An Improved Method for Calculating Paleoheat Flow from Vitrinite Reflectance Profiles

lNTRODUCTIONIt is wel1 established that the vitrinite reflectance (R<, ) de-pends on the temperature history that a basin has undergone.In general, Ro is a function of maximum paleotemperature andeffective heating time. Thus, the paleotemperature of sedi-ments and the value of vitrinite ref1ectance are controlled by theflow of heat Q(t) into the basin and by the thermal parametersof the sediments. Therefore, in principle, it is possible to cal-culate the thermal vitrinite reflectance of …     

中国东部中新生代断陷盆地幕式裂陷过程的动力学响应和模拟模型

结合盆地充填和构造演化的整体分析并进行计算机定量模拟, 揭示了中国东部中新生代断陷盆地的沉降-充填、构造及热演化等对幕式裂陷过程的动力学响应.渤海湾和江汉等盆地的整个裂陷期常表现出3~ 4个裂陷作用幕, 不同裂陷幕的断裂展布方向、岩浆作用、沉降中心以及沉积体系分布等都发生了明显变化.如江汉盆地从白垩至新近纪同沉积断裂的展布就显示出从北西向北东向转化的趋势.幕式裂陷构造沉降速率的变化控制着区域性(二级)沉积旋回和层序类型的发育和演化, 强烈裂陷沉降幕常发育深湖盆型层序, 而初始和晚期裂陷幕以发育浅湖和河流-浅湖型层序为特征.幕式裂陷过程不能用经典的单幕裂谷模型进行正确的描述; 通过校正每一裂陷幕的初始条件和拉伸系数, 建立了适用于幕式拉伸裂陷过程的多幕均匀瞬时拉伸模拟模型.应用这一模型对莺歌海盆地的模拟分析揭示了多幕裂陷过程中岩石圈结构及深部热流等的演化趋势, 其结果得到了地质和地球物理资料的佐证.      

桂北-桂东加里东期盆地构造沉降史分析

对造山带各地史阶段的沉积盆地进行构造沉降分析,进而探讨其地球动力学过程,是近年来盆地分析的前缘研究之一。本文采用回剥分析技术,分别编绘了桂北、桂东地区加里东期盆地沉降曲线,并进行了构造沉降史分析。结果表明,桂北、桂东加里东期盆地演化均经历了从拉张裂解到挤压闭合的完整过程。但与桂东大瑶山地区相比,桂北兴安地区在裂陷阶段的沉积速率和构造沉降速率明显偏低;热沉降阶段的持续时间偏长;裂陷阶段与前陆挠曲阶段的分界拐点偏晚;前陆挠曲阶段,由构造宁静期的缓慢沉降向构造活动期的快速沉降转化的分界拐点也偏晚。这些差别这一方面说明了两地区具有不同的构造背景,另一方面也反映了华夏板块由南东逐渐地向北西扬子板块靠拢,沉积盆地相应地向西北迁移的动力学过程。     

张性边缘海的成因演化特征及沉积充填模式——以珠江口盆地为例

珠江口盆地的形成和演化过程经历了晚白垩世至渐新世的裂陷-晚渐新世至中中新世的热沉降-晚中新世至今的断块升降3个演化阶段,沉积了陆相-半封闭海相-开阔海相3套不同的沉积体系组合。总结归纳出珠江口盆地新生代3个阶段的沉积充填模式,并发现：裂陷阶段以充填式堆积和河湖沉积为特征,形成盆地最重要的湖相烃源岩--文昌组泥岩;热沉降阶段以海陆交替、海相沉积体系为特征,为形成良好的储盖组合创造了条件,沉积了珠江口盆地内最主要的储油层系--珠海组、珠江组以及韩江组,主要为滨海相、三角洲相等碎屑岩沉积;晚期盆地整体下沉,区域性盖层形成。该沉积组合反映了张性边缘海盆地的演化特点,盆地演化与资源效应表现在裂陷期、热沉降期及断块升降期的生储盖配置,故勘探目的层段为热沉降阶段所形成的三角洲碎屑岩与陆棚碳酸盐岩。     

盆地演化与地球动力学旋回

盆地演化受地球演化节律所制约，节律由多层次构成。地球动力学旋回主要有３个级序：（１）超级大陆旋回，主要由羽柱构造的地幔对流动力学所控制，产生超级大陆的裂解和拼合，形成全球性同步隆升与沉降的克拉通盆地；（２）地槽旋回或造山旋回，主要由板块构造的岩石圈运动学所控制，按威尔逊旋回进展，发育各类盆地和造山带，形成“区域性”穿时开合与“非对称”互补；（３）褶皱幕或裂陷幕，主要由地体构造与拆层作用几何学所控制，产生盆地内各种构造样式和沉积样式，形成地方性的穿时递进变形，发育幕式变形和幕式沉积作用等。     

