陕西关中盆地大气降水同位素研究

大气降水作为地下水的主要补给源之一,它是自然界水循环过程中的一个重要环节.查明大气降水中同位素分布特征及其影响因素,不仅有助于定性或定量地研究地下水的起源和形成等问题,更有助于揭示"三水"转化关系.根据全球大气降水同位素观测网 1985～1993 年大气降水氢氧同位素资料并结合所采集样品的分析结果对陕西关中盆地大气降水环境同位素特征、变化规律及其影响因素进行了探讨,建立了西安地区雨水线,为地下水的起源及运移研究奠定了基础.     

中国大陆大气降水线斜率分区及其水汽来源研究

大气降水是自然界水循环过程中的一个重要环节。由于元素的各个同位素的质量不同,造成了降水中H2O与D2O之间、H2O与H218O之间的分馏效应。水循环过程中,由于同位素成分的热力分馏作用,全球降水中氢和氧稳定同位素存在一种线性关系,1961年Craig把这种关系定义为大气降水线。(Meteoric Water Line,简称为MWL):δD=8δ18O+10,又称为全球大气降水线(Global Meteoric Water Line,简称为GMWL)。本文通过对近年来全国各地大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素(2H、18O)之间的关系的资料进行整合作图,发现大气降水线斜率的大小存在地域差异并具有分区的特征,分析认为这种特征应该与当地降水的水汽来源有着密切联系,结合大气降水水汽来源,将中国大陆降水线斜率大体分为:东南沿海区、西南区、青藏高原区、西北内陆区、东北及华北内陆区几大区域,最终可以通过各地大气降水线的斜率分区来区分不同的水汽来源。     

香溪河流域大气降水稳定氢氧同位素时空分布特征

香溪河流域地处不同地理、气候、岩溶地貌分区的重要过渡位置,研究其大气降水氢氧同位素时空分布特征,是利用氢氧同位素示踪技术研究流域水循环特征的基础。本文通过不同高程布设的观测点,获取到研究区大气降水稳定氢氧同位素(D、~(18)O及17O)观测数据,由此首次建立了香溪河流域大气降水线(δD=8.17δ~(18)O+13.38),氧同位素间的关系式(δ'17O=0.512δ'~(18)O+0.024),并深入分析氢氧同位素时空分布特征。     

全球降水中氢氧稳定同位素GCM模拟空间分布的比较

利用大气环流模式模拟降水中氢氧稳定同位素可以深入了解水循环过程中水稳定同位素的迁移变化规律并弥补实测数据在空间和时间方面的不连续性。利用10个引入水稳定同位素循环的GCM(General Circulation Models)模拟数据,分析了全球降水中稳定同位素效应的空间分布特征,对不同模式的模拟结果之间以及模拟结果与全球降水同位素监测网络(GNIP)的实际监测结果之间进行了比较,旨在对稳定同位素大气环流模式模拟结果的有效性进行评价,改善对水循环中水稳定同位素效应的理解和认识。结果显示,在δ~(18)O的全球空间分布模拟方面,iso GSM,ECHAM4,LMDZ4和Had AM3模拟效果较佳;在δ~(18)O的季节差的空间分布模拟方面各模式模拟效果总体较好,仅Had AM3模拟效果稍差;在δ~(18)O与气温相关关系的空间分布模拟方面,iso GSM,GISS E-F,ECHAM4,GISS E-N和LMDZ4模拟结果与实测较匹配;在δ~(18)O与降水量相关关系的空间分布模拟方面LMDZ4,iso GSM,GISS E-F,ECHAM4和MUGCM模拟能力较强;在全球大气降水线模拟方面GISS E-F,iso GSM和GISS E-N优势明显。     

珠江流域大气降水稳定性氢氧同位素特征

大气降水稳定同位素的特征对于明确流域水循环过程、水汽来源和气候变化等方面都有重要指示作用。选取珠江流域的广州、桂林、柳州和香港4个站点的IAEA大气降水氢氧同位素数据,对其时空分布特点及影响因素进行了研究。结果显示:该地区降水中氧同位素的变化呈现出旱季高、雨季低的特点。全年尺度下,4个站点主要受温度效应影响,只在旱季有着较为微弱的降水量效应;得到的珠江流域大气降水线方程:δD=8.084δ~(18)O+10.998,R=0.965,对比全球及中国大气降水线方程,都较为接近,证明该地区降水主要遵循瑞利分馏过程;d盈余值的变化呈现出雨季低、旱季高的特征,表明珠江流域水汽主要源于海洋,在旱季受到北方空气南下及局地水循环的影响。     

