系统的脱氮效率,对照组、南荻组、美人蕉组和玉米芯组的出水总氮浓度分别为(5.24±0.07)、(4.50±0.10)、(3.75±0.17)和(2.97±0.18) mg/L,对应的去除率分别为58%、64%、70%和76%,确定南荻和美人蕉植物残体以及改性材料均残体和改性材料适合作为人工湿地中原位利用的外加碳源.本研究探索了通过湿地植物配置解决人工湿地水体低C/N比的问题,为提高湿地脱氮效果提供了有意义的新途径.     

沉水植物水槽对农村水体净化效果与机制的模拟

实验设计中试水槽装置,模拟研究2种沉水植物轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla nerticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)对农村水体的净化效果,并探讨沉水植物在水体氮、磷去除中的作用.结果显示,沉水植物系统均能显著降低水体中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和磷酸盐浓度,去除率分别达到50.5%、84.4%、41.9%和64.6%,且轮叶黑藻组选择20 g/m2,苦草组选择40 g/m2为适种密度.水体流经各串联单元时氮、磷去除负荷存在显著差异,其中总氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐浓度在有植物单元高于无植物单元,铵态氮浓度相反,结合单元内溶解氧浓度、硝化与反硝化细菌总数表明,有植物单元可显著发生反硝化作用,无植物单元可显著发生硝化作用,有无植物串联单元更有利于氮的去除.     

冷季不同植物人工湿地处理生活污水的工程实例分析

本实验以亚热带地区福建省永春县农村生活污水作为处理对象,选取10种湿地植物,构建具有不同植物类型的表面流人工湿地的实例工程,比较不同植物配置人工湿地的处理能力,以及湿地植物的生物量和植物体内氮、磷累积能力.研究结果表明,水龙和美人蕉人工湿地具有较高的铵态氮去除能力,去除率可分别达到76.7%和87.7%;两者同时也对总氮表现出较好的去除效果,尤其是美人蕉人工湿地在冬季节对总氮的去除率可维持在80.3%以上;2014年初冬季节实验结果表明,水龙还具有一定的总磷去除能力,去除率可达到69.0%.水龙和美人蕉具有较大的生物量,其单位面积干重可分别达到0.46和0.30 kg/m~2,又能较好地积累氮、磷元素,其体内氮含量可分别达到6.43和4.60 g/m~2,磷含量可分别达到0.50和1.01 g/m~2.综上所述,种植水龙和美人蕉的人工湿地总体处理效果较好,同时又能更多地积累氮、磷元素,且具有更大的生物量,可选为相对适宜用于处理生活污水的适合亚热带地区应用的人工湿地植物.     

固定化土著氮循环细菌在城市湖泊水体净化中的应用

从镇江金山湖天然水体中筛选分离出土著氨化、亚硝化、硝化和反硝化细菌,对氮循环细菌固定化后在镇江金山湖示范工程区进行水体净化应用.结果表明,运行一段时间后水质得到明显改善,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮以及总氮浓度处于动态变化中,有降低的趋势;氨氮含量已经达到Ⅱ类指标,总氮和COD分别达到Ⅴ类、Ⅲ类指标;分析结果还显示硝酸盐氮是金山湖水体中总氮的主要存在形式,与水体荒漠化状态有关;固定化氮循环细菌通过扩散,可以增加水体及植物根区的微生物数量,高出对比组1-3个数量级;固定化氮循环细菌技术对荒漠化水体氨氮、总氮和COD去除具有重要意义.     

人工湿地植物根区微生物与净化效果的季节变化

人工湿地污水处理系统具有净化效果显著、建设和运行费用低廉、管理简便等优点.近年来越来越受到人们的重视.人工湿地生态系统受环境影响较大,研究人工湿地在不同季节的净化功能对于充分发挥其作用具有重要意义.对不同季节的芦苇(Phragmite saus-tralis)、茭白(Zizania caduciflora)和香蒲(Typha latifolia)等湿地系统植物根区、无植物对照基质微生物分布状况以及净化效果进行了研究,结果显示:(1)种植不同植物的湿地系统根区微生物数量不同,其湿地净化效果也不同;(2)季节变化显示湿地系统秋季的细菌总数量比夏季高;但对照系统夏季的真菌和放线菌数量明显高于秋季;(3)湿地系统总磷(TP)的去除率夏季高于秋季;(4)相关性分析发现湿地植物根区的细菌总数与BOD5的去除率之间存在显著相关性;而根区微生物数量与TP、CODCr和凯氏氮(KN)的去除率之间不存在显著相关性,具体机理还需进一步研究.     