构造活动盆地的层序地层与构造地层分析--以中国中、新生代构造活动湖盆分析为例

中国中、新生代构造相对活动的断陷或陆内前陆盆地充填序列一般可划分出5个级别具有地层对比意义的层序地层单元。层序构成和沉积体系域的发育分布受到盆地形成演化过程中各种构造作用的控制。盆地规模的沉积旋回多是盆地幕式裂陷、多幕挤压挠曲沉降、多期构造反转、断块差异沉降等构造作用的沉积响应;高频层序单元的发育则主要与湖平面和沉积物供给量的变化有关。不同构造演化阶段的层序结构和沉积体系域构成等存在显著差异,主要取决于古构造格架和同沉积构造的活动。构造坡折带是由构造活动所产生的、对沉积作用具有长期控制作用的古沉积斜坡或古地貌突变带,在断陷或前陆等盆地中普遍发育,其识别对阐明盆内沉积体系域,特别是构成重要油气藏的低位域的分布和预测具有重要意义。     

盆地的形成和充填过程模拟──以拉伸盆地为例

沉积盆地定量动力学模拟和分析是目前地学领域的一个研究热点。文中建立的拉伸盆地模拟系统可模拟拉伸盆地的沉降过程、估算盆地的拉伸量、分析盆地深部结构和热流背景;动态模拟盆地的充填过程及预测层序格架和沉积体系域的分布样式。沉降和热史模拟结合了二维的回剥法和简单或纯剪切的盆地形成模型。盆地充填模型综合考虑了盆地的构造沉降、均衡作用。沉积物供给。海（湖）平面变化等对盆地充填过程的控制作用。对莺、琼盆地模拟分析揭示了盆地的幕式拉伸过程和深部热演化;层序模拟提示了盆地沉降。海平面变化等对盆地充填演化的控制作用。     

酒西白垩纪盆地沉积构成及盆地演化动力学分析

酒西白垩纪盆地是酒西含油气盆地的一个单型盆地，发育了冲积扇、水下重力流扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、河流沉积体系。在湖盆演化的不同阶段形成冲积扇—扇三角洲—滨浅湖-砾质辫状河、近岸水下重力流扇。中深湖—扇三角洲和扇三角洲—中浅湖—河流沉积体系组合型式。依据答时界面，将湖盆充填序列划分为3个构造层序，相对应于初始裂陷、扩张裂陷—热衰减沉陷和湖盆萎缩关闭3个演化阶段。地幔热柱的形成和衰减、燕山运动等远程应力作用控制着盆地的演化。     

利用多种古地温计研究松辽盆地东南隆起区的地热史

根据实测地温资料和岩石骨架热导率测试结果对本区今地温场的特征进行限分析，利用镜质体反射率反演古热流、成岩期原生矿物流体包裹体均一法测温和磷灰石裂变烃迹的热中分析研究了本区的地热演化，所获得的认识对松辽分地东南隆起区的油气地质研究和勘探评价很有意义。     

Formation and Tectonic Evolution of the Pattani Basin,Gulf of Thailand

The stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Pattani Basin, the most prolific petroleum basin in Thailand, reflects the extensional tectonic regime of continental Southeast Asia. E-W extension resulting from the northward collision of India with Eurasia since the Early Tertiary resulted in the formation of a series of N-S-trending sedimentary basins, which include the Pattani Basin. The sedimentary succession in the Pattani Basin is divisible into synrift and post-rift sequences. Deposition of the synrift sequence accompanied rifting and extension, with episodic block faulting and rapid subsidence. The synrift sequence comprises three stratigraphic units: (1) Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene alluvial-fan, braidedriver, and floodplain deposits; (2) Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene floodplain and channel deposits; and (3) a Lower Miocene regressive package consisting of marine to nonmarine sediments. Post-rift succession comprises: (1) a Lower to Middle Miocene regressive package of shallow marine sediments through floodplain and channel deposits; (2) an upper Lower Miocene transgressive sequence; and (3) an Upper Miocene to Pleistocene transgressive succession. The post-rift phase is characterized by slower subsidence and decreased sediment influx. The present-day shallow-marine condition in the Gulf of Thailand is the continuation of this latest transgressive phase.

