苏州西山震裂锥:太湖冲击坑又一新证据

震裂锥已被公认为陨石冲击地球表面遗留的标志。研究及统计资料表明,震裂锥与陨石冲击形成的中、大型冲击坑 有关。太湖西山震裂锥呈圆锥形,锥体表面有自锥顶向下辐射的锥纹,锥纹具有分叉的特征,这些特征与震裂锥的国际公 认的定义和标准相符。此外,西山震裂锥还具有其特有的其他特征：碎裂岩化显著;气化-熔融现象发育;锥体表面具网 状构造及波纹状、蜂窝状等多种气印。岩相学研究显示,震裂锥及含锥岩石中冲击变质现象明显,微页理（PDFs）、微裂 隙（PFs） 以及靶岩熔融现象发育。以上这些冲击变质的标志,可证明西山震裂锥是冲击成因,而非地表水风化淋溶石灰岩 的喀斯特或风蚀成因的凤稜石。西山震裂锥的发现、太湖湖底冲击击变角砾岩“太湖石”的确定,为太湖冲击坑的研究增 添了新的诊断性证据;加上早期研究确定的、冲击回落至太湖湖底淤泥层中的冲击溅射物,这些众多证据为确定“太湖冲 击坑”或“太湖冲击事件”展示了美好前景。但是,要确定太湖冲击坑的具体位置、大小及构造模式等,尚需更多的深入 研究。     

Cones and craters on Mount Pavagadh,Deccan Traps: Rootless cones?

Rootless cones, also (erroneously) called pseudocraters, form due to explosions that ensue when a lava flow enters a surface water body, ice, or wet ground. They do not represent primary vents connected by vertical conduits to a subsurface magma source. Rootless cones in Iceland are well studied. Cones on Mars, morphologically very similar to Icelandic rootless cones, have also been suggested to be rootless cones formed by explosive interaction between surface lava flows and ground ice. We report here a group of gentle cones containing nearly circular craters from Mount Pavagadh, Deccan volcanic province, and suggest that they are rootless cones. They are very similar morphologically to the rootless cones of the type locality of Myvatn in northeastern Iceland. A group of three phreatomagmatic craters was reported in 1998 from near Jabalpur in the northeastern Deccan, and these were suggested to be eroded cinder cones. A recent geophysical study of the Jabalpur craters does not support the possibility that they are located over volcanic vents. They could also be rootless cones. Many more probably exist in the Deccan, and volcanological studies of the Deccan are clearly of value in understanding planetary basaltic volcanism.     

Lower-Crustal Xenoliths from the Valle de Santiago Maar Field,Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field,Central Mexico

We report on a recent finding of granulitic and gabbroic xenoliths in the Rincon de Parangueo and La Cintura maars, within the Valle de Santiago volcanic field. The field is formed by several maars, cinder cones, and shield volcanoes and is located at the northern sector of the extensive Michoacan-Guanajuato volcanic field, characterized by abundant Neogene cinder cones and medium-sized shield volcanoes. The maars are distributed along a belt elongated NW-SE, apparently related to a regional fault system that has been documented in the west-central sector of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (TMVB).

Two types of xenoliths have been distinguished—i.e., hypersthene-diopside granulites and gabbroic xenoliths—which are present in the Rincon de Parangueo and La Cintura maars, respectively. The silica content in the granulites has a narrow range between 46.9 and 50.9 wt%, plagioclase crystals are fractured and display reaction borders, and crystals appear to have grown slowly and show no compositional zoning. Silica in the gabbroic xenoliths ranges from 45.7 to 47.5 wt%. Chemical composition is similar to mafic and intermediate orthogneiss xenoliths from the San Luis Potosi maars of the Central Mexican Altiplano.

An Sm/Nd model age for the granulitic xenoliths from Rincon de Parangueo maar of 1.5 Ga supports the presence of a Precambrian lower crust. This finding challenges current models of crustal structure in central and western Mexico. The Valle de Santiago field represents the westernmost lower-crustal xenolith locality reported thus far. It lies within the Guerrero terrane that has been considered as a collage of island arcs built on oceanic lithosphere and accreted to the North American plate during late Mesozoic time. Our results support a composite nature for the Guerrero terrane and extend the limit of possible granulitic lower continental crust farther to the west of the Central Altiplano province, beneath the TMVB, than currently considered (i.e., to the east of the Guerrero terrane).     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater depression cones in Yinchuan City, Northwest China

