The lunar tide in theE-layer above Istanbul

Summary The lunar tide in theE-layer of the ionosphere above Istanbul has been determined by the analysis of thefo E parameter from 1964–1967. Semi-diurnal variations were found to be significant. The seasonal and monthly variations of the amplitude and phase of the lunar tide show very little differences.     

武汉和阿德莱德大气太阴N2潮及M2潮的对比分析

利用阿德莱德（35°S,138°E）和武汉（30.6°N,114.5°E）的流星雷达观测数据首次给出了80~100 km高度上周期为12.66太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（N₂潮）的季节、高度、年度变化及其与周期为12.42太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（M₂潮）的对比分析.分析结果表明：武汉和阿德莱德的N₂潮和M₂潮均有明显的季节、高度和年度变化.N₂潮与M₂潮的幅度比值大于其引力势之比0.191,在某些年份的不同季节和高度上,N₂潮的幅度甚至大于M₂潮的幅度.大多幅度之比接近或超过N₂潮和M₂潮引力势之比的2倍.中低热层的大气太阴N₂潮汐值得关注.     

Lunar tidal winds in the upper atmosphere over Collm

The lunar semidiurnal tide in winds measured at around 90 km altitude has been isolated with amplitudes observed up to 4 m s^–1. There is a marked amplitude maximum in October and also a considerable phase variation with season. The average variation of phase with height indicated a vertical wavelength of more than 80 km but this, and other results, needs to be viewed in the light of the considerable averaging required to obtain statistical significance. Large year-to-year variations in both amplitude and phase were also found. Some phase comparisons with the GSWM model gave reasonable agreement but the model amplitudes above a height of 100 km were much larger than those measured. An attempt to make a comparison with the lunar geomagnetic tide did not yield a statistically significant result.     

Variations of the lunar geomagnetic tide in the Indian region

The seasonal variations of the lunar geomagnetic tide are analysed at a group of stations around the longitude of India. The position of the focus of the lunar ionospheric current system is found to move with season and to disappear in northern winter. A year-to-year variability of the phases is also demonstrated. The phase relationships indicate the presence of antisymmetric atmospheric tidal modes of various strengths in different seasons. The different lunar Hough mode amplitudes, derived earlier, may also explain the observed September maximum in the lunar horizontal magnetic component at the equator.     

Atmospheric tides and mean winds in the meteor region over Santa Maria (29.7°S; 53.8°W)

We compare meteor radar measurements of the MLT region winds at Santa Maria, Brazil (29.7°S, 53.8°W) with the Horizontal Neutral Wind Model (HWM-93) and the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM-00). The observed annual variation of the prevailing zonal wind disagrees in some respects with the HWM-93 model. Also, the zonal diurnal tide amplitude shows an annual variation, whereas that of the GSWM-00 is semiannual, and its vertical wavelength is smaller than that suggested by the model. The observed semidiurnal tide shows seasonal and inter-annual variations and the phase is evanescent during almost the whole year.     

Seasonal variation of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript> tide

The seasonal cycle of the main lunar tidal constituent M ₂ is studied globally by an analysis of a high-resolution ocean circulation and tide model (STORMTIDE) simulation, of 19 years of satellite altimeter data, and of multiyear tide-gauge records. The barotropic seasonal tidal variability is dominant in coastal and polar regions with relative changes of the tidal amplitude of 5–10 %. A comparison with the observations shows that the ocean circulation and tide model captures the seasonal pattern of the M ₂ tide reasonably well. There are two main processes leading to the seasonal variability in the barotropic tide: First, seasonal changes in stratification on the continental shelf affect the vertical profile of eddy viscosity and, in turn, the vertical current profile. Second, the frictional effect between sea-ice and the surface ocean layer leads to seasonally varying tidal transport. We estimate from the model simulation that the M ₂ tidal energy dissipation at the sea surface varies seasonally in the Arctic (ocean regions north of 60°N) between 2 and 34 GW, whereas in the Southern Ocean, it varies between 0.5 and 2 GW. The M ₂ internal tide is mainly affected by stratification, and the induced modified phase speed of the internal waves leads to amplitude differences in the surface tide signal of 0.005–0.0150 m. The seasonal signals of the M ₂ surface tide are large compared to the accuracy demands of satellite altimetry and gravity observations and emphasize the importance to consider seasonal tidal variability in the correction processes of satellite data.     