The subsidence and thermal history of the Pattani Basin is consistent with a nonuniform lithospheric-stretching model. The amount of extension as well as surface heat flow generally increases from the margin to the basin center. The crustal stretching factor (β) varies from 1.3 at the basin margin to 2.8 in the center. The subcrustal stretching factor (5) ranges from 1.3 at the basin margin to more than 3.0 in the basin center. The stretching of the lithosphere may have extended the basement rocks by as much as 45 to 90 km and has led to passive upwelling of the aesthenosphere, resulting in high heat flow (1.9 to 2.5 Heat Flow Units [HFU]) and high geothermal gradient (45 to 60° C/km). The validity of nonuniform lithospheric stretching as a mechanism for the formation of the Pattani Basin is confirmed by the good agreement between the level of organic maturation modeled on the basis of the predicted heatflow history and measured vitrinite reflectance at various depths measured in some 30 boreholes.     

Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas

During the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, extension was widespread in Eastern China and adjacent areas. The first rifting stage spanned in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times and covered an area of more than 2 million km² of NE Asia from the Lake Baikal to the Sikhot-Alin in EW direction and from the Mongol–Okhotsk fold belt to North China in NS direction. This rifting was characterized by intracontinental rifts, volcanic eruptions and transform extension along large-scale strike–slip faults. Based on the magmatic activity, filling sequence of basins, tectonic framework and subsidence analysis of basins, the evolution of this area can be divided into three main developmental phases. The first phase, calc-alkaline volcanics erupted intensely along NNE-trending faults, forming Daxing'anling volcanic belt, NE China. The second phase, Basin and Range type fault basin system bearing coal and oil developed in NE Asia. During the third phase, which was marked by the change from synrifting to thermal subsidence, very thick postrift deposits developed in the Songliao basin (the largest oil basin in NE China).Following uplift and denudation, caused by compressional tectonism in the near end of Cretaceous, a Paleogene rifting stage produced widespread continental rift systems and continental margin basins in Eastern China. These rifted basins were usually filled with several kilometers of alluvial and lacustrine deposits and contain a large amount of fossil fuel resources. Integrated research in most of these rifting basins has shown that the basins are characterized by rapid subsidence, relative high paleo-geothermal history and thinned crust. It is now accepted that the formation of most of these basins was related to a lithospheric extensional regime or dextral transtensional regime. During Neogene time, early Tertiary basins in Eastern China entered a postrifting phase, forming regional downwarping. Basin fills formed in a thermal subsidence period onlapped the fault basin margins and were deposited in a broad downwarped lacustrine depression. At the same time, within plate rifting of the Lake Baikal and Shanxi graben climaxed and spreading of the Japan Sea and South China Sea occurred. Quaternary rifting was marked by basalt eruption and accelerated subsidence in the area of Tertiary rifting. The Okinawa Trough is an active rift involving back-arc extension.Continental rifting and marginal sea opening were clearly developed in various kind of tectonic settings. Three rifting styles, intracontinental rifting within fold belt, intracontinental rifting within craton and continental marginal rifting and spreading, are distinguished on the basis of nature of the basin basement, tectonic location of rifting and relations to large strike–slip faults.Changes of convergence rates of India–Eurasia and Pacific–Eurasia may have caused NW–SE-trending extensional stress field dominating the rifting. Asthenospheric upwelling may have well assisted the rifting process. In this paper, a combination model of interactions between plates and deep process of lithosphere has been proposed to explain the rifting process in East China and adjacent areas.The research on the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensional tectonics of East China and adjacent areas is important because of its utility as an indicator of the dynamic setting and deformational mechanisms involved in stretching Lithosphere. The research also benefits the exploration and development of mineral and energy resources in this area.     

南海万安盆地构造—层序发育特征与构造—沉积充填演化

万安盆地是南海西南部重要的沉积盆地之一,深入分析其构造—沉积充填特征对于认识南海南部主要构造事件及其沉积响应具有重要的科学意义.利用覆盖全盆地的二维地震资料,结合国内外的研究成果,对万安盆地构造—层序特征及其构造—沉积充填演化进行分析.研究表明,万安盆地内新生代以来可识别出8个主要的二级/三级层序界面.沉降模拟显示,盆地沉降整体表现出一个“快—慢—快”的过程,且整体呈现出东高西低,中高南低的特征.综合构造层序特征和沉降模拟结果,万安盆地新生代以来沉积演化可分为5个阶段:初始裂陷期、晚期裂陷期、断坳转换期、裂后热沉降期和裂后加速热沉降期.盆地自形成以来,沉降主要受东亚大陆边缘区域拉张所造成的深部断裂的影响,至上新世,万安断裂转而成为盆地沉降的主要影响因素,并由此造成了早期盆地沉降中心由中部向西迁移,然后再逐步向东迁移的特征.渐新世至早中新世为盆地裂陷阶段,以陆源碎屑岩沉积为主,断陷早期可能为湖相,晚期为浅海相;中中新世为盆地断坳转换阶段,晚中新世以来为盆地裂后热沉降阶段,二者均发育陆源碎屑岩和自生碳酸盐岩两种沉积类型,且裂后热沉降期碳酸盐岩沉积范围相对缩小,陆缘碎屑岩沉积范围相对扩大.      

