362℃和差异应力条件下硫化物在NaCl溶液中的再活化实验研究

红透山块状硫化物矿石主要成分为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和石英、角闪石、黑云母等脉石矿物。切成长40mm 直径17mm 的矿石圆柱用20wt%NaCl 溶液浸泡260小时后装入长江500型活塞-圆筒式三轴应力试验机,在362℃414MPa 围压下加1342MPa 轴压,13小时后于空气中自然冷却。实验后试样长度压缩为32.3mm,算得应变速率为4.1×10~(-6)/s。实验产物中出现大量垂直应力轴的松弛裂缝。黄铁矿强烈脆性破裂,而磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿以塑性变形为主,局部也发生脆性破裂。再活化黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿分别充填同种矿物的碎粒间隙。再活化产物也呈细脉穿插脆性变形的黄铁矿碎斑,细脉中以黄铜矿为主,其次是磁黄铁矿,有时含极少量闪锌矿,在磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿的塑性变形区内,以及变形的石英和其它脉石矿物中均无再活化硫化物产出。实验结果表明在构造应力作用下强干性矿物和地质体容易发生脆性变形,从而为再活化成矿流体的运移和析出矿质提供通道和空间,而韧性变形区较难提供流体通道和矿质沉淀空间。所以,再活化成矿作用容易发生在脆性变形区和韧-脆性转换部位。原生矿石中的黄铜矿在实验条件下比其它三种硫化物更容易再活化。脆性变形的黄铜矿和黄铁矿比起其它矿物来更容易接受含铜流体的叠加,因此地层中的含铜黄铁矿矿胚层最容易受叠加流体作用而形成层控富矿床。     

无外加流体、350℃和差异应力条件下硫化物再活化实验研究

红透山块状硫化物矿石主要成分为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和石英、角闪石、黑云母等脉石矿物。将此矿石烘干后作为试料置于岩石三轴应力试验机,在13h内将轴压、围压和温度分步升至1276MPa、414MPa和350℃,然后在空气中自然冷却至室温。实验产物中黄铁矿、石英、长石等以脆性碎裂为主,而磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和云母等以塑性变形为主。再活化的黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿和少量闪锌矿呈脉和网脉穿插黄铁矿碎斑。实验结果表明,即使没有外来流体加入．构造动力作用所导致的流体包裹体破坏所释出的流体,就足以使成矿物质发生活化转移和再活化。     

新疆哈密卡拉塔格块状硫化物矿床金银赋存状态研究

新疆哈密红海黄土坡VMS矿床位于东天山卡拉塔格隆起带,是卡拉塔格矿集区内新发现的块状硫化物矿床。矿体产于卡拉塔格隆起带核部火山沉积岩建造中,具有典型的VMS型矿床“上层下脉”二元结构特征。该矿床中含金硫化物矿石主要有块状黄铁矿黄铜矿、块状黄铁矿黄铜矿闪锌矿、块状黄铁矿闪锌矿黄铜矿和块状闪锌矿。文中在对各类含金硫化物矿石进行详细的矿相学研究基础上,结合扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪联用技术(SEM/EDS),对硫化物样品中金、银的赋存状态进行研究。结果表明,4种块状硫化物中的主要矿物形成于多个期次,主要包括VMS成矿期(黄铁矿阶段、闪锌矿黄铜矿黝铜矿方铅矿阶段、石英重晶石阶段)、热液叠加期(石英黄铁矿黄铜矿闪锌矿方铅矿阶段)和表生期(铜蓝纤铁矿阶段)。矿区首次发现4颗金银金属互化物(银金矿、碲银矿),其较大的化学成分差异指示了热液环境由中酸性中性转变为更有利于Au、Ag迁移沉淀的偏碱性。后期的偏碱性热液对VMS成矿期形成矿物产生了交代作用,使得Au、Ag活化再富集。由于后期热液叠加改造,红海VMS型矿床中Au、Ag不仅赋存于VMS成矿期后期中低温闪锌矿黄铜矿阶段,也赋存于VMS成矿期早期中高温黄铁矿阶段,并贯穿整个热液叠加期。各含金矿物组合中除4颗金银金属互化物外Au多呈显微不可见状态,推测Au、Ag主要以原子或离子形式赋存于矿物晶格中或矿物空位处。     

