华南留茶坡组与灯影组的地层对比

以硅质岩为特征的留茶坡组广泛地分布于湘、黔、渝等华南地区。在留茶坡组中普遍夹有厚度不一的白云岩层或泥质粉砂岩和其上0～10 cm厚的紫红色黏土岩。在湘西桃源,以宏体藻类为主的"武陵山生物群"产自于此白云岩层之下的硅质岩所夹黑色页岩中。该宏体生物群在化石的形态类型、组合面貌以及埋藏和保存特征等方面与产自于陡山沱组顶部的鄂西"庙河生物群"和黔东北"瓮会生物群"较为相似。但与后两个生物群相比较,"武陵山生物群"中藻体分枝的宏体藻类贫乏,且宏体生物的结构构造相对简单、演化水平相对较低,时代应为伊迪卡拉(震旦)纪陡山沱期晚期。而留茶坡组中所夹的白云岩层或泥质粉砂岩可能系灯影峡期的海平面下降、地壳上升在相对深水相地区的反映。湘黔一带留茶坡组的时代应为伊迪卡拉(震旦)纪至早寒武世早期。     

塔里木盆地白云岩储层类型划分、测井模型及其应用

根据白云岩中溶蚀孔、针状孔和晶间孔等主要孔隙的发育特征,可将塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩分为致密型、针孔型和孔洞型.3类白云岩在测井响应上有明显的差异,主要表现在常规测井值及曲线形态上.致密型储集性能最差,具有高电阻率、低中子孔隙度和高密度;针孔型一般具有低电阻率、高中子孔隙度和低密度,曲线形态一般呈"左凸"形;孔洞型比针孔型具有更好的储集性能,具有低自然伽玛值、低电阻率、高中子孔隙度和低密度,曲线形态一般呈"弓"形,而且双侧向电阻率曲线具有一定的幅度差.通过这些特征,建立塔里木盆地白云岩段孔洞识别测井模型.将该模型应用于巴楚和塔中地区的一些钻孔,取得了较好的效果不仅确定针孔型和孔洞型白云岩(储层)在纵向上的发育特征,还揭示了储集空间的发育程度,为进一步勘探开发提供了依据.     

微生物成因白云石研究进展

"白云岩问题"一直是沉积地质学研究的热点和难点之一,白云岩在我国和世界范围内都是重要的油气储层。因此,深入认识白云岩成因对于碳酸岩油气勘探具有重要参考意义。白云岩成因有多种解释模式,如萨布哈蒸发模式、渗透回流模式、埋藏调节模式、混合水模式、潮汐泵模式等。近几十年来,随着低温白云石研究的不断深入,微生物白云石模式作为一种新的成因模式被提出并不断被完善。本文回顾了微生物成因白云石的研究进展,总结了低温白云石形成的3个动力学障碍(镁离子的高水合能、硫酸根的存在、碳酸根离子的低浓度和低活度),简要介绍了微生物成因白云石模式的建立、微生物成因白云石的生长过程及发育特征,系统分析了微生物在白云石形成过程中的调节作用,指出微生物(如硫酸盐还原菌、古甲烷菌)的存在可以改变溶液中的离子平衡,进而有利地克服白云石形成过程中的动力学障碍,并列举了低温微生物成因白云石的氧同位素指标在古温度恢复和过去气候变化研究中的应用,最后对微生物成因白云石相关研究方向(如多学科交叉、新技术应用等)加以展望。对微生物成因白云石模式的深入认识,将为正确解释"白云岩问题"提供新的途径,也将为石油学家关心的白云岩储层问题提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

