The Variegated Landscape of Local Immigration Policies in the United States

Hundreds of municipalities and counties across the United States have proposed or implemented immigration policies at the local level, ranging from "sanctuary" policies to those designed to exclude undocumented immigrants. Data collected on these policies are presented, and statistically analyzed at the municipal level to interrogate existing hypotheses about factors driving these policy decisions. Municipalities experiencing rapid growth of their foreign-born population and with a high percentage of owner-occupied housing are more likely to introduce exclusionary policies, whereas municipalities with better educated populations are more likely to adopt inclusionary policies. The location of municipalities in the U.S. South and outside central cities is also associated with exclusionary policies. Textual analysis of policy documents for selected municipalities provides insight into why similarly located places adopt contrasting policies. Local ordinances reflect contrasting local imaginaries of race, nation, and place.     

Factors Affecting Domestic Water Consumption on the Spanish Mediterranean Coastline

During the last decades on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline there has been a great development of low-density urban areas, as well as a change in the sociodemographic structures, especially in the municipalities that have developed a residential tourism model. Likewise, urban and tourist development have stressed the balance between the availability of water resources and urban water demands, generating situations of scarcity that might be aggravated by climate change. This study identifies the determinants of water consumption on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, focusing on the variables related to urban land uses and socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables at the municipal level using an ordinary least square (OLS) and a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. The GWR model results substantially improved the results of the OLS model, explaining 88.27 percent of the variance in domestic water consumption and solving the spatial autocorrelation problem of some independent variables. The most influential variables include the percentage of second homes or the percentage of residential properties with swimming pools at the municipal level. These characteristics must be considered to develop demand management policies and an updated hydrological planning to ensure urban supply in a future with less available water resources.     

乡村旅游政策变迁影响路径的组态视角研究——基于黄山案例地的定性比较分析

在中国制度背景下,乡村旅游的发展与政策变迁紧密相关。论文采用多变量交互作用的清晰集定性比较分析(csQCA)方法,基于多源流理论探索乡村旅游政策变迁的动力机制,分析由组织/领导变更、乡村规划政策变更、本地文化政策变更、东道主居民参与以及旅游市场舆情组成的乡村旅游政策变迁影响的构型。研究发现：① 单项因素影响中,组织/领导的变更对文旅局层面的旅游政策出台产生了更大的影响力,东道主居民参与在市级政策的出台上产生了更大的影响力,但所有单因素均不构成乡村旅游政策变迁的必要条件;② 在可能形成的32条路径组合中,存在4个充分性条件的特定组合路径影响市级层面的乡村旅游政策变迁,3个充分性条件特定组合路径影响文旅局层面的乡村旅游政策变迁;③ 对于市级旅游政策变迁来说,乡村规划政策变更、旅游市场舆情和东道主居民参与具有同等重要的影响力,旅游部门的领导变更在组合中影响力相对较小;④ 对于文旅局层面的政策变更来说,组织领导变更、乡村规划政策变更、本地文化政策变更具有同等重要的影响力,东道主居民参与和旅游市场舆情在路径中影响较小;⑤ 多源流的政策变迁动力下旅游政策的效应涉及社会民生等多领域。研究可为未来政策研究领域的深入与政策制定提供参照。     

长株潭地区行政区划调整研究

长株潭自古一体,但1951年以来成为了3个行政区.长沙市、株洲市、湘潭市各自发展,已发展成为长株潭联合大都市区.处于转型期的行政区经济严重影响长株潭联合大都市区、长株潭地区发展.消化或解除这种影响,必须调整行政区划.行政区划的调整一是保持3个市格局的小调整,二是与3个市市制有关的大调整,大调整优于小调整.大调整有3个市合并,省管县制、3个市市区合并为1个市,省管县制、缩小的3个市之上设立联合政府3种方案,第二方案最优.     