Groundwater in Yinchuan City has been heavily over-exploited, thus leading to the formation of depression cones in confined and phreatic groundwater environments. The depression cones have an important influence on the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical fields of groundwaters. The evolution of depression cones was analyzed on the basis of the monitoring data on groundwater level accumulated in the past 14 years. The ratio of rCl-/rCa2 showed that phreatic water circulation was intensified, and confined groundwater was affected by external factors. Mass balance of Cl- showed confined water mixed with about 11% phreatic water. It is shown that the alternative function of confined water was affected by external factors. At last, the evolution of groundwater hydrochemical field on the basis of groundwater chemical composition showed that phreatic water quality has been improved whereas confined water quality has been deteriorated. Saturation indices of minerals with respect to phreatic and confined waters were calculated by using PHREEQC.     

新疆拜城阿合组、阳霞组及克孜勒努尔组的孢粉组合

拜城地区中生代陆相地层非常发育.作者在阿合组、阳霞组和克孜勒努尔组中获得了不少的孢粉化石,共鉴定有58属,93种,其中2新种和2新联合种.     

新疆塔里木盆地阿瓦提-巴楚地区石炭纪孢粉组合

通过对新疆塔里木盆地阿瓦提—巴楚地区11口探井123块石炭系孢粉样品的鉴定结果系统分析,建立了该区Rugosporaminuta-Verrucosisporitessimilis、Lycosporapusilla-Verrucosisporitesmicrotubercosus和Calamosporaliquida-Schopfipollenitesellipsoids孢粉组合3个,从而为该区石炭纪地层的划分对比提供了依据。该区早石炭世早期孢粉组合中石松植物的孢子占优势(约占总含量的80%),古蕨类植物和芦木植物的孢子含量次之,在个别样品中出现少量疑源类和虫颚化石。早石炭世晚期孢粉组合中三缝孢子占优势,并以鳞木植物的小孢子Lycospora含量很高为特征。晚石炭世孢粉组合中三缝孢子占有绝对的优势,鳞木植物的小孢子Lycospora的含量最高(占总含量的33.4%)。     

海南岛乐东盆地白垩系研究新进展

对海南岛乐东盆地白垩系进行了深入研究 ,将原报万组上部一套冲积相划分出来 ,新建长茅组 ;厘订后的报万组限定在长茅组之下 ,为一套河湖相沉积 ,二者为整合接触 ,含孢粉化石 ,时代为早白垩世最晚期到晚白垩世。     

湛江市地下水流场演变特征

文章研究了湛江市50年来的地下水流场变化特征，得出以下结论：市区中、深层承压水经过近50年的集中开采．已形成了以人工开采区为中心的区域水位降落漏斗；浅层水一直未作为集中供水水源，未形成区域水位降落漏斗。影响地下水流场变化的因素主要为开采量，其次为地下水的开采方式及水文地质条件。     

江苏省地下水开发利用中的环境地质问题及对策

江苏省地下水在开发利用过程中,由于开采布局不合理和存在＂三集中＂以及水文环境地质条件脆弱等因素,出现水位逐年下降,并形成区域性超采漏斗,致使部分地段地下水资源枯竭、水质咸化和诱发地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等诸多环境地质问题。本文着重分析全省深层地下水开发利用的四个阶段、主采层区域水位降落漏斗的发展过程和因深层水超量开采诱发的水资源枯竭、水质咸化和地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等环境地质问题的发育特征及演化趋势,从地下水资源管理和可持续发展的角度,提出地下水资源合理利用的对策建议。     

环渤海河北地区地下水环境演化研究

环渤海河北地区，由于超量开采地下水，浅层地下水流场已经由天然状态演化为人工状态，在山前平原和中部平原表现得尤为明显；深层地下水流场已经由天然状态下向渤海汇集，演化为人工开采条件下的向漏斗中心汇集。浅层地下水水质演化总体上呈现出恶化的趋势，矿化度总体呈现上升状态。重碳酸型地下水的面积有所减少，氯化物型地下水和氯化物—硫酸型地下水的面积有所增长。深层地下水水质总体上基本保持稳定状态，但是在局部地段一些孔深小于300米的井中地下水矿化度有增大的趋势。     

Annalepis zeilleri Fliche 1910 emend., un organe reproducteur de Lycophyte de la Lettenkohle de l'Est de la France. Morphologie,spores in situ et paléoécologie