重庆綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性新认识*

重庆綦江观音桥剖面是上奥陶统观音桥层(组)的建层(组)剖面。该剖面上奥陶统和下志留统地层连续,在前人研究中被广泛提及。观音桥层是奥陶系顶部层位,含较多特征明显的赫南特贝化石,可能反映了赫南特冰期海平面下降。在前人相关文献中均提及观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性为灰岩,但本次研究发现,对观音桥层岩石滴稀盐酸时一般起泡较微弱,显微薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光测试均显示观音桥层白云石含量通常大于50%,呈微晶—粉晶结构,自形晶—半自形晶,方解石含量常小于15%,因此所观察到的观音桥剖面观音桥层的岩性是(灰质)白云岩。进一步分析表明: 在阴极发光下白云石不发光,方解石呈现较强的红色光; 扫描电镜测试显示白云石多为含铁白云石; 显微薄片显示白云岩中少量白云石发生去云化作用,被方解石交代; 碳、氧同位素测试显示白云石碳同位素较腕足类化石及方解石脉偏负,腕足类化石碳、氧同位素与同期海水不一致。上述分析表明观音桥层碳酸盐岩经历了较强的成岩作用影响,推测观音桥层白云石化主要发生于成岩期。这一认识与80多年来关于綦江观音桥剖面观音桥层岩性的认识不一致,对白云岩的识别有助于更深刻认识奥陶纪—志留纪界限地质事件及环境变化。     

A barred-basin marine evaporite in the Upper Proterozoic of the Amadeus Basin, central Australia

The Ringwood evaporite is part of the 900 m.y. old Bitter Springs Formation, a warm-water shallow-marine sequence of stromatolitic dolomite and limestone, microfossiliferous chert, red beds, quartzite, and evaporites. The evaporite at Ringwood comprises two parts: (i) a lower 127 m characterized by brecciated pyritic bituminous dolomite, together with smaller amounts of dolomite-gypsum breccia, friable chloritic dololutite, coarsely crystalline anhydrite, and satin-spar gypsum; and (ii) an upper 133 m which is similar except that bituminous dolomite forms only one bed, and the characteristic rock-type is dolomite-gypsum breccia. The evaporite is overlain by limestone breccia and massive stromatolitic limestone, interpreted as an algal reef. Gypsum is secondary after anhydrite, and the ratio of gypsum to anhydrite increases upwards. The evaporite shows none of the features of a sabkha or desiccated deep ocean basin deposit, and instead is interpreted as the filling of a barred basin which was cut off from the ocean by growth of an algal barrier reef. As circulation became restricted, bituminous dolomite deposited in the lagoon behind the reef, together with pyrite from the destruction by anaerobic bacteria of algal debris derived from the reef. With continued evaporation, brine concentration increased and gypsum precipitated. Occasional dust storms contributed wind-blown clay to the deposit. The barrier reef transgressed diachronously across the evaporite lagoon, and was eventually drowned when normal marine conditions became established. Burial of the evaporite to about 7000 m beneath the succeeding sediments of the Amadeus Basin converted gypsum to anhydrite, and formed chlorite by reaction of clay with dolomite. Late Palaeozoic tectonism folded and brecciated the rocks, and was followed by erosion which eventually exposed the evaporite to ingress of meteoric water. Hydration of anhydrite to gypsum ensued, the reaction becoming less complete with increasing depth from the ground surface.     

达县-宣汉地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相特征及其对储层的制约

通过对普光2井、普光6井和毛坝3井等钻井资料以及地震剖面的详细研究,可知长兴组—飞仙关组生物礁相在地震剖面上,形态为透镜状,具有透镜体、中强变振幅、杂乱影像特征。岩性为灰色障积海绵礁灰岩、灰色障积海绵礁白云岩、灰色骨架海绵礁灰岩、灰色骨架海绵礁白云岩等组成。滩相在地震剖面上表现为透镜体、中强变振幅、不连续影像特征,其岩性主要为浅灰色厚块状亮晶鲕粒白云岩、亮晶含砾鲕粒白云岩、亮晶含豆粒鲕粒白云岩、亮晶生屑白云岩及亮晶砂屑白云岩等。两者在空间上相伴生,沿着台地边缘分布,形成台地边缘礁滩相带,该相带控制了达县—宣汉地区储层的岩性、储集性及其空间分布。     

基于RS与GIS的碳酸盐岩遥感影像特征研究——以黔南地区为例

文章利用Landsat8卫星影像数据,结合黔南碳酸盐岩岩性图、黔南构造要素图等地质资料,以石灰岩、白云岩以及石灰岩与白云岩互层三类岩组地层作为切入点,获取并分析了黔南地区碳酸盐岩的空间分布特征及其在遥感影像上的表现特征。结果发现:①石灰岩地层在影像上总体显示为色调单一、地形高差大,基本无水系和建设用地分布;白云岩地层在影像上总体表现为色调丰富、水系发育、建设用地分布多;石灰岩与白云岩互层地层总体影像特征介于二者之间。②分布于不同构造发育区域的碳酸盐岩岩组地层在遥感影像上的表现特征差异较大,即使是同种岩性的地层也会由于受到节理、断层、向斜和背斜等构造的影响形成形态各异的影像。      

Possible indicators of microbial mat deposits in shales and sandstones: examples from the Mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Montana, U.S.A.