中国红透山太古宙块状硫化物矿床的变质——重就位

红透山太古宙锌——铜型块状硫化物矿床,经历了多次变质和多期变形作用。目前所保留的矿貌,主要是早太古宇晚期,第二次变质和形变作用造成的。 该矿床遭受第二次较强变形 (500℃—700℃中压条件) 过程中,硫化物矿物朝迭加褶皱和塑性断层所造成的低压区、进行物理迁移(主要为塑性流动)。物理迁移是由处于脆性状态的黄铁矿和部分脉石矿物,发生破裂,与具有不同程度塑形的硫化物矿物等一起产生的迁移。由于主要是硫化物矿物的脆性—延展性转化点的不同,导致了此过程中出现再活化差异迁移。 参照不同硫化物的脆性——延展性转化点的实验数据,结合它的在再就位过程中的先后穿切关系,区内主要硫化物矿物的再活化能力由小到大的序列为。黄铁矿——磁黄铁矿——闪锌矿——黄铜矿。 主要由硫化物矿物组成的矿体的变质——重就位可理解为:较强塑性变形过程中,不仅矿体发生了相对位移,而且组成矿体的各种硫化物矿物,尚发生了差异性的再活化迁移,从而造成矿体形状、产状、分布特点及矿石组构等一系列矿床地质特征变化的过程。 各种硫化物矿物的脆性——延性的转化点不同,矿体、围岩及矿体内部组成间的物理性质差异及低压区的存在是变质——重就位的必要条件。硫化物矿体物理性质的变质——重就晓,对变质成矿作用来说     

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床中矿体的变质变形特征与形成过程

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床位于华北克拉通北缘,是中国最大的太古宙块状硫化物矿床。该矿床经历了高级角闪岩相变质变形和后期热液改造。通过野外和矿相学观察,将红透山矿床的主要矿石类型划分为4类。块状矿石呈层状和块状构造,等粒状和变晶结构;粗晶状矿石呈透镜状和块状构造,巨斑状和填隙结构;糜棱岩化矿石又称矿石糜棱岩,矿石呈透镜状和揉皱状构造,细粒化和重结晶结构;富铜矿石,或称"铜条",呈脉状和板条状,交代残留和乳滴结构,变形显著。通过对以上4类矿石矿物组合、共生关系和变形特征的分析,系统厘定了矿石的成因和形成过程。块状矿石的变形和流体活动不明显,是原生VMS矿石受区域变质重结晶的产物。粗晶状矿石变斑晶发育,黄铜矿和闪锌矿含量极低,代表强烈变质重结晶和再活化后的残余相。矿石糜棱岩韧性变形最强烈,黄铜矿和闪锌矿明显高于块状矿石,代表韧性变形和再活化的硫化物矿石。铜条韧性变形和交代结构发育,以黄铜矿为主,闪锌矿次之,同时含少量指示低温成因的硫铜钴矿,是机械再活化与变质热液再沉淀的产物。     

热液脉型铅-锌-银矿床富铁闪锌矿中硫化物包裹体成因探讨

通过对热液脉型的铅－锌－银矿床（３个）和银矿床（１个）和闪锌矿中硫化物包囊体的特征研究表明,石英－硫化物阶段富铁闪锌矿（主矿物）的硫化物包裹体十分发育：沿生长带产出的乳滴状黄铜矿与主矿物为共同沉淀成因;沿穿切主矿物的黄铜矿或石英细脉两侧,和受粗粒黄铜矿溶蚀的富铁闪锌矿近接触部位发育的乳滴状黄铜矿为渗透－交代产物;沿解理（裂隙）或粒间、粒内产出的各种形态磁黄铁矿是充填－交代的结果;沿解理分布的脉状毒     