The biogeochemistry of a manganese-rich Scottish sea loch: Implications for the study of anoxic nitrification

The anoxic oxidation of ammonia by manganese oxides is a newly recognised pathway for the production of N₂ in sedimentary environments, potentially contributing a significant loss of nitrogen from the world's oceans. Due to the complex recycling of redox species in marine sediments this process is difficult to discern in the natural environment, and is consequently poorly understood. The potential for anoxic nitrification coupled to manganese reduction was investigated through field research and laboratory incubation experiments. Field data from Loch Fyne, a manganese-rich site, did not provide conclusive evidence for anoxic nitrification, although minor accumulation of nitrate was observed in anoxic pore-waters. Incubation of Loch Fyne sediments showed anoxic nitrification to occur, with accumulation of both nitrate and nitrite coincident with removal of ammonia under anoxia, although these observations were not reproduced in repeat experiments. The laboratory evidence for anoxic nitrification confirms the reaction is possible in marine sediments; however, the wider significance of anoxic nitrification remains uncertain. Contrary to previous assumptions about anoxic nitrification, results suggest the reaction may not be dependent on total manganese concentrations and may be inhibited by conventional heterotrophic manganese reduction in manganese-rich sediments.     

Nitrogen retention in a floodplain backwater of the upper Mississippi River (USA)

Backwaters connected to large rivers retain nitrate and may play an important role in reducing downstream loading to coastal marine environments. A summer nitrogen (N) inflow-outflow budget was examined for a flow-regulated backwater of the upper Mississippi River in conjunction with laboratory estimates of sediment ammonium and nitrate fluxes, organic N mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification to provide further insight into N retention processes. External N loading was overwhelmingly dominated by nitrate and 54% of the input was retained (137 mg m⁻² day⁻¹). Ammonium and dissolved organic N were exported from the backwater (14 and 9 mg m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively). Nitrate influx to sediment increased as a function of increasing initial nitrate concentration in the overlying water. Rates were greater under anoxic versus oxic conditions. Ammonium effluxes from sediment were 26.7 and 50.6 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ under oxic and anoxic conditions, respectively. Since anoxia inhibited nitrification, the difference between ammonium anoxic–oxic fluxes approximated a nitrification rate of 29.1 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. Organic N mineralization was 64 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. Denitrification, estimated from regression relationships between oxic nitrate influx versus initial nitrate concentration and a summer lakewide mean nitrate concentration of 1.27 mg l⁻¹, was 94 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. Denitrification was equivalent to only 57% of the retained nitrate, suggesting that another portion was assimilated by biota. The high sediment organic N mineralization and ammonium efflux rate coupled with the occurrence of ammonium export from the system suggested a possible link between biotic assimilation of nitrate, mineralization, and export.     

表面流湿地沉积物再悬浮及其对湿地净化效果的影响

选取典型表面流人工湿地——盐龙湖人工湿地为研究对象,通过对沉积物理化性质分析,湿地系统水动力模拟,风场与悬浮物(SS)再悬浮浓度关系的拟合及全年再悬浮对湿地净化效果的影响估算,探索表面流湿地沉积物在动力条件下的再悬浮特征及此过程中营养物质的再悬浮量.结果显示:0.3～0.5 m水深沉积物的理论起动流速在18.54～22.62cm/s之间,模拟得到湿地运行过程中水体流速最大值为1.62 cm/s,会远小于理论起动流速值,因此湿地内部流动产生的底部扰动难以形成湿地底泥的大规模再悬浮现象.但湿地内部仍存在一定的底泥再悬浮效应,风场扰动是主要影响因素,风场作用受植物影响显著,萌发期(3-4月)和收割期(11月-次年2月)再悬浮贡献量大于生长期(5-8月)与成熟期(9-10月),并且当风速4 m/s时再悬浮浓度明显增加.再悬浮浓度与运行水深也有关,0.3 m水深SS再悬浮浓度分别高出0.4 m和0.5 m水深12.48%和18.67%;高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)分别高出12.61%和19.52%;总氮(TN)分别高出248.12%和341.94%;总磷(TP)分别高出35.53%和43.48%.全年SS、CODMn、TN和TP再悬浮量分别达到2.8、0.47、0.15和0.011 kg/m2.     

Evaluating nitrate uptake in a Rocky Mountain stream using labelled 15N and ambient nitrate chemistry