西北地区中强震前固体潮调制比时空特征分析

基于1900—2015年中国大陆地区浅源地震阴历目录,依据地震活跃特征确定固体潮调制阴历日期和调制比阈值,并利用固体潮调制比时空扫描方法回顾性地研究近年来西北地区发生的3次中强地震,即2013年甘肃岷县漳县M_S6.6、2015年内蒙古阿拉善M_S5.8和2016年青海门源M_S6.4地震前, 区域小震的固体潮调制比时空演化过程.研究结果显示:岷县漳县M_S6.6和阿拉善M_S5.8地震前震中区域出现固体潮调制比异常,门源M_S6.4地震前震中附近的固体潮调制比异常演化时间较长; 西北地区3次中强震均发生在固体潮调制比时空扫描的高值异常集中地区及周围区域,扫描时间窗长度和固体潮调制比异常区域的大小可能与中强震的强度有一定的相关性.      

The lunar tide in sporadic E

It seems that the wind shear theory is accepted for the explanation of sporadic E at mid and low latitudes. Some examples from Arecibo are displayed to show this. The effect of lunar tides should then modify the wind-shear theory in a manner that yields the observed features of the lunar tide in the critical frequency foEs and the height h′Es of the sporadic E. This is shown to imply that the phase of the lunar tide in h’Es should be the same as the phase of the lunar tide in the eastward wind and that the phase of the lunar tide in foEs is three hours later. Hourly values of foEs, fbEs (the blanketing critical frequency) and h′Es from several observatories are analysed for the lunar semidiurnal tide. It is found that the phase of the tide in foEs is often about 3 hours later than for h′Es in agreement with the theory. Seasonal variations in the tide are also examined with the statistically most significant results (largest amplitudes) usually occurring in summer. After reviewing the many difficulties associated with determining the lunar tide in Es, both experimentally and theoretically, the analysed phase results are compared with what might be expected from Hagan’s global scale wave model. Agreement is only fair (a success rate of 69% among the cases examined) but probably as good as might be expected.     

A Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Study of the Auckland Region, Part II: Inundation Modelling and Hazard Assessment

Regional source tsunamis pose a potentially devastating hazard to communities and infrastructure on the New Zealand coast. But major events are very uncommon. This dichotomy of infrequent but potentially devastating hazards makes realistic assessment of the risk challenging. Here, we describe a method to determine a probabilistic assessment of the tsunami hazard by regional source tsunamis with an “Average Recurrence Interval” of 2,500-years. The method is applied to the east Auckland region of New Zealand. From an assessment of potential regional tsunamigenic events over 100,000 years, the inundation of the Auckland region from the worst 100 events is modelled using a hydrodynamic model and probabilistic inundation depths on a 2,500-year time scale were determined. Tidal effects on the potential inundation were included by coupling the predicted wave heights with the probability density function of tidal heights at the inundation site. Results show that the more exposed northern section of the east coast and outer islands in the Hauraki Gulf face the greatest hazard from regional tsunamis in the Auckland region. Incorporating tidal effects into predictions of inundation reduced the predicted hazard compared to modelling all the tsunamis arriving at high tide giving a more accurate hazard assessment on the specified time scale. This study presents the first probabilistic analysis of dynamic modelling of tsunami inundation for the New Zealand coast and as such provides the most comprehensive assessment of tsunami inundation of the Auckland region from regional source tsunamis available to date.     

