黔东南余凯路志留系翁项群地层滑坡分析

黔东南余凯路建设过程发生的滑坡多发育于志留系中上统翁项群地层,该套地层具有特殊的岩性特征和易滑结构面是其易产生滑坡的内在因素。从易滑结构面着手将翁项群地层滑坡归为顺层滑坡、切层滑坡和堆积体滑坡三种类型,分析了滑坡所在区域的环境地质特点和滑坡成因。结合翁项群地层滑坡勘察和处治经验,提出了勘察和处治设计应注意的问题。     

四川巴中市红层地区滑坡发育特征与防范措施

本文以巴中市大量发育的红层地区滑坡为研究对象,分析了巴中市红层地质环境特点,归纳了红层区域滑坡类型为浅表层土质滑坡、深厚层土质滑坡和缓倾顺层岩质滑坡三类,研究了三类红层地区滑坡的分布规律与发育特征。从满足基层防灾管理的现实需要出发,对红层地区滑坡灾害防范核心要点进行了深入总结和提炼,提出的滑坡灾害防范措施具有现实性和可操作性。     

三峡库区滑坡规模与发育特征研究

研究滑坡规模及发育特征对开展滑坡风险评价和解析地貌演化过程具有重要意义。以三峡库区为研究区,通过GIS技术和数理统计分析滑坡面积、体积、厚度、发育密度等特征参数及发育规律,以及采用变维分形理论研究滑坡规模与地质环境因素的分形特征。研究结果表明：土、岩质滑坡空间发育模式具有区域性和集群式特点,且不同类型滑坡在空间分布上具有集聚性和规模不均匀性。滑坡发育规模和时序变形速率均存在幂律规则,表明滑坡系统具有自组织临界性。发现滑坡规模具有变维分形特征,同时揭示出滑坡规模与地质环境因素之间的敏感性关系。研究结果对认识三峡库区滑坡发育规律及实现滑坡风险评价具有重要作用。     

三峡库区巫山县新城址王家屋场滑坡研究

巫山县新城址的地质问题是当前工程地质界关注和争议的焦点,也是库区具有普遍性的问题。王家屋场滑坡是一个具有独特性的滑坡,它的发育具有特殊的区域地质构造和地貌环境。文中详细阐述了滑坡本身的地貌和岩体结构特点,分析得出滑坡经历了先期滑动和后期改造的复杂过程,先期滑动具有多次滑动性,后期改造作用不亚于先期滑坡作用,岩溶溶蚀作用自始至终是滑坡的主导作用,构造破碎为溶蚀作用提供了条件。目前滑坡在整体上是稳定的     

黄河上游寺沟峡拉干峡段滑坡时空特征及对气候变化的响应研究

滑坡发育动力机制对全球气候变化的响应过程逐渐成为地质灾害研究领域的热点和焦点问题。文章以我国地质灾害高易发区的黄河上游寺沟峡拉干峡段大型、特大型、巨型滑坡为研究对象,在广泛收集区域古气候演化资料和滑坡年代测定的基础上,开展了末次冰期以来特大型、巨型滑坡发育的时空分布规律研究,分析了滑坡的主要发育期与全球气候变化的响应关系,在此基础上探讨了研究区滑坡发育的动力机制对气候变化的响应过程。主要取得了以下认识:(1)研究区滑坡异常发育,分布广泛、成灾规模大、动力机制复杂、危害严重,在空间上以群科尖扎盆地最为发育; (2)利用滑坡钻孔滑带土和滑坡体与上下覆黄土的叠置关系开展了滑坡体的年代学测定工作,并从时间尺度上划分了滑坡的5个主要发育期,其分别为53～49ka B.P.、33～24ka B.P.、10～8ka B.P.、5～3.5ka B.P.和现代; (3)研究区滑坡的主要发育期分别对应于中国黄土高原马兰黄土中的2层弱发育古土壤层L1-4 和L1-2、末次冰期晚期/全新世过渡期、全新世适宜期和现代全球升温期; (4)全球不同地区滑坡的发育期与气候变化有密切联系,其主要发育于古气候的温暖湿润期和气候变化的快速转型期。     