沉积盆地中镜质组反射率异常的物理化学环境探讨

根据实测的压力和镜质组反射率数据讨论了沉积盆地中镜质组反射率异常的物理化学环境.认为异常压力并不是导致镜质组反射率受到抑制的唯一原因;沉积盆地中有机质镜质组反射率异常的原因除与有机质本身的性质有关外,还与其所处的温度、压力等物理环境及其周围的流体性质、无机元素(矿物)的组成等化学因素密切相关.通过对钻井异常高压带和正常压力带剖面密集取样进行的微量元素与镜质组反射率分析表明,偏酸性、低盐度的流体介质有利于有机质镜质组反射率的增加;通过分析泥岩中的某些元素丰度与镜质组反射率的对应关系,初步确定钙、锰、锶、硼、钡、磷等元素对镜质组反射率的演化有抑制作用,而铁、钴、锌、镍、铷等元素对有机质的热演化具有催化作用.本研究对于有机质成熟校正、油气资源评价和利用成熟度古温标恢复盆地热历史都具有意义.     

二维沉积层序计算机模拟研究

本项研究建立了综合性的二维沉积层序模拟系统SSMS。该模拟系统由盆地的沉降过程模拟与盆地充填过程模拟两个子系统构成。盆地的沉降模拟结合了反演的沉降回剥和盆地形成的正演模型;盆地充填过程模拟综合考虑了盆地沉降、重力均衡作用、海（湖）平面升降、沉积物供给、侵蚀作用、沉积物分布和压实等因素。结合实例分析表明,该模拟系统可用于定量分析盆地构造、海（湖）平面、沉积物供给等变化对沉积层序的形成过程、几何形态及其沉积体系分布的控制作用,检验地质模型和进行预测。     

Thermal history of the Krishna–Godavari basin,India: Constraints from apatite fission track thermochronology and organic maturity data

The Krishna–Godavari (KG) basin, a passive margin Late Carboniferous to Holocene basin along the rifted east coast of India, includes the deltaic and inter-deltaic regions of the Krishna and Godavari rivers onshore and extends into the offshore. It is one of India’s premier hydrocarbon-bearing basins. In an attempt to better understand the thermal history of the basin, apatite fission track (AFT) data has been obtained from six exploration wells (five onshore and one offshore). AFT thermal history models as well as other thermal indicators e.g. vitrinite reflectance (VR), Rock–Eval T_max data reveal that the host rocks are currently at their maximum post-depositional temperatures and that any possible heating related to small-scale tectonism or rifting episodes in the basin bears little significance on the maturation of the sediments. In the case of one borehole (M-1) however, the organic maturity data reveals a period of Oligocene cooling across an unconformity when ∼1000 m of section was eroded due to falling sea-level. This information offers the potential for improved basin modeling of the KG basin.     

Analysis of large thermal maturity datasets: Examples from the Canadian Arctic Islands

This paper describes an approach for verifying thermal maturity data in a large historical dataset from the Canadian Arctic Islands. A compilation of more than 6000 maturity measurements (vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval Tmax) collected over the span of three decades involved a rigorous assessment of data quality. Some common anomalies in interpreting thermal maturity dataset include: (i) elevated thermal maturity due to Cretaceous igneous intrusion in the region, (ii) reworking of refractory material from older rocks into younger strata during the Triassic period, (iii) suppression of vitrinite reflectance and Tmax in hydrogen-rich samples, (iv) low maturity values due to cross-contamination by the younger sediments during drilling process (caving), and (v) offset maturity values obtained from different maturity measurements. The study discusses various independent checks to verify the obtained maturity parameters. The comparison between thermal maturity data with the sonic velocity of shale resulted in a satisfactory correlation. While such a correlation may vary in different sedimentary basins, it produces a useful independent assessment of thermal maturity. The results indicate that increased heat flow during the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous rifting of the Canada Basin may have caused the elevated maturity beyond the expected burial level as suggested by the discrepancy between thermal maturity and sonic velocity data. Given the fact that vitrinite reflectance records only the maximum temperature to which the enclosing rocks were exposed, deviation of the collected reflectance values from the current depth of burial serves as an indicator for the amount of geological uplift.     