THE MECHANISM OF DIURNAL VARIATION IN CONSECUTIVE APPARENT RESISTIVITY OBSERVATION

Parts of the consecutive apparent resistivity monitoring stations of China have recorded clear diurnal variations. The relative amplitudes of diurnal variations at these stations range from 1.3‰ to 5.8‰. The daily accuracies of apparent resistivity observation are better than 1‰, because the background electromagnetic noise is rather low at these stations. Therefore, the diurnal variations of apparent resistivity recorded at these stations are real phenomena. The diurnal variation shapes can be divided into two opposite types according to their characteristics. One type is that the apparent resistivity data decreases during the daytime but increases during the nighttime(Type 1). The other type is the apparent resistivity data increases during the daytime but decreases during the nighttime(Type 2). There is a correspondence between the diurnal and annual variation patterns of apparent resistivity. For the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 1, the apparent resistivity decreases in summer and increases in winter. However, for the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 2, the apparent resistivity increases in summer and decreases in winter. We take an analysis on the mechanism of apparent resistivity diurnal variation, combining the influence factors of water-bearing medium's resistivity, the electric structure of stations, and the apparent resistivity sensitivity coefficient(SC)theory. Intuitively, diurnal variation of apparent resistivity is caused by diurnal variation of medium resistivity in the measured area. The diurnal variation of medium resistivity will inevitably be caused by the factors with diurnal variation. Among the possible factors, there is diural variation in earth tide and temperature. Our analysis displays that apparent resistivity diurnal variation is not caused by the usually-believed earth tide, but by the ground temperature difference between daytime and nighttime. The earth tide strain is too small to cause remarkable effects on the apparent resistivity data. On the other hand, the daily tide strain has two peak-valley variations, and its phase and amplitude has a period of approximate 28 days. However, the apparent resistivity data do not show these corresponding features to earth tide. Furthermore, the detection range of current apparent resistivity stations is within a depth of several hundred meters. Within this depth range, the medium deformation caused by solid tide can be regarded as uniform change. Therefore, all monitoring directions and all stations will have the same pattern of diurnal variation. In general, the temperature increases in the daytime but decreases in the nighttime. For most water-bearing rock and soil medium, its resistivity decreases as temperature increases and increases as temperature decreases. Diurnal temperature difference affects about 0.4m of soil depth. Therefore, resistivity of this surface thin soil layer decreases in the daytime while increases in the nighttime. Under layered medium model, SC of each layer represents its contribution to the apparent resistivity. For the stations with positive SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity decreases in the daytime but increases in the nighttime. While for the stations with negative SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity diurnal variations display the opposite shape.     

含裂隙介质中的视电阻率各向异性变化

我国50多年的视电阻率连续观测结果表明,大地震前近震中区域的视电阻率呈现出与主压应力方位有关的各向异性变化,即:垂直于主压应力方向观测的变化幅度最大,平行方向最小或不明显,斜交方向介于二者之间.目前我国定点台站视电阻率观测的探测范围主要在浅层沉积层以内,通常含有较多的含水裂隙.本文将地下岩土介质简化为由固体基质和含流体/气体裂隙组成的固液气三相介质,且基质、流体和气体具有标量形式的电阻率,推导出了包含基质和流体电阻率、裂隙率、饱和度和裂隙面积率因子的电阻率张量表达式.以裂隙的扩展/闭合表示应力作用下裂隙的变化,得到了电阻率随裂隙变化的微分形式,电阻率变化对裂隙体积变化放大系数的表达式和裂隙横向变化对纵向电阻率影响的横向权系数的表达式.在此基础上得到了介质电阻率和视电阻率的各向异性变化特征:对于含水裂隙介质,无论裂隙如何变化,均是最小主轴方向电阻率的变化幅度大于其他方向;对于含水孔隙介质,沿孔隙主要变化方向的主轴电阻率变化幅度大于其他方向.对于各向异性变化,视电阻率和介质电阻率存在π/2的方向差异.相较于含水岩石,无水岩石介质电阻率的各向异性变化不显著.本文提出的电阻率表达式可以对实验室...     