Numerous dispersed and well preserved lycopsidean reproductive organs have been discovered at Wasselonne (Bas-Rhin, France) in the middle part of the Lettenkohle. They were known under the nameAnnalepis zeilleri Fliche 1910 but they passed unnoticed because of a misappreciation of their structure and of their affinities. These sporophylls, which are 2,5–4,5 cm long and 1–2 cm wide, consist of a distal triangular short limb and a proximal long winged petiole which bears adaxially a single, large and tongue-shaped sporangium. According as it is a microsporophyll or a megasporophyll, the sporangium contains small monolete microspores or large trilete megaspores which agree respectively with the dispersed microspore and megaspore generaAratrisporites Leschik andTenellisporites Potonie. The cones composed of these sporophylls must have been very large as they had a diameter of at least 14 cm. Among all the known Mesozoic lycopsidean cones they are by far the largest found as yet. From their general organization and their size, these sporophylls are quite similar to those of the CarboniferousLepidodendraceae of which they perhaps are one of the descendants. We therefore place the genusAnnalepis Fliche 1910 in the orderLepidodendrales, without being able to state the family as yet. These sporophylls also look like those of some other Triassic Lycophytes (Lycostrobus, Cylostrobus, Skilliostrobus) which also produce microspores similar to the microspore genusAratrisporites. The large distribution of these spores shows that the Lycophytes and more precisely a lepidodendralean issue had an important world-wide development during the Triassic. This lycopsid flora found in the lower part of the “Marnes bariolées” of the Alsacian Lettenkohle is the first true wittness of the permanent settlement of a swampy terrestrial flora at the border of a marine environment. It follows a coastal episode with wide carbonaceous intertidal channels, reworked mud-cracks, stromatolithes and bird's eyes, typical of the intertidal space.     

福建永安下白垩统坂头组Elatides属雌球果化石 研究

对采自福建永安市下白垩统坂头组的似纵属Elatides雌球果化石进行了宏观形态和角质层特征的研究,这些球果均单独保存,较小,果鳞较多,螺旋状紧密排列,顶端收缩呈尖刺状,与Elatides的特征相符。根据球果的形态、果鳞及其球果中轴的特征,将这些球果鉴定为3个种,即永安似纵(新种)Elatides yonganensis Dai et Sun, sp. nov.、弯叶似纵(相似种)Elatides cf. curvifolius及一未定种Elatides sp.。其中重点描述了新种E. yonganensis的形态特征,该球果以中轴呈波状,果鳞顶端较长、较尖,腹面具有锯齿状的膜质小舌,每一果鳞具有大概5枚种子而区别于以前报道的任一已知种。同时对中国的Elatides化石记录进行了收集整理,Elatides属的球果化石在福建永安坂头组的发现表明其分布区可达25°N,丰富了该属植物的化石记录并扩大了其分布范围。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gagariostrobus cylindricus</Emphasis> (Prynada) Mogutcheva and the Permian—Triassic Ecosystem Flora Reorganization in the Tunguska Basin

The ecosystem reorganization of terrestrial vegetation in the Tunguska River basin, which occurred at the Permian—Triassic boundary, was analyzed. The taxonomic composition of Early Triassic floras of the Tunguska basin involved nearly all the main groups of higher plants, typical of floras of the early Mesophytic, which allows one to study in detail the dynamics of the appearance and the early evolution of the Mesozoic vegetation in the region. The reproductive organs of Gagariostrobus cylindricus (Prynada) Mogutcheva have been described in detail on the basis of the comprehensive study of the type and new materials. In situ spores of Gagariostrobus cylindricus have been studied for the first time with the scanning electron microscope, and the spores have been characterized with an indication of their variation modes. The graphic reconstruction of the Gagariostrobus cylindricus strobilus has been proposed, and data on the status of the parent plant that produced the strobili have been analyzed.     

塔里木盆地泥盆系——石炭系界线研究

塔里木盆地泥盆系－石炭系东河塘组,甘木里克组和巴楚组产生丰富的孢子,牙形刺和鱼化石,本文依据古生物地层的最新研究成果,论述了东河塘组和甘木里克组（含砾砂岩段）的时代为晚泥盆世,巴楚组（下泥岩段和生屑灰岩段）的时代限于早石炭世早期,论证了泥盆系一石炭系界线应划在含砾砂岩段和下泥岩段之间。     

Drag on non-spherical particles in power law non-Newtonian media

The free settling velocity of cylinders and disks falling in quiescent Newtonian and power law liquids has been measured over wide ranges of experimental conditions of the particle Reynolds number (10^− 5–∼300), power law flow behaviour index (0.31–1) and the length-to-diameter ratio, ∼0.4–∼14. The corresponding range of sphericity is 0.62 to 0.86. An existing drag expression which has been tested extensively for spherical particles falling in Newtonian and in power law fluids has been slightly modified here for non-spherical particles. In particular, the use of this drag expression necessitates a knowledge of an equal volume sphere diameter (to evaluate the Reynolds number and drag coefficient) and the ratio of the surface area to the projected area of a non-spherical particle. With these modifications, the approach outlined here reproduces the present and the literature data for a wide range of non-spherical particles including cones, prisms, needles, cylinders settling in both Newtonian and power law fluids with reasonable levels of accuracy.     