伊犁河谷大气降水同位素特征及环境意义

为研究伊犁谷地降水同位素特征及陆地内循环对其的影响,为流域水循环研究提供科学依据,于2016年在伊宁、尼勒克和新源气象站采集降水同位素样品。采用回归对照法,讨论降水氘氧稳定同位素的影响因素。研究表明,研究区大气降水线方程为δD=7.96δ^18O+10.37,与全球大气降水线较接近,水汽主要由西风带输送;氘氧同位素夏季富集冬季贫化而氘盈余无规律变化,由于降水过程不仅受温度效应,还受到水汽陆地再循环影响。冬夏季样品在D-^18O关系图中分布特征,证明冬夏影响降水同位素本地水循环因素不同,夏季以云下蒸发为主。根据对氘过量计算的夏季降水雨滴蒸发分数为4.1%~16.2%,再次证明夏季云下蒸发效应明显,而在冬季云下蒸发效应几乎不会发生。     

银川盆地水体氢氧稳定同位素特征分析

中国西北部银川盆地干旱少雨,大量的黄河水用于灌溉,灌溉入渗水对地下水循环的参与程度、参与深度研究是进一步解决灌区水环境问题和确定地下水污染来源的关键,需要深入研究。笔者通过氢氧稳定同位素特征分析和氚同位素年龄分析,构建了银川盆地不同水体同位素特征分布关系。结果表明:银川盆地降水和流经的黄河水的氢氧稳定同位素丰度均值都分布在全球雨水线上,降水和黄河水符合全球大气降水来源;深层地下水、浅层地下水及由地下水排泄汇集的排水沟水的氢氧稳定同位素都分布在地下水拟合线上(δD=8.24δ18O+1.08)。这条地下水拟合线与全球雨水线近似平行分布。两线之间的差异指向2种不同水循环的主导过程,即蒸发-混合主导过程和水岩交互-混合主导过程。两种解释对应的灌溉循环量分别占地下水排泄量的44.07%和89.76%,初步认为水岩交互-混合是地下水拟合线分布于全球雨水线下方的主导过程。     

水体稳定同位素在青藏高原大气环流研究中的应用

水体稳定同位素作为贯穿水循环的介质,是研究大气环流过程和传输路径的有效手段。介绍了水体稳定同位素技术在青藏高原大气环流研究中的应用,聚焦典型站点降水、河水和冰芯等水体稳定同位素的季节和空间变化特征,揭示了大气环流对地表水稳定同位素高程效应的显著影响,以及大气降水对地表水的主导;引入降水稳定同位素标准判断亚洲夏季风爆发时间;通过冰芯稳定同位素揭示了厄尔尼诺—南方涛动对整个青藏高原水循环的影响及其响应机制的区域差异。在未来的研究中,将加强跟地球系统模型的结合,关注水体稳定同位素在不同时间尺度的控制因子、突变过程以及激发机制,进而量化古气候替代指标中的稳定同位素变化、从较长的时间尺度上重建影响青藏高原的水汽来源的演变历史。同时关注过量氘等具有水汽来源诊断能力的参数,研究其与大尺度环流参数的相关性,从海表温度、蒸发等陆—气相互作用分析并将高原环流过程与全球环流过程紧密结合综合分析。     

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式模拟降水中δ18O的分布

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式,模拟了2012年全球大气水汽和降水中δ18O的空间分布和时间变化以及降水中δ18O与降水量、温度之间的关系.其目的在于检验稳定同位素大气水平衡模式模拟水稳定同位素循环的能力,揭示稳定同位素效应产生的主要原因,改善对水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识.模拟结果很好地再现了全球降水中δ18O的纬度效应、大陆效应和季节差异.在水循环过程中,引起降水中稳定同位素空间变化和时间变化的原因与蒸发对水汽同位素的富集作用、降水对水汽同位素的贫化作用、凝结温度对水汽同位素贫化程度的影响有关.模拟的降水量效应主要出现在中低纬度海洋和季风区,这种分布形势与δ18O季节差和降水量季节差的分布相对应;模拟的温度效应主要出现在中高纬度陆地,这种分布形势与降水中δ18O季节差的分布形势相对应.在一些低纬度地区,伴随强降水量效应的出现,温度效应也同时出现.     

南极科考断面水汽同位素观测与模拟及其反映的水循环信息

大气水汽同位素实时监测为水循环和区域大气环流分析提供了新的定量化方法. 依托雪龙号考察船, 利用水同位素激光光谱仪(PICARRO L1102-i)完成了38° N~69° S海表大气水汽氢氧稳定同位素的观测, 结合表层海水和GNIP降水同位素分析了多相水同位素纬向特征. 结果表明: 水汽、降水和表层海水同位素比率(δ¹⁸O, δD)随纬度呈明显的递变性规律, 赤道最低, 副热带升高, 而在南极大陆外围高纬区域则急剧降低;过量氘(d-excess)变化与此相反, 反映出副热带下沉气流对同位素富集影响以及高纬度极地气团经过洋面时过饱和分馏的剧烈变化. 实测水汽同位素与LMDZ4-iso和ECHAM5-wiso模型对比表明了模拟结果较好, 根据模拟进一步分析了南极内陆Dome A水汽同位素反映的水汽源区. 结果显示, 除了中纬度印度洋海区之外, 中低纬东太平洋海域也是冰盖内陆的重要水汽源区.     