南北地震带定点形变前兆异常指标初建

基于《中国震例》及其他相关的内部震例资料、 研究报告及文献资料, 对南北地震带地震前的定点形变异常整体特征进行了研究分析。 结果表明: 异常项数随震级升高而增大, 但不同地震间差异较大。 异常的最长持续时间和最大分布范围随震级增大而增大, 但对于6.0~7.9级地震异常在震区附近出现“围空”现象。 研究区内异常主要以趋势转折和破年变为主, 其次为大幅突变、 大幅波动、 潮汐因子异常。 各类异常的时空特征对地震的震级、 时间和地点具有不同的指示作用。 震前400天至200天的范围内异常数量会出现快速增加现象, 对于6级以上地震还发现在震前200天以内出现异常数量的显著减少现象。 另外, 发现存在一些定点形变异常敏感台站, 可能与区域构造及应力应变积累位置有关。     

On the geomagnetic lunar variation at Istanbul

Summary The article describes lunar daily magnetic variation inH, D andZ components of the earth's magnetic field at Istanbul. Maximum occurs at 10.03 l.hr. (lunar hour) in theH component, 3.38 l.hr. in theD and 2.15 l.hr. in theZ component, during the period 1949 to 1968. Also, the seasonal variation of the lunar magnetic variation has been determined and it is seen that the variation of the phase inD andZ are opposite from the phase of the lunar variation inH, and the amplitudes of the lunar variation inH, D andZ are greatest during the northern solstice.     

Variation of lunar and solar geomagnetic tides with sunspot and geomagnetic activity

Summary Solar and lunar geomagnetic tides inH at Alibag have been determined by spectral analysis of discrete Fourier transforms following the method of Black and the well-known Chapman-Miller method. The seasonal variation inL ₂(H) is opposite to that inL ₂(D) with maximum in thed season and minimum in thej season. In bothH andD the enhancement due to sunspot activity is larger in lunar tide than in solar tide. Surprisingly, the enhancement due to magnetic activity is greater inL ₂(H) than inS ₁(H), while the contrary is true for declination. It is inferred that there is a local time component of the storm time variation contrary to the view expressed by Green and Malin. The enhancements in amplitudesL ₂ andS ₁ inH andD, due to sunspot activity and due to magnetic activity, have been separated. The results show that the amplitude at zero sunspot number increases with magnetic activity in all the four parameters, while the enhancement due to sunspot activity at different levels of magnetic activity decreases with increase ofK _p. But if bothK _p andR are increasing, whenK _p increases enhancement due toR decreases and whenR increases enhancement due toK _p decreases.     

新沂台和马陵山台地电场日变化及潮汐响应初步分析

基于江苏省新沂台和山东省马陵山台同(近)场地观测的地磁场、地电场和分量应变观测数据,详细分析了两台站地电场日变化的波形、变幅、相位和优势周期成分以及日变幅的季节效应和台址电性条件对其的影响,并在此基础上分析了地电场日变化的机理.结果显示:① 两台站地电场日变化主要为两次起伏变化,主相起伏集中在当地午前午后时段,且起伏波形与磁场日变化的起伏波形大致相同,存在相位差,但主相起伏时段与磁场对时间的偏导曲线上的日变化起伏时段大致对应;地电场变化与磁场正交分量的变化显著相关,且与同方向的分量应变显著相关;地电场日变化波形与分量应变日变波形有很大差异;② 两台站地电场、地磁场日变化的优势周期为12 h,8 h,24 h,最显著周期为12 h,其中12 h和24 h周期成分是应变分量的优势周期;③ 两台站同方向地电场日变化的波形高度相似,但同台正交分量之间的日变幅有方向性差异;朔望月时段的日变幅大于上下弦月时段,日变幅有夏季大于冬季的季节效应;台址电导率越低,日变幅越大.地电场日变化既表现为广域性特征,又表现为局部性特征.地电场日变化机理分析认为,地电场日变化是由月日潮汐力和太阳风引起的电离层活动所导致,同时还受到季节、台址电性条件等多因素的影响.      