Background aqueous chemistry and ¹⁵N_nitrate tracer injection methods were used to calculate in‐stream nitrate uptake metrics at Red Canyon Creek, a third‐order stream in the Rocky Mountains in the state of Wyoming, United States. ‘Net’ nitrate uptake lengths, which reflect both nitrate uptake and regeneration, and ‘gross’ nitrate uptake lengths, which exclude re‐mineralization, were quantified separately from background nitrate chemistry and ¹⁵N labelling tracer data, respectively. Gross nitrate uptake lengths, from tracer injections of ¹⁵N labelled nitrate, ranged from 502 to 3140 m. Net nitrate uptake lengths, from background nitrate chemistry downstream of a point source, ranged from 1170 to 4330 m. Diurnal changes in uptake lengths suggest the importance of nitrate utilization by autotrophs in the stream and benthic zone. The differences between net and gross nitrate uptake lengths along lower reaches of Red Canyon Creek allowed us to estimate the nitrate regeneration rate, which was 0·056–0·080 µmol m^?2 s^?1 during the day and 0·0062–0·0083 µmol m^?2 s^?1 at night. Spatial patterns of streambed pore water chemistry indicate those areas of the hyporheic zone where denitrification was likely occurring. Permanent log dams generated stronger redox gradients in the hyporheic zone than areas with transient beaver dams. By combining isotopically labelled nitrate additions, estimates of uptake from background aqueous nitrate chemistry and characterization of redox conditions in the hyporheic zone, we were able to determine the nitrate regeneration rate and the redox processes responsible for nitrogen cycling in the hyporheic zone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamische Modellierung des pH-Einflusses bei der Nitrifikation hochbelasteter Abwässer Dynamic Modelling of the pH Influence in Nitrification of Highly Concentrated Wastewater

Wastewater with high ammonia concentrations is produced by many industries, e.g. in the production of fertilizer and explosives and in the agricultural and food industry. A direct discharge into rivers and lakes has to be avoided: Oxidation of ammonia requires 4.56 g DO/g NH⁺₄-N and results in a decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration. Moreover, nitrate stimulates the proliferation of algae, with regard to the eutrophication of natural waters. For municipal wastewater with an ammonia concentration less than 50 mg/L NH⁺₄-N nitrification is a standard process. However, the removal of higher loaded industrial effluents still poses many questions. Recently, lab-scale and pilot-scale investigations show remarkable advances in the increase in nitrification efficiency and in the stabilization of the process. But because of changing flowrates and concentrations, the aid of advanced control algorithms is necessary. Some of the most important variables of biochemical reactors can be determined only with difficulty, at times only with off-line measurements. Model-aided measurement approaches try to determine these variables indirectly from easily measured variables. An experimentally-proved reactor model is required. Therefore, a dynamic model of nitrification in ideally mixed reactors is proposed based on mass balances for the components ammonia. nitrite, nitrate. dissolved oxygen DO, carbon dioxide, pH. nitrosomonas and nitrobacter. The biological reaction rates consider oxygen limitation and substrate inhibition. The process model presented is tested by lab scale experiments using an aerated stirred tank reactor and a fluidized bed reactor. Conformity between the predictions of the model and the observed data was positive. It has been shown that the nitrite oxidation by nitrobacter is the most sensible step in nitrification.     

Evaluation of Sludge Digester Effluent as Feeding Solution for the Enrichment of Anammox Bacteria

The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of sludge digester effluent as feeding solution to enrich anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria. The performance of the two parallel pilot scale‐upflow packed bed anammox reactors (UPBAn1 and UPBAn2) are examined in terms of the enrichment of anammox bacteria. The control experiment is set up conducting synthetic wastewater as feeding solution in the UPBAn1 reactor whereas, the sludge digester effluent is fed to the nitritation reactor and then the partially nitrated digester effluent to the UPBAn2 reactor. Anammox activities are evaluated by mass balances based on ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂^?), and nitrate (NO₃^?) analysis and NRR. Microbial community of anammox bacteria is analyzed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results demonstrate that UPBAn 1 and UPBAn2 reactors are successfully enriched on days 64 and 40 with NRRs of 19.54 and 19.43 g N m^?3 per day, respectively. This study reveals that both synthetic wastewater and digester effluent are suitable for the enrichment of anammox bacteria; however, digester effluent as feeding solution for enrichment of anammox bacteria based on the ease of process control and process stability is more advisable.     

Negative influence of burial stress on plant growth was ameliorated by increased plant density in Polygonum hydropiper

Sedimentation and density are important factors influencing the growth of wetland plants. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of plant density in acclimation to burial stress by investigating the growth, biomass allocation, and carbohydrate contents of Polygonum hydropiper L. var. flaccidum, one of the dominant species in the Dongting Lake wetland, China. Experimental treatments, conducted in a greenhouse, combined three plant densities (16, 144, and 400 plants m⁻²) with two burial depths (0 and 15 cm) in a factorial design. Greater burial depth and higher plant density had negative effects on biomass accumulation and plant height with some exceptions. Plant growth, although lower at higher densities in general, was unaffected by burial depth at medium and high densities, indicating that the negative effect of burial stress was ameliorated by increased plant density. Deeper burial led to higher stem mass fraction only in the low-density treatment. Belowground mass fraction increased significantly with increasing density in both burial treatments. Moreover, higher density and deeper burial led to higher soluble sugar content but lower starch content. These data indicate that higher density facilitates acclimation of P. hydropiper to burial stress through increased soluble sugar content.