The Nested Global City-Region: Intermunicipal Income Stratification in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region, 1980-2007

This study investigates whether or not income stratification by place has widened within the Tokyo Metropolitan Region (TMR) over the past 30 years. Its analysis shows that although income stratification among the TMR's 228 municipalities has expanded noticeably since 1980, it has remained far less severe than that in America's three largest metropolitan regions, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Declining regional industrial employment, expanding national income inequality, falling land prices in the region's core, and the entrepreneurial waterfront redevelopment policies of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) were some of the catalysts that propelled this rise in stratification in the TMR. Conversely, the region's unique racial-ethnic context and the municipal merger policies of Japanese Government were two of the factors keeping its level of income inequality far below that of America's largest urban regions. These findings support the position of Nested City theorists, who claim that embedded forces remain the most decisive determinants of growth trajectories in the TMR.     

Spatial and Socioeconomic Effects of Social Housing Policies Implemented in Neoliberal Chile: The Case of Valparaíso

In this article, we examine the sociospatial effects of market-driven social housing policies implemented in neoliberal Chile. The study area encompasses the Valparaíso—Viña del Mar conurbation and its surrounding peri-urban and peripheral municipalities. To analyze the urban dynamic between 1990 and 2005 we use data showing the allocation of social housing complexes built during three time periods, socioeconomic data disaggregated at the district level, and semistructured interviews conducted with strategic actors from the public and private sectors. We conclude that private developers are increasingly building social housing complexes in peripheral municipalities, fragmenting the sociospatial landscape and concentrating poor families in ghetto-like compounds. We also encountered local governments (municipalities) with little capacity to mobilize the resources that they hold, and communities that remain disconnected from their local representatives.     

80年代我国人口性别比的变动及其省区差异

本文根据有关资料,讨论了80年代我国人口性别比的变动特点及其省区差异,认为我国人口性别比上升的主要原因是出生性别比的变化,最后分析了人口性别比上升对我国男性婚姻的影响。     

Cultural heritage management and local development in a South Sámi and Norse mountainous borderland

The article discusses how municipal planning and management can enable South Sámi and Norse cultural history to contribute to local development in two sparsely populated mountain municipalities in south-east Norway. The authors’ methods comprised document studies of relevant planning documents and treatment of single cases, and interviews with actors at different levels, who were responsible for cultural heritage, land use planning, industrial development and reindeer husbandry. The findings revealed that the organization of cultural heritage management was extremely fragmented in terms of responsibilities, activities and localization. Responsibility for managing Norse and Sámi cultural heritage is divided between counties and the Sámi Parliament, and the municipalities have no legal responsibilities. This fragmentation contributes to the neglect and marginalization of cultural heritage management in general, and especially the management of Sámi cultural heritage. The discourse of attractiveness based on competing for in-migration from other municipalities holds a hegemonic position in both municipal master planning and regional planning. The authors conclude that a different approach based on local community development, namely the residential place, should be prioritized, whereby cultural heritage is used to strengthen the inhabitants’ knowledge, identity and ‘sense of place’.     

上海城市废弃物增长的环境库兹涅茨特征研究

对上海1978～2000年人均GDP与城市废弃物增长数据的拟合计算表明,上海城区废弃物增长与人均GDP之间存在比较明显的环境库兹涅茨二次曲线特征。理论计算显示:上海城市废弃物环境库兹涅茨曲线的转折点为人均GDP约33441元,对应的城市废弃物达到相应的理论计算峰值约779万吨。上海的人均GDP在2000年已经达到34547元,相应的城市废弃物清运量为741万吨,略为低于理论拟合计算峰值;说明上海城市废弃物增长的演变在2000年前后的一段时期,总体已经处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的理论峰值转折点附近。可以认为,随着上海人均GDP的持续增长,今后一段时期内上海城市废弃物的总量增长会逐步减缓,而建立体现生产者责任的市场调控废弃物管理公共政策,将有利于加快这一趋势。     

Urbanization of Capital or Capitalization on Urban Land? Land Development and Local Public Finance in Urbanizing China