国道G316线天水市稍子坡滑坡群成因分析

国道316线天水稍子坡段(K2556—K2562)滑坡十分发育，是甘肃境内滑坡灾害最为严重的路段之一。特别是雨季或丰水年，滑坡活动频繁，对公路安全运营造成很大危害和威胁。1999年及2000年雨季该路段发生滑坡灾害15处，正在改建的公路路基30％被破坏，增加工程投资2000多万元，并拖延了工期。本区滑坡多为老滑坡的复活，具有发育密集、复活性强等特点。特殊的地质构造及易滑地层广泛分布，老滑坡的发育和独特的水文地质条件是该滑坡成群发育的地质基础。大量降水入渗，不合理的人为开挖和填方活动是滑坡的主要诱发因素。     

武都汉林沟流域古滑坡年龄的14C厘定

古滑坡一般是指全新世以前地质历史时期发生的滑坡。武都汉林沟流域发育有第四纪晚更新世以来不同时期的滑坡,具有规模大、数量多的特点,为武都白龙江中游滑坡发育历史研究提供了典型实例。通过滑坡体的形貌、结构特征、与其他地层的接触关系分析,确定古滑坡的存在。同时也发现古滑坡曾堵塞汉林沟形成堰塞湖,并压埋了许多古树木,古滑体中残留...     

巫溪县西溪河北岸高位高危碎屑流滑坡特征与机理研究

巫溪县构造上位于南大巴山弧形褶皱带的核心部位,八面山弧形褶皱构造带的北缘,地理上位于三峡库区奉节—巫山段北部,区内以发育近平行的褶皱构造为主,岩层中构造节理裂隙发育。区内地形切割强烈、起伏大,表现为中高山峡谷地貌,年降雨量大,地质环境条件脆弱。研究区西溪河北岸多发育高位高危碎屑流型滑坡,具有隐蔽性强、危害性大等特点。论文在Lidar影像分析、野外详查、钻探等手段的基础上,详细分析了滑坡地质环境背景、滑坡的特点及运动堆积过程,认为风化层厚度大、高陡的地形地貌、特殊的构造条件、典型的斜坡结构是滑坡发育的主要因素,持续性的降雨是滑坡发育的直接诱发因素,斜坡上部二叠系炭质灰岩、灰岩的崩落是导致斜坡中下部原本就处于孔隙水饱和状态下的志留系粉砂岩碎屑失稳并转化为碎屑流的重要因素。针对这类高位高危碎屑流型滑坡,提出了高位崩滑—高速启动—碰撞解体—高速铲刮—抛射堆积的成灾模式,为三峡库区此类滑坡的防治提供技术依据。     

降水对陇西黄土滑坡的诱发作用及时空影响分析

以现场调查、试验测试数据为依据,从降水（主要指大暴雨或连阴雨）改变地形地貌促使滑坡形成、改变滑坡土的成分构成、改变滑坡的土体结构及稳定性、改变滑坡土的力学强度4个方面阐述了对黄土滑坡的诱发作用。选择典型城市的系列降水资料及发生滑坡数量,从多年降水、年内降水过程及降水的空间变化3个方面阐述了对黄土滑坡的时空影响。年际上,同一区域滑坡发生的频次与多年降水过程呈现良好的相关性,存在丰水年发生滑坡次数多、规模大而枯水年发生滑坡次数少、规模小的规律,丰水年发生滑坡数量一般是枯水年的3~5倍、平水年的1~2倍;年内滑坡集中出现于6-9月份和2-3月份,占全年滑坡数量的80%以上;不同区域,年降水量及降水强度越大,黄土滑坡发生频率越高,规模也越大;自东南向西北,随着降水量及降水强度的递减,依次划分为黄土滑坡强发育区、较强发育区和一般发育区。     