Tecto-sedimentary cycles and depositional sequences of the Mesozoic and Tertiary from the Pyrenees

Tectonic deformation in the Pyrenees is the result of an essentially continuous process which has a discontinuous effect in the style of deformation and consequently, in the sedimentary record. Tecto-sedimentary discontinuities can be correlated on a regional scale, allowing the differentiation of tecto-sedimentary cycles and depositional sequences. The relations between tectonics and sedimentation in the Pyrenees are expressed in the Mesozoic and Tertiary cyclicity.Ten tecto-sedimentary cycles have been distinguished. They are controlled by basin-forming and basin-modifying tectonics (rifting, wrenching, convergence) and are related to different successive basin-types.A first group of cycles corresponds to the episodic rifting: post-Hercynian interior fracture basin (cycle 1), spreading of the Ligurian Ocean (cycle 2), spreading of the central North Atlantic Ocean (cycle 3) and rifting of the Bay of Biscay in the context of the rotation of Iberia (cycle 4). A second group corresponds to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean and to the change in the trajectory of Iberia along a W-E direction (cycle 5). The third group corresponds to prevailing wrench conditions grading from strike-slip plate displacement (cycle 6) to progressive oblique convergence (cycle 7). The fourth group of cycles (8, 9 and 10) corresponds to the generalization of convergence conditions; cycle 8 is the transition from wrench to foreland basin; cycle 9 corresponds to the development of migrating foreland basins in relation to thrust sheet emplacement; cycle 10 includes the unconformable clastic wedge ahead of the last thrust.These tecto-sedimentary cycles include one or several depositional sequences in which sedimentation is controlled by the interrelations between local tectonics, subsidence, eustacy and sediment supply. The analysis and definition of these sequences is given for the Cretaceous and Tertiary cycles. The depositional sequences from the Cretaceous wrench basin are essentially related to eustacy (sea level rise) together with subsidence during cycle 6, and wrench structuring during cycle 7. The depositional sequences from the foreland basins (cycles 8, 9 and 10) are related to changes in the type of basin.     

Metamorphic and Thermal History of a Fore-Arc Basin: the Fossil Bluff Group, Alexander Island, Antarctica

The Himalia Ridge Formation (Fossil Bluff Group), AlexanderIsland is a 2·2-km-thick sequence of Upper Jurassic–LowerCretaceous conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones, derivedfrom an andesitic volcanic arc and deposited in a fore-arc basin.The metamorphic and thermal history of the formation has beendetermined using authigenic mineral assemblages and vitrinitereflectance measurements. Metamorphic effects include compaction,pore-space reduction, cementation and dissolution and replacementof detrital grains by clay minerals (smectite, illite/smectite,corrensite and kaolinite), calcite, chlorite, laumontite, prehnite,pumpellyite, albite and mica, with less common quartz, haematite,pyrite and epidote. The authigenic mineral assemblages exhibita depth-dependence, and laumontite and calcite exhibit a strongantipathetic relationship. Detrital organic matter in the argillaceouslayers has vitrinite reflectance values (R_o) ranging from 2·3to 3·7%. This indicates considerable thermal maturation,with a systematic increase in reflectivity with increasing depth.There is good correlation of metamorphic mineral assemblageswith chlorite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectance values—allindicating temperatures in the range of 140 ± 20°Cat the top of the sequence to 250 ± 10°C at the baseof the sequence. The temperatures suggest a geothermal gradientof 36–64°C/km and a most likely gradient of 50°C/km.It is suggested that this higher-than-average gradient for afore-arc basin resulted either from rifting during basin formationor from a late-stage arc migration event. KEY WORDS: Antarctica; diagenesis; fore-arc basin; low-temperature metamorphism; vitrinite reflectance     

陆相盆地幕式构造旋回与层序构成

构造沉降是陆相盆地层序形成和演化的关键因素，不同序次的结构幕控制不同序次的层序地层单位的形成和演化，根据构造沉降及其可容空间变化特点，重点论述陆相坳陷盆地和裂盆盆地的在拉张挤压和热沉降背景条件下层序的基本构成样式及其沉积特点，同时提出了构造层序和层序的几种可能的成因机制。