It has been suspected for some time that microbial mats probably colonized sediment surfaces in many terrigenous clastic sedimentary environments during the Proterozoic. However, domination of mat morphology by depositional processes, post-depositional compaction, and poor potential for cellular preservation of mat-building organisms make their positive identification a formidable challenge. Within terrigenous clastics of the Mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, a variety of sedimentary structures and textural features have been observed that can be interpreted as the result of microbial colonization of sediment surfaces. Among these are: (a) domal buildups resembling stromatolites in carbonates; (b) cohesive behaviour of laminae during soft-sediment deformation, erosion, and transport; (c) wavy–crinkly character of laminae; (d) bed surfaces with pustular–wrinkled appearance; (e) rippled patches on otherwise smooth surfaces; (f) laminae with mica enrichment and/or randomly oriented micas; (g) irregular, curved–wrinkled impressions on bedding planes; (h) uparched laminae near mud-cracks resembling growth ridges of polygonal stromatolites; and (i) lamina-specific distribution of certain early diagenetic minerals (dolomite, ferroan carbonates, pyrite). Although in none of the described examples can it irrefutably be proven that they are microbial mat deposits, the observed features are consistent with such an interpretation and should be considered indicators of possible microbial mat presence in other Proterozoic sequences.     

辽东大石桥组蛇纹石化大理岩中铀矿化特征及形成时代

在辽东大石桥组蛇纹石化大理岩中新发现晶质铀矿矿化现象。晶质铀矿呈角砾状发育在蛇纹石化白云石大理岩中,并叠加有辉钼矿、黄铁矿等矿化。U-Pb同位素年龄测定显示,晶质铀矿形成于1763~1794Ma。EPMA U-Th-Pb化学年龄显示,晶质铀矿形成后经历了1512±20Ma的热事件改造,对应一次岩浆侵入事件。辽东地区经历了古元古代的裂谷拉张、碰撞造山、造山后伸展等重大地质事件。大石桥组中蛇纹石化大理岩中的铀矿化,以及连山关铀矿床、翁泉沟地区铁-硼-铀矿床的热液铀成矿作用均形成于古元古代晚期造山后/非造山区域伸展环境,可能与区域伸展体制下的地幔柱活动有关。     

新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组湖相白云岩成因*

新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组发育湖泊背景下的白云岩、灰岩、黑色泥岩、页岩及碎屑岩的互层沉积。白云岩主要有两类：一类为粉—泥晶白云岩,主要由含量约70％的泥晶白云石和含量约30％的粉晶白云石构成,白云石有序度为0.48,扫描电镜下主要有菱形、他形、球状和管状4种微形态,自形程度较好的菱形晶体多为含铁白云石;另一类为方沸钾长白云岩,主要由晶粒为0.08～0.35mm的细粒方沸石、泥晶钾长石（透长石）、泥晶白云石和铁白云石构成,个别为粗晶白云石,白云石有序度0.58。与粉—泥晶白云岩中的白云石相比,方沸钾长白云岩中的白云石以高的铁、锰含量为特征,扫描电镜下多为半自形的菱形晶体。两类白云岩中白云石的有序度均较低,且均为富Sr白云石,内部均缺乏次生交代证据。通过对两类白云岩成分、微量元素及稳定同位素的差异性分析,认为尽管两类白云岩都形成于浅—半深湖相强还原沉积环境,但是它们的形成机制有所不同,粉—泥晶白云岩具有原生沉淀白云石的特征,其中球状及管状的白云石可能与微生物吸附作用有关,而他形及菱形的白云石为直接沉淀的原生白云石;另一类方沸钾长白云岩中的白云石及铁白云石可能与湖底热泉的喷流沉积作用有关。     