黄河上游阿什贡滑坡群发育期次及演化过程分析

黄河上游贵德盆地滑坡泥石流灾害制约着该地区河谷城镇化建设。文章在野外调查和室内研究的基础上,首次划分了尕让河阶地序列,分析了阿什贡滑坡群的发育期次及与河道演变的宏观地质作用过程和机制,主要取得以下认识:(1)尕让河至少发育了7级阶地,根据阶地与滑坡堆积体的披覆关系,厘定了滑坡发育的时间先后顺序;(2)阿什贡滑坡演化过程分为二期,Ⅰ期滑坡为巨型滑坡并触发了前缘革匝滑坡,发生时间为16 ka BP以来,阿什贡Ⅱ期滑坡为Ⅰ期的解体滑坡;(3)阿什贡滑坡群发育时间先后顺序为:尕让滑坡→尕让河Ⅲ级阶地形成→阿什贡滑坡Ⅰ期→革匝滑坡→堰塞湖及湖相层发育→尕让河Ⅱ级阶地形成→阿什贡滑坡Ⅱ期→现代河道;(4)阿什贡滑坡群目前总体处于稳定状态,但Ⅱ期滑体发生局部解体的可能性较大,须加强滑坡灾害防治。     

不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程与稳定性研究

滑坡的类型一般可分为牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡,根据其滑面的发展形态,依次表现为前进式渐进破坏模式、后退式渐进破坏模式和复合式渐进破坏模式。基于岩土体应变软化特性,揭示了滑坡渐进破坏过程的本质是滑带力学参数弱化的过程,初步探讨了3种类型滑坡渐进破坏过程的远动特点和力学特征和滑坡渐进演化过程。以不平衡推力法和3种类型滑坡的演化特征为基础,提出3种类型滑坡渐进破坏过程中临界状态条块确定方法,通过建立滑坡渐进破坏稳定性计算模型和计算公式,提出滑坡随着渐进演化过程的滑带参数取值方法,并阐述了渐进破坏过程的稳定性计算实现过程,实现不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程的稳定性分析。以3个典型滑坡为例,分析得出滑坡渐进破坏过程中牵引式滑坡和复合式滑坡稳定性降低速率由大到小再到大和推移式滑坡稳定性降低速率由小到大的过程,3种类型滑坡在渐进破坏过程中不同部位对稳定性的贡献不同,验证了不同类型滑坡的变形规律。研究结论可对不同类型滑坡的稳定性发展进行初步预测和为滑坡治理提供指导意义。     

多级旋转黄土滑坡基本类型及特征分析

多级旋转黄土滑坡因其分布密集、继发性强、滑体结构难以区分而成为我国黄土高原最为复杂的滑坡灾害类型.本文在引入多级旋转滑坡的定义的基础上,通过野外详细调查和工程勘察等手段,研究我国黄土高原地区典型的多级旋转黄土滑坡的基本类型、特征和成因.提出了金台型多级旋转黄土滑坡和黑方台型多级旋转黄土滑坡2种滑坡模式和滑坡结构特征,其...     

考虑渐进破坏过程的滑坡推力计算方法

在滑坡防治工程设计当中,推力确定是治理工程设计是否合理有效的前提。本文进行了3种类型滑坡的渐进变形破坏模式分析,从滑带参数弱化的角度阐述了不同类型滑坡的渐进演化过程,并以滑带力学参数经历峰前应力阶段、软化阶段、残余应力阶段刻画了滑带空间形态所经历的峰前应力状态、临界应力状态、残余应力状态3个阶段;基于不平衡推力法,提出3种类型滑坡临界状态条块的确定方法,把滑坡划分为发生剪切段和未发生剪切段,提出了不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程中推力计算公式及计算过程中滑带参数取值方法。以任意滑坡为例,从不同类型滑坡角度分析了滑坡在渐进破坏过程中推力的变化规律,结果表明：不同类型滑坡渐进破坏到第5状态时,牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡的推力大小分别为4 100,4 980和3 150 kN/m,推移式滑坡推力最大,说明滑坡以不同模式破坏时推力存在明显差异。此计算方法不仅反应了不同类型滑坡的渐进破坏过程,又解决了具有应变软化性质的滑坡推力计算问题,在实际工程中为滑坡的设计提供合理的推力。     