Stable water isotopes of precipitation in China simulated by SWING2 models

The stable water isotope ratio in precipitation is a useful tracer of atmospheric circulation. Such observations, however, are very limited in space and time. To solve this problem, many isotope-enabled general circulation models (GCMs) are used to help the interpretation of isotope proxies. In this paper, several isotope-enabled GCMs released by the second Stable Water Isotope Intercomparison Group (SWING2) were selected to assess the spatial pattern of deuterium (δD) and the deuterium excess (d) of precipitation in China. The isotopic data of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) and the Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP) were also applied to verify the simulations. The results indicate that these models accurately simulate the spatial characteristics of δD and d of precipitation in China. The correlation between the observations and simulations for LMDZ is the highest among these models, while the root-mean-square (RMS) and standard deviation are not perfect. In addition, LMDZ is worse than other models in capturing the low signal in certain regions, such as CAM, GISS_E, and MIROC. For the monthly variation, most SWING2 models underestimate δD of the precipitation but overestimate the value of d, except for isoGSM. The simulated monthly variation of the water isotopes from SWING2 models is in general similar to the observations, and the trend corresponds to the monthly variation in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, all models are good at illustrating the temperature and precipitation amount effects, while they exhibit varying skills in interpreting the altitude and continental effects.     

天山乌鲁木齐河流域山区降水δ18O和δD 特征及水汽来源分析

依据乌鲁木齐河流域山区3个站点实测次降水δ18O和δD数据以及气象观测资料,结合临近GNIP(Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation)站点数据,对其降水δ18O和δD特征及水汽来源进行了分析。结果表明,大气降水中δ18O值波动范围大,但呈现明显的季节性变化:冬季降水δ18O较低,夏季降水δ18O较高。受流域山区气候和地理条件影响,从上游到下游各站点大气降水线截距和斜率均呈现逐渐减小趋势。大气降水中δ18O和δD与日均气温存在密切正相关关系,且温度与δ18O之间的相关性优于δD。降水中d-excess值也表现出季节性变化,冬季降水d-excess值高于夏季降水。利用HYSPLIT 4.0气团轨迹模型,得出夏季水汽主要来源西风环流输送,冬季受西风环流和极地气团共同影响。     

Comparison on Spatial Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope GCM Simulation in Global Precipitation

The general circulation models are used to simulate hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope in precipitation, which can enhance our understanding of the migratory processes of water stable isotope in water cycle and remedy disadvantages of measured data in spatial and temporal discontinuity. We used ten GCM (General Circulation Models) simulated data including stable isotope water cycle, and analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of oxygen stable isotope effect in global precipitation. Meanwhile, we compared different simulated results as well as simulated results and the GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) actual monitoring results. Our main purposes were to evaluate the simulative validity of stable isotope atmospheric circulation and improve our understanding and cognition for stable isotopic effect in water cycle. The results indicated that isoGSM, ECHAM4, LMDZ4 and HadAM3 showed good performances in simulating δ¹⁸O. Expect HadAM3, other simulated conclusion of models had good performances in the aspect of simulate seasonal difference of δ¹⁸O in spatial distribution. The simulated results of isoGSM, GISS E-F, ECHAM4, GISS E-N and LMDZ4 matched monitoring results more in the aspect of simulating relationship between δ¹⁸O and air temperature in spatial distribution. LMDZ4, isoGSM, GISS E-F, ECHAM4 and MUGCM had stronger capacity in the aspect of simulating relationship between δ¹⁸O and precipitation in spatial distribution. GISS E-F, isoGSM and GISS E-N had more advantage of simulate global meteoric water line.     

Validation of ice‐wedge isotopes at Yituli'he,northeastern China as climate proxy

Inactive ice wedges are still present today at Yituli'he in the middle Da Xing'anling (Greater Hinggan) Mountains in northeastern China, which is the southernmost known site (50°37′N) with ice wedges in the Northern Hemisphere. However, it is uncertain whether the ice‐wedge isotope composition, characterized by low δ¹⁸O, δD and low deuterium excess values, is representative of the isotope signature of a broader region. In this paper, the ice‐wedge isotope compositions were examined in the context of the stable isotopes of precipitation from the nearby Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) stations. In addition, the pollen spectra from the host sediments were analysed to provide additional information on local vegetation in order to better understand the climate conditions favouring ice‐wedge formation. The pollen spectra suggest that the Yituli'he ice wedges developed during the colder and wetter period after 6000 cal. a BP. The isotopes in the Yituli'he ice wedges are consistent with the isotope background recorded in atmospheric precipitation collected at the nearby GNIP stations. When the snow‐melt froze into ice veinlets, the isotope signals did not change substantially because of the strong, cold, continental anticyclones in winter as well as a strong temperature inversion that prevail in the Da Xing'anling Mountains. As the climate pattern did not change substantially, the neoglacial cold period is unlikely to have allowed for strong secondary fractionation of isotope records during ice‐wedge formation. Thus, the annual isotope signature can be interpreted as a valid archive of climate data.     