北京十三陵中元古界长城系沉积相标志及沉积环境演化模式

北京十三陵地区中元古界长城系包括5个组：常州沟组、串岭沟组、团山子组、大红峪组、高于庄组，前2个组主要由碎屑岩组成，后3个组主要由碳酸盐岩组成。众多的沉积相标志从不同侧面说明：常州沟组沉积属于滨浅海碎屑岩沉积环境；从串岭沟组开始，其沉积环境向碳酸盐岩沉积环境过渡；后3个组沉积时的环境为典型的陆表海碳酸盐岩沉积环境。在综合研究的基础上给出了沉积环境演化模式。另外，长城系还有许多特殊的沉积现象值得进一步研究和讨论：世界上最古老的宇宙球粒；高于庄组白云岩层面上双脊波痕的内碎屑颗粒成因和硅化白云岩内青鱼骨状层理及硅质团粒的成因；特别是在大红峪组首次发现太阳星云物质－碳质球粒陨石。     

鄂尔多斯盆地马五5亚段沉积微相分布及演化

岩性及沉积环境的差异是鄂尔多斯盆地下奥陶统马家沟组马五5亚段储层非均质性的重要因素,根据岩石类型、沉积构造及颜色等特征及其与沉积微相的关系,研究区马五5亚段可分为盆缘坪和台内盆地两个亚相及缘内（膏）云质洼地、缘内云坪、缘内灰坪、缘内云灰-灰云坪、盆地（膏）云质洼地、灰云-云灰质盆地及灰质盆地等微相。沉积微相平面上表现为,马五52时期,鄂尔多斯盆地基底抬升,中央古隆起带露出水面;北部地区发育缘内云坪-云质洼地、缘内灰云-云灰坪和灰质盆地;西部地区为缘内云坪-云质洼地、缘内灰云-云灰坪;中部地区为灰质盆地,间夹云灰盆地及盆内云质洼地;马五51时期,北部地区主要发育缘内云坪-云质洼地;西部地区为缘内云坪-云质洼地;中部地区为灰质盆地及盆内云质洼地。盆缘坪和台内盆地的低洼处有利于发生同生期后回流渗透白云化作用,对生成较大规模的泥粉晶白云岩具有重要的意义。      

Groundwater dolocretes from the Upper Triassic of the Paris Basin, France: a case study of an arid, continental diagenetic facies

Thick dolomite-cemented horizons (dolocretes) occur within a fluvial sandstone-mudstone sequence of Late Triassic age in the western part of the Paris Basin, France. Two types of dolomites can be distinguished: (a) nodular dolomitic beds less than a few metres thick, which formed within mottled overbank siltstones and mudstones; and (b) massive dolomite up to 16 m thick, which occurs in coarse grained channel sandstones and conglomerates. The majority of the dolomite consists of a finely crystalline groundmass of dolomicrospar and, less commonly, dolomicrite. Glaebules, irregular spar-filled cracks, spheroidal dolomite, silicification and vuggy porosity are locally abundant in the massive dolomite. In contrast, biologically induced micromorphological features such as rhizocretions and alveolar-septal fabrics were observed in the thin, nodular dolomite beds. The dolomite is near stoichiometric, well ordered and non-ferroan. 18O values range from ?7·7 to ?0·4%o PDB and 18O values range from ?5·1 to + 1·8%0 PDB and no obvious difference in the stable isotopic composition between both types of dolomites was observed. Sr isotope ratios range from 0·7101 to 0·7126 and are invariably higher than the contemporary Triassic sea water. A vadose—pedogenic origin for the thin dolocrete layers is indicated by the occurrence of rhizocretions and other biological structures. Several features, however, argue against a pedogenic origin for the massive carbonates, most notably the absence of biologically induced structures, the occurrence in coarse grained channel (and not overbank) deposits, and the great thickness. These units are thus interpreted as groundwater in origin. Phreatic calcretes of Quaternary age, widespread in inland Australia, are regarded as a modern analogue for the Triassic Paris Basin dolocretes. Petrographic observations argue in favour of primary (proto)dolomite precipitation, although early diagenetic replacement of calcite by (proto)dolomite cannot be ruled out. Strontium and carbon isotope data of early diagenetic dolocrete cements and oxygen isotope data of early diagenetic silica indicate an entirely non-marine, continental origin for the groundwaters. The poorly ordered and non-stoichiometric protodolomite probably underwent stabilization upon further burial resulting in a near-stoichiometric, well ordered dolomite that clearly lacks evidence for pervasive recrystallization.     

塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组白云岩储层特征及成因

利用钻遇肖尔布拉克组的13口井和2条露头剖面的资料,分析了白云岩储层的宏观和微观特征,认为塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组主要发育9类岩性,孔隙的发育具有明显的岩相选择性,指出粉—细晶白云岩、砂屑白云岩、藻格架白云岩、泡沫绵层石白云岩、叠层石白云岩、凝块石白云岩和粘结(颗粒)白云岩是储层的主要载体。通过岩石学特征、多参数地球化学特征分析,结合地质背景,研究了肖尔布拉克组白云岩储层的成岩作用序列和孔隙演化史,明确了高能丘滩相的多孔沉积物是储层发育的物质基础,早表生期大气淡水溶蚀作用是储层形成的关键,埋藏(热液)溶蚀作用使储层得到了改善。     

Pseudo-oolites in rocks of the Ulundi Formation, lower part of the Archaean Fig Tree Group (South Africa)

The Ulundi Formation of the lowermost Fig Tree Group in the type area in the Barberton Mountain Land consists of a sequence of quartz—sericite schists, banded cherts and tuffaceous rocks up to 40 m thick. It overlies talc—carbonate schists assigned to the upper part of the Onverwacht Group. In the cherts, which in parts represent the sulfide facies of a banded-iron formation, silicified spheroids have been observed which appear to be diagenetically altered, locally zeolitized accretionary lapilli. Portions of the cherts formed through silicification of fine-grained felsic tuffs and contain abundant stylolite seams along which 4% of the rock thickness has been removed by intrastratal solution during deformation.A supposedly organogenic spheroidal structure, Ramsaysphera, has been previously described from the upper part of the Ulundi Formation. The spheroids, with diameters of up to 8 mm, occur in a distinct bed of up to at least 1.6 m thickness and can be traced in outcrop over an area which originally covered 17 × 30 km. The bed was deposited in fairly still water of several 100 m depth. The spheroids accumulated with only little finer-grained detrital material, the interstices between them being filled by cherty silica and minor amounts of dolomite. Up to 65% of the spheroids consist of tectonically elongated, originally round fragments of a micro-felsitic groundmass with remnants of phenocrysts. The majority of the remaining spheroids consists of concentrically banded bodies of siliceous material with minor amounts of chlorite and sericite, as well as small dolomite crystals. These spheroids represent highly altered granules of volcanic glass deposited from volcanic ash clouds through a body of water. The prototype of Ramsay-sphera also belongs to this group of spheroids, and there is little microscopic or macroscopic evidence for its explanation as an organic structure.     

白云石化作用及白云岩储层研究进展

白云石化作用和白云岩储层一直都是碳酸盐岩研究中的重要领域。近年来,随着实验分析技术的进步以及油气勘探的深入,对白云岩的研究也取得了诸多进展:1数值模拟技术逐步应用到白云岩研究中,实现了白云石化模式研究由定性到定量的转变;2对微生物白云石化的研究不断加强,识别出了微生物相关白云石的特殊显微形貌特征并对其生物矿化机制进行了分析;3对已有白云石化模式的重新审视:包括对混合水白云石化的修正、对回流白云石化的扩展以及对构造—热液白云石化模式的丰富;4在白云石化与孔隙相关关系的研究中,突破了白云石化增孔的传统认识,逐步强调白云石化在孔隙保存方面的作用;5注重研究白云岩结构、成岩环境、原始相带以及白云岩形成之后的溶蚀改造等因素对白云岩储层发育的控制作用。在未来的研究中,应加强3个方面内容,一是对白云岩结构演化规律的定量研究,二是在成岩流体示踪方面要加强对新技术手段(如二元同位素、Mg同位素)的使用,同时注意借鉴成矿流体研究中的成熟技术和方法,三是要加强对深部白云岩储层形成和保存机制的探索。     

川西龙门山前缘雷口坡组油气成藏条件

龙门山前雷口坡组烃源岩为中等烃源岩,干酪根类型以I型干酪根为主,生气丰度30-50×10^8m^3／k^2,生气中心在安县。雷口坡组储集岩为粒屑白云岩,主要发育于雷三段,其次为雷一段,为孔隙性储层。研究表明这些粗结构碳酸盐岩的发育与滩相沉积环境密切相关。中坝雷三气藏成藏主控因素是：早期的构造,有利的储层和良好的保存条件。龙门山前缘雷口坡组天然气勘探前景良好,龙门山前缘中北段双鱼石至金河一带为有利勘探区带。     