This study examines the relationship between urban land development and municipal finance in a Chinese regional economy undergoing rapid urbanization. Drawing upon insights from the perspective of political economy, this study analyzes how municipalities in coastal Jiangsu Province have engaged in the land-dominated urbanization process, and the developmental landscape that has emerged from the new approach toward local public finance. Land development has not functioned simply as a passive outcome of urbanization, but has been actively pursued by local governments as a means of revenue generation to finance local economic growth. An inverse correlation is found between the growth of land conveyance income and the level of the regional economies in China's administrative hierarchy. We call for greater attention to be directed to the interrelationship between land development, local public finance, and urbanization in the ongoing transformation of the Chinese political economy.     

Commuting and regional integration in Norway

The present paper is based on a final report of a project carried out for the Ministry of Local Government and Labour (Helvig 1994). The report forms background material for a forthcoming ‘Report 10 rile Stortiitg’ (the Parliament) from the Ministry, on the county and municipal boundary situation in Norway. The aim of the study has been to define and delimit approximately 60 urban regions in Norway, using existing official statistics on population, urban settlements and commuting. Eleven major regions were selected for a more detailed and accurate delimitation and mapping of the commuting hinterlands of the central municipalities of the regions. This work uses commuting data from the 1990 Population Census, presented at enumeration district level.     

中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的时空格局及影响因素

基于2003—2017年中国30个省份的数据,探究城市生活垃圾处理能力的时空格局,并构建动态面板数据模型实证检验中国城市生活垃圾处理能力的影响因素。研究结果表明,考察期内城市生活垃圾处理能力存在空间发展不平衡问题;进一步利用Dagum基尼系数测算城市生活垃圾处理能力的空间差距并将其进行分解,其中,东部地区的地区内差距最大,地区间差距则以东部地区和西部地区之间最大,而超变密度则是空间差距的主要来源;此外,通过回归模型发现人均GDP、专利授权数、城镇化水平以及无害化处理厂数目的提升将促进城市生活垃圾处理能力的提高。     

Entrepreneurial city and the restructuring of urban space in Shanghai Expo

ABSTRACT

This study examines the restructuring of urban space brought about by Shanghai Expo. The focus is on how the municipal government strategically makes use of this mega-event program to proactively implement two entrepreneurial spatial policies, namely economic restructuring and population decentralization. Specifically, it critically investigates the omnipotent government’s policies in terms of industrial relocation and residential resettlement leading up to the Shanghai Expo. Shanghai’s entrepreneurial city building, at the metropolitan level, has long been associated with the optimization of spatial structure. The empirical findings reveal that the negotiations involved in relocating enterprises were tougher when they took place within the state system, as compared to those between the government and foreign or private sectors. At the same time, social groups remained excluded from decision-making processes for resettlement, and there was a downscaling of governance, which contributed to improved efficiency of the resettlement work. The Shanghai municipal government was key to the restructuring and entrepreneurial city building, engaging, on the one hand, in negotiations on spatial relocation with central state-owned enterprises (SOEs) at the level of the central government and mobilizing, on the other hand, lower-tier government authorities to deliver the resettlement plan. This paper argues that the development of the entrepreneurial city in Shanghai depends essentially on the way local government implemented the policy and that an integrated approach is significant to attaining the goals and objectives.     

中美及中国周边海洋国家地缘政治关系时空演化

利用全球新闻媒体数据库对中美及中国周边海洋国家的事件关注度和事件影响力进行测算,刻画中美及中国周边海洋国家间地缘政治关系的阶段演变特征,通过社会网络分析法探索不同阶段中美及中国周边海洋国家地缘政治关系的网络特征及热点国家.研究发现:①1991-2018年中美及中国周边海洋国家地缘政治关系演变划分2个阶段:第一阶段(19...     