地壳磁化强度模型和居里等温面

利用卫星观测的长波磁异常，用等效偶极源方法推导了中国地区的视磁化强度分布．因卫星的高度远大于磁性地壳的厚度，将视磁化强度转换成磁化强度的垂直积分，它代表地壳内磁性物质的区域变化，利用视磁化强度与地表热流相应关系，计算了中国的新疆和东部一些地区居里等温面的深度．新疆地区的居里面深度为35-50km，其分布形态与塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地的地貌比较相似；中国东部一些地区居里面深度在20-40km之间，与一些作者用航磁等数据得到的居里深度十分接近．     

武汉地区无线电探空仪加密观测的初步结果

利用武汉地区2006年1月11～15日的Radiosonde加密观测数据,本文讨论了当地对流层与低平流层（25 km以内）温度、纬向风与经向风周日潮汐变化的振幅与相位（振幅最大值对应的时间）的变化,同时与其他地区统计平均的结果进行了比较. 发现风场振幅的变化与统计平均的结果存在较大差异,这归结于当地冬季对流层内强烈变化而低平流层内相对稳定的风场;温度在23 km以上存在稳定的周日变化,气压在更大的范围内存在与温度类似的周日变化,这使得在23 km以上大气密度的周日变化十分微弱,在各个高度上近似为一个常数.     

Regional characteristics of the effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the sea level in the China Sea

Based on coastal tide level, satellite altimetry, and sea surface temperature (SST) data of offshore areas of China’s coast and the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the regional characteristics of the effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the sea level in the China Sea were investigated. Singular value decomposition results show a significant teleconnection between the sea level in the China Sea and the SST of the tropical Pacific Ocean; the correlation coefficient decreases from south to north. Data from tide gauges along China’s coast show that the seasonal sea-level variations are significantly correlated with the ENSO. In addition, China’s coast was divided into three regions based on distinctive regional characteristics. Results obtained show that the annual amplitude of sea level was low during El Niño developing years, and especially so during the El Niño year. The ENSO intensity determined the response intensity of the annual amplitude of the sea level. The response region (amplitude) was relatively large for strong ENSO intensities. Significant oscillation periods at a timescale of 4–7 years existed in the sea level of the three regions. The largest amplitude of oscillation was 1.5 cm, which was the fluctuation with the 7-year period in the South China Sea. The largest amplitude of oscillation in the East China Sea was about 1.3 cm. The amplitude of oscillation with the 6-year period in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea was the smallest (less than 1 cm).     

应变固体潮NaKai拟合检验及潮汐变化的映震效果

采用NaKai拟合检验和潮汐变化分析方法,对应变固体潮的整点值数据进行处理,得到NaKai拟合振幅因子和应变M₂ 波潮汐因子变化曲线,并对这些变化曲线进行判断分析,统计异常的起止时间、幅度、特征及映震效果,计算出R值,通过查表得到R₀值。从统计结果可以看出,应变(M₂ 波)潮汐因子变化曲线的异常特征较明显,每次异常都是在正常变化背景情况下出现的,异常有一个过程,异常信度较高,对应地震效果较好, R值评分较高;而NaKai拟合法得到的振幅因子曲线,其异常变化为突跳型,异常时间短。从计算结果来看, NaKai拟合检验和潮汐变化分析(M₂ 波)二种方法的R值均大于其R₀值。     

Studying the dynamics of the lunar daily geomagnetic variations

Results of studying the lunar daily geomagnetic variations in the spectral and time regions at the network of observatories are presented. The seasonal variations in the amplitudes of the fundamental harmonic constituents of three lunar variation components have been revealed. The seasonal time variations have been analyzed using the digital bandpass filtering and harmonic synthesis based on the data of the Kakioka and Memambetsu geomagnetic observatories. The 11-year solar cycle and annual and semiannual periods have been distinguished in the seasonal variation spectrum. Studying the spectral singularities of the lunar daily variation at these observatories and the sea level variations in daytime and nighttime hours has made it possible to identify the contribution of the oceanic dynamo to the lunar variation vertical component.