抚顺盆地下第三系耿家街组孢粉组合及其地质意义

抚顺盆地下第三系经系统的采样、分析、鉴定,发现了丰富的孢粉化石,特别是首次在耿家街组内发现了大量的孢粉化石,填补了以往的空白,为本区有争议的地层(耿家街组)的时代讨论提供了重要的化石依据。根据孢粉组合特征,将耿家街组的时代定为始新世中晚期,孢粉植物群表明该组沉积时期本区发育了常绿、落叶阔叶树为主的森林植被,反映温暖湿润的亚热带—暖温带气候特征。     

早白垩世Ruffordia goepperti的原位孢子及与分散孢子的关系

海金沙特的Ｒｕｆｆｏｒｄｉａ ｇｏｅｐｐｅｒｔｉ（Ｄｕｎｋｅｒ）Ｓｅｗａｒｄ是世界上早白垩世极为重要的蕨类植物。通过对比发现,Ｒｕｆｆｏｒｄｉａ ｇｏｅｐｐｅｒｔｉ原位孢子的形态和细微纹饰与地层中分散孢子Ｃｉｃａｔｒｉｃｏｓｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｃｏｏｋｓｏｎ）Ｐｏｔｏｎｉｅ和Ｃ．ｍｉｎｏｒ（Ｂｏｌｃｈ．）Ｐｏｃｏｃｋ一致,而且大化石与分散孢子的地史、地理分布范围也相同,     

江苏沿海地区深层地下水开发利用现状及环境地质问题

江苏沿海地区深层地下水在开发利用过程中，由于开采布局不合理和存在“三集中”(开采层次集中、开采地段集中、开采时间集中)以及水文环境地质条件脆弱等因素，出现水位逐年下降，并形成区域性降落漏斗，致使部分地段地下水资源枯竭、水质成化和诱发地面沉降等诸多环境地质问题。本文着重分析沿海地区深层地下水开发利用的6个阶段(初级、城市开采、城市超采、区域超采、区域控制开采和区域压缩开采阶段)、区域降落漏斗的3个发展过程(1986年、1995年和2002年)和因深层水超量开采诱发的水资源枯竭、水质成化和地面沉降等环境地质问题的发育特征及演化趋势，从地下水资源管理和可持续发展的角度，提出深层水的保护规划、浅层咸水、海水资源的开发利用、实行强制节水、污水资源化和发展海洋性产业的对策建议。     

Influence of south-to-north water diversion on major cones of depression in North China Plain

The developments of cones of depression in the North China Plain (NCP) were studied to determine the possible impact of the proposed South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) on groundwater levels. In the past five decades, the exploitation of groundwater in the NCP has been excessive. Numerous hydrological and hydrogeological problems were caused by the gradual decline of the water table in the NCP. In order to protect groundwater resources and alleviate hydrogeological problems, the SNWDP was proposed to progressively solve the shortage of water resources in northern China. In this paper, the development of cones of depression was studied to determine the possible impact of the hydrological engineering, the SNWDP. In the study, a numerical model for regional groundwater flow was created using MODFLOW. The results showed that the SNWDP is beneficial for groundwater recovery in the NCP. The area of cones of depression will be reduced to varying degrees. Some immense groundwater cones will gradually shrink. However, it will take a long time to recover groundwater environment in the NCP.     

闽西南“丁屋岭砾岩”孢子的发现

闽西南丁屋岭一带浅变质岩系中夹持着一套紫红色粗碎屑岩系 ,1970年《长汀幅》区域地质调查时将其划为震旦系南沱组下段 ,之后改称丁屋岭组下段 (习称“丁屋岭砾岩”) ,认为是澄江运动或晋宁运动的产物。长期以来因缺少化石 ,对其地层划分和时代归属一直存在争议。本次《瑞金市幅》区调工作首次在“丁屋岭砾岩”中获得孢子 ,为将“丁屋岭砾岩”置于上泥盆统提供了有力证据