山东省平度市大庄子金矿区黄铁矿、方铅矿与金的共生关系研究

通过对山东省平度市大庄子金矿区黄铁矿、方铅矿三个蚀变阶段特征研究,发现金矿化主要发生在第二阶段,强烈的石英-黄铁矿-碳酸盐化与金矿化的关系最为密切。金多数以包体的形式赋存于黄铁矿等金属硫化物中,并且在黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿等矿物共同产出时更有利于金的富集。研究认为石英和黄铁矿组合以及黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿的组合可作为金的富集指示性矿物组合,伴生矿物之中方铅矿含金性最好。方铅矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿呈细脉状、网脉状、斑杂状产于含金石英脉和团块状黄铁矿的裂隙中,研究发现细脉状较团块状黄铁矿含金性要好。     

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床矿石糜棱岩铜-金富集机制

辽宁红透山太古宙块状硫化物型铜锌矿床成矿后的变质作用达到高角闪岩相 ,并经历了 3个阶段的变形。矿床的主要矿石矿物为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿。主矿体内分布有 30多条矿石糜棱岩带 ,它们大多数平行或近于平行块状硫化物矿层 ,少数产在矿体附近围岩中。带中的各种硫化物矿物均遭受了强烈的剪切变形 ,其中黄铁矿以碎裂为主 ,而磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿显示强烈的塑性。矿石糜棱岩比块状硫化物矿石明显富集铜、金、银等元素 ,其铜、金和银平均含量分别达1 1 .0 0 % ,1 .74g/t和 2 35g/t,相对于块状矿石的富集系数分别为 5 .3、5 .0和 4 .6。这些金属的高度富集主要是因为矿石糜棱岩受到了后期流体的叠加。铅同位素组成表明矿石糜棱岩中的金属一部分来自块状矿石 ,另一部分来自块状硫化物矿体之外。韧性剪切和流体叠加均发生于矿床退变质过程中     

辽宁青城子矿集区铅锌-银-金矿床硫化物化学成分及找矿意义

对辽宁青城子铅锌-银-金矿床的主要矿石矿物方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿进行了显微鉴定、电子探针和ICP-MS分析,获得它们的固结顺序为:黄铁矿早于闪锌矿,二者早于方铅矿(闪锌矿交代黄铁矿,方铅矿交代前两者)。从硫化物成分空间分布可以判断成矿流体以甸南-榛子沟为中心分别向二道-喜鹊沟和大地-白云迁移。根据方铅矿固结温度(327℃)参考石英流体包裹体均一温度(322℃),限定以方铅矿为主的矿床其硫化物形成温度约为322～327℃;利用Cd在方铅矿-闪锌矿分配系数温度计获得铅锌矿成矿温度在344～464℃之间,结合闪锌矿出溶黄铜矿温度(高于350℃),参考石英流体包裹体均一温度(300～360℃),并参考黄铁矿发生脆性变形温度(400℃),获得以闪锌矿为主的矿床硫化物形成温度约为360～400℃,银铅锌矿床的成矿温度被限定在390～400℃;由于自然金主要赋存在黄铁矿微裂隙中,利用黄铁矿发生脆性变形温度并结合石英流体包裹体温度(230～370℃)约束金成矿温度约为370～400℃。成矿温度较高可能归因于样品采集位置较深所致;最后利用矿石矿物、侵入岩、围岩微量元素对比分析判断成矿流体与中生代(特别是...     

印度德哈尔瓦尔克拉通,科拉尔绿岩带,加纳查尔比拉太古宙火山沉积岩系中的硫化矿石矿化作用

层状磁黄铁矿硫化矿石产于加纳查尔比拉,后者形成太古宙科拉尔绿岩带镁铁质火山及火山沉积地体的一部分。该矿石与石墨-石英-绢云母片岩成互层,并且和该地区伴生的岩石类型一起变质和变形。在数量上,矿石矿物以磁黄铁矿为主,其次为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方锌矿、磁铁矿和四方硫铁矿。共存硫化物相的矿物化学表明在587℃及4.98千巴总压时平衡。反映在各种硫化物组合中的硫和氧的逸度差别相当大,但其流体成分在变质作用过程中实际上受到内部控制,而不是由外部强加。共存的磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿和磁铁矿表明,在变质作用的顶点,log fs_2=-2.4,log fo_2=-17.8。据认为,该矿石具有火山沉积类型,后来因地壳运动时的活化/再活化而起了变化。这些成矿金属和硫可能来自火山喷气。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861