基于地震周期谱分析的强震发生时间预测方法研究

在地震周期谱分析的基础上，统计不同地震活动间隔周期出现的概率分布，进而以若干历史地震时间与预测考察时间间隔所隶属的概率进行概率合成，建立合成概率预测方法。新疆不同分区强震回顾性预测研究结果表明，该方法可以提取地震活动周期节点优势分布时段，为强震趋势预测提供综合判定依据。     

基于数据挖掘的甘肃武都殿沟泉氡异常与地震活动统计关系研究

殿沟泉气氡浓度在汶川地震后经常出现成簇高频震荡异常。应用数据挖掘方法，采用正规化、聚类、特征值计算等方法对氡观测数据和地震目录进行预处理，提取气氡异常、震级、震源深度和地震分区等参数，在此基础上采用贝叶斯网络模型开展殿沟泉氡异常与周边区域地震活动统计关系研究。利用聚类开展的地震分区结果显示与构造分区基本吻合，反映出不同构造单元地震活动的丛集性特征；贝叶斯网络模型结果表明泉点气氡异常与周边地震活动有关，特别是与汶川地震主震区龙门山断裂中段和临近区青川断裂区域的地震活动有关。研究结果有助于了解泉点气氡对周边地震响应的差异性特征，对未来该泉点气氡异常的判断与地震预测有参考意义。为地震前兆异常分析和地震活动分区提供了一种新的技术思路和方法。     

基于现代地震资料确定汾渭地震带分区及其地震活动性参数

汾渭地震带是我国东部一个强震活动带,其分段特征及地震活动趋势一直是研究热点,过去利用历史地震和地震地质资料,已得到许多有价值的结果.本文以第五代区划图中最新划分的汾渭地震带为研究区域,收集整理1970至2010年ML2.0～5.0级的现代地震资料,计算中小地震能量密度值,定量分析了该带中小地震空间分布图像特征,据此,确定了汾渭地震带的分区,并给出了各分区的地震活动性参数.对比分析表明,对汾渭地震带进行精细分区,可以更加真实地反映区域的地震活动水平,同一地震带的精细分区,可得到代表不同地震活动水平的地震活动性参数.同时,本研究也为地震带的精细划分提供了一种定量分析方法,对地震区划、工程场地地震安全性评价、地震活动中长期预测均有重要意义.     

1976年7月28日唐山大地震震源区的前兆地震活动平静

本文以完整性最小震级M_L=1.7的地震目录(1970年—1976年)作为基础资料,研究对比了1976年7月唐山大地震前震源区(余震区)及其周围的四个研究分区中,地震活动速率的时间过程。研究表明:(1)在余震区西半部的分区中,主震前出现了持续时间为38个月的异常地震活动平静,异常在置信水平大于0.99上通过β统计显著性检验。(2)在余震区外围的两个研究分区中,分别记录到16和34个月的活动速率减小的变化,但是,它们仅在置信水平为0.80和0.85上通过β统计显著性检验。考虑到唐山主震、两次最强的余震、与它们相关的地震断层和85％的四级以上的余震都出现在余震区的西半部,作者认为余震区西半部在主震前的地震活动平静是中期前兆现象。前兆地震活动平静区的面积与整个余震区面积之比值为0.7。     

基于WebGIS的地震复发周期与危险性分析

根据地震复发周期模型, 利用现有的地质构造等资料把南北地震带划分为若干相对独立的活动构造区, 对能量积累阶段及地震危险性的预测建立相应的数学模型, 并构建基于WebGIS的网络计算平台, 由客户端任意在研究区选择构造分区, 并输入所选构造分区相应的计算参数, 提交到集群服务器计算模型进行计算, 对所选构造分区的地震危险性阶段及潜在震级进行预测并把结果以WebGIS方式返回给客户端。 实现了利用远程计算技术与并行算法对活动断裂能量积累与释放过程的模拟计算, 其结果可以为判定地震中短期预测的地点和震级提供依据。     

河北省及邻区地震活动时间间隔的一些特征

介绍了地震活动时间间隔的研究历史和定义，对河北省及邻近地区地震活动时间间隔分布的统计点图、间隔一频次统计图进行了分析，分析时结合不同的震级层次、不同的统计时段（长段不同）、不同的活动水平以及地震活动的丛集与孤立。统计结果显示地震活动时间间隔对数一频次统计结果与G－L关系式的统计结果类似，地震活动时间间对数一频镒也呈指数分布。最后对预测中存在的不足进行了一些简单说明。     

陕西地区地震动衰减关系研究

通过分析陕西省丰富的地震活动资料,包括鲜明的地震活动与震害分布的地域性特点以及地震地质环境特点,将陕西省分为三个分区,来进行地震动衰减关系的研究.研究内容主要包括地震烈度衰减关系和基岩地震动衰减关系.选择美国西部作为参考区,三个分区分别作为研究区,采用可逆法进行映射转换计算,得到了三个分区的基岩地震动衰减关系,在转换过...     

长期加速的前震活动可预示西希腊弧强震发生的时间

西希腊弧（WHA）1899年（Ms＝6．6）和1947年（Ms＝7．0）两次主震发生之前数十年，震中周围半径100km范围内的前震（Ms≥5．2）发生率，一般可以说是处在加速过程中的。经历较长期水平非常低的前震活动（阶段I）之后，主震前数月前震活动过程以最终的快速加速而达到高潮（阶段Ⅱ），最后的两个月则处于平静（阶段Ⅲ）。这三个阶段与地壳形变和用膨胀模式预测的主震前一些前兆的三个阶段非常吻合。资料与幂次律方程拟合得很好，这与一般的短期前震和建造人工湖出现的情况相似。以前的WHA的强震破裂带位置意味着该弧段的东部是最可能发生下次强震的地方。从1966年以来此处就已进行着地震活动的加速过程，这也与1899和1947年地震之前的情况类似。对比早先地震与目前预料发生的地震在幂次律曲线上的变化，表明后者的发生已推迟了3－8个月。假设长期加速的前震活动是WHA地段地震构造的一个特色，我认为WHA下次破裂的孕育已进入高度成熟阶段，在今后的几个月里，该区很可能发生一次地震。     

预测发震时间的水氡滑动变化率值及其检验

介绍了水氡滑动变化率的计算公式，滑动变化率的演化与地震时间的统计关系，据此给出了水氡滑动变化率值发震时间预测的步骤、判断指标和方法。结合震例，对预测效能进行了评价。检验性预测结果表明，预测的发震期限为1－12个月，平均5．1个月。该方法可以用于强震中短期预报。     

华北地区强震前三个月地震活动异常及初步综合评判

对华北地区1970年以来发生的5级以上地震逐个进行分析研究，总结了每次地震震前的异常地震活动特点，进而寻找强震前三个月共性的地震活动异常特征。最后用物元分析方法，对地震强度预测综合评判模型进行了初步研究，并建立了初步的综合物元预测模型。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.