Frequency–volume relation and prediction of rainfall-induced landslides

Rainfall-induced landslides constitute a major public concern in Hong Kong. This paper investigates two aspects of critical importance to landslide hazard and risk assessment and management: magnitude–cumulative frequency relationship for landslides, and relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of landslides. The results indicated that landslides with a failure volume of not less than 4 m³ have a cumulative frequency–size distribution with a power-law dependence on volume of failure. Analysis of rainfall/landslides showed that the 12-hour rolling rainfall is most important in predicting the number of landslides. Failure volume dependency in the relationships between rainfall and the number of landslides is also presented. However, with an increase in failure volume of landslides, the most important rainfall variable may vary from rainfall of short duration (12-h rolling rainfall) to that of relatively long duration (24-h rolling rainfall).     

Rainfall patterns for shallow landsliding in perialpine Slovenia

This paper presents two types of analysis: an antecedent rainfall analysis based on daily rainfall and an intensity-duration analysis of rainfall events based on hourly data in perialpine Slovenia in the ?kofjelo?ko Cerkljansko hills. For this purpose, eight rainfall events that are known to have caused landslides in the period from 1990 to 2010 were studied. Over the observed period, approximately 400 records of landslides were collected. Rainfall data were obtained from three rain gauges. The daily rainfall from the 30 days before landslide events was investigated based on the type of landslides and their geo-environmental setting, the dates of confirmed landslide activity and different consecutive rainfall periods. The analysis revealed that the rainfall events triggering slope failure can be divided into two groups according to the different antecedent periods. The first group of landslides typically occurred after short-duration rainstorms with high intensity, when the daily rainfall exceeded the antecedent rainfall. The second group comprises the rainfall events with a longer antecedent period of at least 7 days. A comparison of the plotted peak and mean intensities indicates that the rainfall patterns that govern slope failure are similar but do not necessarily reflect the rainfall intensity at the time of shallow landslides in the Dav?a or Poljane areas, where the majority of the landslides occurred. Because of several limitations, the suggested threshold cannot be compared and evaluated with other thresholds.     

Geology as a control on landslides on the Isle of Wight: an overview

The Cretaceous and Palaeogene sedimentary rocks that crop out on the Isle of Wight are highly prone to landsliding and the island offers an important field laboratory wherein to investigate a number of the different types of failure. Many of these landslides represent a significant engineering hazard, with several urban areas requiring remedial work and planning constraints (e.g. The Undercliff and Seagrove Bay) to aid development. Previous studies have thoroughly investigated the major landslides in the Undercliff area around Ventnor and presented a mechanism for that massive failure. This overview of the landslides throughout the Isle of Wight by the British Geological Survey was completed as part of the multidisciplinary survey of the surface geology, structure, geophysical response and offshore interpretations of the island between 2007 and 2010. The survey has collected new observational data on the extensive coastal landslides, as well as the distribution, nature and mechanism of failure of the lesser-studied inland examples.     

山西吕梁黄土崩滑类型及发育规律

山西吕梁地区地质环境脆弱,属于晋西黄土高原崩塌、滑坡地质灾害易发区。黄土崩滑地质灾害给当地造成了巨大经济损失和重大人员伤亡。通过对吕梁地区地质灾害调查,结合原位测试与室内试验,研究了吕梁地区黄土崩滑地质灾害类型和发育规律。依据构成边坡的地层岩性与地质结构、滑动面发育位置,将吕梁地区黄土滑坡类型划分为:Q3单一黄土层内滑动和Q3-Q2-N2组合地层结构层内滑动两种类型; 按破坏模式将吕梁地区黄土崩塌类型划分为:倾倒式、垮塌式和剥落式3种类型。调查还发现空间上黄土崩滑灾害主要发育在柳林县、临县、石楼县和中阳县4县,且主要沿公路、铁路等交通线路呈条带状分布; 时间上具有明显的年周期变化规律,汛期(6～10月)高发,特别是主汛期(7～8月)。最后对Q3-Q2-N2组合地层结构层内滑坡发育机理进行了初步探讨,认为吕梁地区人工开挖和降雨耦合作用是诱发吕梁地区黄土滑坡和崩塌的最主要因素。     