淮河下游地区地表水与地下水同位素特征分析

为探明淮河下游地区地表水与地下水稳定同位素的组成特征,于2020年11月对该区域进行代表性采样,共采集地表水样13个,地下水样82个.结合全球大气降水同位素监测网(GNIP)公布的南京降水同位素数据,根据最小二乘法得出当地大气降水线(LMWL)方程为:δD=8.49δ18O+17.71,其斜率和截距高于全球大气降水线(...     

Observation of isotopes in the water cycle—the Swiss National Network (NISOT)

The Swiss National Network for the Observation of Isotopes in the Water Cycle (NISOT) includes eleven precipitation, seven surface water (river) and three groundwater stations, where tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18 are monthly measured in composite samples. The network provides a good overview of the characteristic isotope signatures in recharge waters in Switzerland and of the relations between isotopes and altitude, orography and the amount of precipitation. Mixing of air water vapour and surface waters can be observed along a NW/SE cross section through the Alps. With increasing length of the data series, the network provides a valuable contribution for national and international scientific and practical applications in surface and subsurface hydrology, climatology and biology. The Swiss Geological Survey at the Federal Office for Water and Geology operates the isotope network within the legal framework of the Federal Law on the Protection of Waters and guarantees quality, access and distribution of the isotope data.     

长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应

对长江流域443个GNIP的降水样品同位素原始资料,分降雪和降雨进行δ2H和δ18O线性回归,得到降雪样品的相关方程为δ2H=7.965δ18O+17.114,有最大的斜率和截距;而降雨样品根据降水量大小从<10mm至>300mm分为4组后,得到的相关方程随着降水量的减小,斜率和截距均减小,斜率从7.701减小为5.705,截距从7.812×10-3减小为-5.479×10-3。δ2H~δ18O相关方程的斜率及截距与气温、水汽压之间的关系表明,在降水从云层底部降落到地面的过程中,仅较小降雨事件有明显的二次蒸发现象,并伴随着同位素的分馏。长江流域较小降雨事件占有比例很小,仅为所有降水事件的6.32%,所以二次蒸发效应仅引起地区大气降水方程斜率和截距的微弱减小。研究表明,单个降水原始资料的同位素分析,能产生长期加权平均降水同位素分析得不到的宝贵信息。     

Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review

Pyrogenic carbon (PC; also known as biochar, charcoal, black carbon and soot) derived from natural and anthropogenic burning plays a major, but poorly quantified, role in the global carbon cycle. Isotopes provide a fundamental fingerprint of the source of PC and a powerful tracer of interactions between PC and the environment. Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope techniques have been widely applied to studies of PC in aerosols, soils, sediments and archaeological sequences, with the use of other isotopes currently less developed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding (i) techniques for isolating PC for isotope analysis and (ii) processes controlling the carbon (¹³C and ¹⁴C), nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotope composition of PC during formation and after deposition. It also reviews the current and potential future applications of isotope based studies to better understand the role of PC in the modern environment and to the development of records of past environmental change.     

Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review

Pyrogenic carbon (PC; also known as biochar, charcoal, black carbon and soot) derived from natural and anthropogenic burning plays a major, but poorly quantified, role in the global carbon cycle. Isotopes provide a fundamental fingerprint of the source of PC and a powerful tracer of interactions between PC and the environment. Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope techniques have been widely applied to studies of PC in aerosols, soils, sediments and archaeological sequences, with the use of other isotopes currently less developed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding (i) techniques for isolating PC for isotope analysis and (ii) processes controlling the carbon (¹³C and ¹⁴C), nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotope composition of PC during formation and after deposition. It also reviews the current and potential future applications of isotope based studies to better understand the role of PC in the modern environment and to the development of records of past environmental change.     

卫星遥感反演降水研究综述

降水是地球水循环的基本组成部分,具有重要的气象、气候和水文学意义.精准地测量降水及其区域和全球分布,长期以来一直是一个颇具挑战性的科学研究目标。经过近50年的发展,基于可见光、红外和微波等各类卫星传感器的降水反演算法也逐渐发展成熟起来。简要回顾可见光／红外、被动微波、雷达和多传感器联合反演等卫星遥感降水反演的基本原理、...