董坑铀矿床成矿要素及条件的研究

江西西北部董坑及其附近的铀矿床产于震旦系上统陡山沱组的Z_3~(1-4)层和灯影组的Z_3~(2-2)层细晶白云岩内。铀矿化与咸化水白云石化蚀变有关,并与方解石脉共生。作者以该区的系统岩矿资料、热分析曲线、包裹体测温、稳定同位素、硅酸盐分析以及水化学数据解释了董坑矿床的聚铀要素、成矿条件和矿床成因问题。     

Diagenetic origin of Basal Anhydrite in the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham salt: Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand

Development of a diagenetic anhydrite bed at the base of the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham Saline Formation (the `Basal Anhydrite' member) of the Khorat Plateau in north-eastern Thailand took place due to leaching and/or pressure dissolution of salt at the contact between an underlying active sandstone aquifer system and an overlying massive halite-dominated evaporite sequence. Basal evaporites composed of halite with intercalated anhydrite of the latter sequence are undergoing dissolution as a result of subsurface flushing, with anhydrite produced as the insoluble residue. The result is a 1·1 m thick interval of nodular anhydrite displaying unique, basin-wide continuity. Observed textures, petrographic features and chemical data from the anhydrite and associated authigenic minerals support the origin of the Basal Anhydrite Member as an accumulation residue from the dissolution of the Maha Sarakham salts. Petrographically, the anhydrite in this unit is made up of crystals that are blocky and recrystallized, sheared, generally elongated and broken, and is bounded at the bottom by organic-rich stylolite surfaces. Authigenic and euhedral dolomite and calcite crystals are associated with the anhydrite. Traces of pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite are present along the stylolite surfaces suggesting supply of fresh water from the underlying sandstone at highly reducing conditions of burial. The δ<sup>34</sup>S of sulphate in the Basal Anhydrite averages 15 ‰ (CDT) and falls within the isotopic composition of the anhydrite in the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham Formation proper and the Cretaceous values of marine evaporites. Measured δ<sup>18</sup>O in dolomite range from ?4·37 to ?14·26‰ (PDB) suggesting a re-equilibration of dolomite with basinal water depleted in <sup>18</sup>O and possible recrystallization of dolomite under relatively elevated temperatures. The δ<sup>13</sup>C, however, varies from +1·57 to ?2·53‰ (PDB) suggesting a contribution of carbon from oxidation of organic matter. This basal anhydrite bed, similar to basinwide beds found at the bottom of many giant evaporite sequences, has always been considered to be depositional. Here, at the base of the Maha Sarakham Formation, we demonstrate that the anhydrite is diagenetic in origin and was formed by accumulation of original anhydrite by dissolution of interbedded halite from waters circulating though the underlying aquifer: it represents an `upside-down' caprock.     

江西修水二叠纪·三叠纪界线地层海平面下降的岩石学证据

在江西修水四都镇东岭村发现了一个连续的、出露完好的二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层剖面。在剖面中有一段厚约2.1m 的地层具有指示海平面下降的岩石组构。这段地层的底部为红色的碳酸盐颗粒岩。红色是颗粒表面的红色铁染,成分为褐铁矿,是出露地表风化形成的。这层红色颗粒岩之上有约2.0 m 的去白云石化灰岩,其中保留了原来粉晶白云石的晶形。去白云石化作用是白云岩受淡水影响而发生的,指示海平面下降事件。这段地层之上是厚1m 的颗粒岩和灰泥岩,代表浅水潮下环境。其上是二叠系-三叠系的界线。这段地层之下的地层中生物丰富多样,并且有复(蜒)、钙藻等大绝灭前的生物。这段地层及其以上的地层中生物种类很少,(蜓)、钙藻等已经消失,表明集群绝灭事件开始于这段地层之下,生物大绝灭的发生与海平面下降事件的发生是基本同时的。由此认为,可能是海平面下降有关的环境剧变事件引发了二叠纪末的集群绝灭事件。