甘肃天水黄土梁峁区强震诱发滑坡特征研究

我国黄土梁峁区历史强震频发,地震触发的滑坡等地质灾害是导致震后大量人员伤亡和财产损失的主要因素。1718年甘肃通渭7.5级地震在极震区附近诱发了300多处大规模滑坡,其中在甘谷县磐安镇（原永宁镇）地震使得“北山南移,覆压永宁全镇”,导致3万余人伤亡。以往的研究认为,该类地震滑坡是黄土沿古地形面的滑动,属于黄土滑坡。通过详细野外地质灾害调查,对通渭地震诱发滑坡的分布特征、灾害类型和失稳模式进行了研究;以研究区最大的滑坡——尉家湾巨型地震滑坡为典型案例,结合工程地质钻探,对该滑坡的深部结构特征进行了分析,并对其力学机制进行了探讨。研究发现,该类滑坡的滑动面主要位于下伏新近纪泥岩中,且深度大,属于一类典型的黄土-泥岩复合滑坡;这一新成果和发现能够更好地解译历史文献记载当时的地震滑坡现象。同时,新的成果和认识可以为我国西北黄土梁峁区河谷两岸具有类似地质地貌条件的城镇在强震作用下的地震滑坡早期识别提供参考和启示。     

Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake

On 14 April 2010 at 07:49 (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake with Ms 7.1 struck Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. A total of 2,036 landslides were interpreted from aerial photographs and satellite images, verified by selected field checking. These landslides cover about a total area of 1.194 km². The characteristics and failure mechanisms of these landslides are presented in this paper. The spatial distribution of the landslides is evidently strongly controlled by the locations of the main co-seismic surface fault ruptures. The landslides commonly occurred close together. Most of the landslides are small; there were only 275 individual landslide (13.5 % of the total number) surface areas larger than 1,000 m². The landslides are of various types. They are mainly shallow, disrupted landslides, but also include rock falls, deep-seated landslides, liquefaction-induced landslides, and compound landslides. Four types of factors are identified as contributing to failure along with the strong ground shaking: natural excavation of the toes of slopes, which mean erosion of the base of the slope, surface water infiltration into slopes, co-seismic fault slipping at landslide sites, and delayed occurrence of landslides due to snow melt or rainfall infiltration at sites where slopes were weakened by the co-seismic ground shaking. To analyze the spatial distribution of the landslides, the landslide area percentage (LAP) and landslide number density (LND) were compared with peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from co-seismic main surface fault ruptures, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. The results show landslide occurrence is strongly controlled by proximity to the main surface fault ruptures, with most landslides occurring within 2.5 km of such ruptures. There is no evident correlation between landslide occurrences and PGA. Both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope gradient, and additionally, sites at elevations between 3,800 and 4,000 m are relatively susceptible to landslide occurrence; as are slopes with northeast, east, and southeast slope aspects. Q₄ al-pl, N, and T₃ kn ¹ have more concentrated landslide activity than others. This paper provides a detailed inventory map of landslides triggered by the 2010 Yushu earthquake for future seismic landslide hazard analysis and also provides a study case of characteristics, failure mechanisms, and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by slipping-fault generated earthquake on a plateau.     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的两种雨型模型试验

黄土边坡变形失稳机理研究对于黄土滑坡灾害防治具有重要意义。黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡作为黄土滑坡类型之一,研究人员已对其失稳基本过程与形成机理有较为清晰的认识。但对于其在不同降雨类型下,特别是强降雨条件下的变形破坏过程则有待进一步探讨。因此,本文对黄土-泥岩接触面边坡开展室内降雨模型试验,研究其在强降雨条件下斜坡变形破坏模式。试验设计连续强降雨和间断强降雨两种降雨条件,对比分析两种降雨条件下边坡雨水入渗规律及变形破坏模式。结果表明:在两种典型降雨模式下,雨水入渗速率由边坡前缘至后缘逐渐降低;在坡体表层,随着降雨由间断至连续过渡,入渗速率逐渐增加;在坡体深部,入渗速率受边坡结构影响;间断降雨下边坡呈现滑移-拉裂失稳;在连续降雨条件坡体则表现为蠕滑-拉裂破坏。