中国城市市政基础设施水平影响因子及非均衡性——基于城市分层分析框架

采用因子分析、空间统计分析、总体差异指数及分解等方法,分析2006年、2011年、2016年中国36个重点城市,253个普通地级市和338个县级市的市政基础设施因子、非均衡性及与经济发展水平关系的演变情况.研究表明:①不同层级城市市政基础设施的因子、非均衡性、空间分布及演变情况既有共同点,也有不同点.②"十八大"以来,...     

中国多维城市空间结构与地区收入差距

基于DSMP/OLS全球夜间灯光数据,衡量了1992-2013年市域、省域、省际3个维度的城市空间结构,分析其对地区收入差距的影响程度及作用机制。研究发现,市域维度上城市空间结构越集聚,地区收入差距越小,而省域及省际维度上二者关系相反,城市空间结构越集聚、地区收入差距越大。同时考察了对应维度上的产业结构特征、人力资本水平、外商投资比重、政府财政支出、固定资产投资对上述关系的影响。结果发现,非中心城市的二产比重、人力资本水平、外商投资比重越高,对应维度上的地区收入差距越小,而政府财政支出和固定资产投资在不同维度上的作用不尽一致。     

Employment growth,human capital and educational levels: uneven urban and regional development in Denmark 2002–2012

Contemporary studies in urban and regional development stress the importance of large city-regions as key places in modern capitalism taking the form of agglomerations of economic activities by industries, firms and highly skilled people. In this article, we challenge the strong focus on academic human capital in understanding regional growth. We examine to what extent different labour competences and capabilities relate to municipal employment growth using nine stratified, educational categories as proxies for different levels of human capital. Dividing municipalities into four spatial categories ranging from the urban to the peripheral, we conclude that there is a strong spatial distinction of educational structures with an urban bias, and that educational categories other than academic human capital can make an important contribution to our understanding of what drives employment growth on the municipal level.     

Unemployment in Non-Metropolitan Australia: integrating geography,social and individual contexts

Despite a significant period of strong economic and jobs growth nationally, there is well-established evidence in Australia that the proceeds of this growth have not been shared equally, either between places or between individuals. Empirically, it is well known that particular socioeconomic groups have a higher risk of unemployment and it has become equally well established that there are particular geographic patterns of labour market disadvantage that suggest that local geographic context is also important. What is not well understood are the ways in which phenomena at the geographic level are associated with individual-level characteristics and other social contexts in ways that negatively impact on a range of social outcomes, including unemployment. The present paper specifically addresses this issue by using a multi-scalar approach and using survey data from the Housing, Income and Labour Force Dynamics Australia (HILDA) survey and aggregate level census data to model unemployment risk. The paper argues that to better understand unemployment and to add to sound policy development, approaches that incorporate a variety of contexts, including the impact of local geographies, are important.     

中国绿色生产效率区域差异及空间格局演变

绿色生产效率评价是评估中国生态文明建设和经济转型可行性的重要途径。基于“人地协调”理念和“过程+格局”思维,建立了衡量绿色生产效率的投入—产出指标,采用数据包络分析法对中国30个省(市、区)近10年的绿色生产效率进行测度,运用熵值法、基尼系数、探索性空间数据分析、空间自相关等方法,结合ArcGIS、Geoda软件,对中国2005-2014绿色生产效率差异以及空间格局的时空演变进行研究。结果表明：①2005-2014年中国绿色生产效率呈上升趋势,呈现从“大差距低水平”向“小差距高水平”转变的时序特征;②2005-2014年中国四大地区绿色生产效率呈现东部地区>东北地区>中部地区>西部地区的空间分异特征;③中国绿色生产效率呈现东高西低的率三级阶梯空间格局特征;④中国各省(市、区)绿色生产效率值与相邻地区存在相似性,表现出一定的空间集聚特征;⑤经济发展基础和差别化的资源环境区域政策是绿色生产效率区域差异的主要因素。     

Ethnic change and diversity in England, 1981–2001

The paper compares ethnic change and diversity across two recent decades using common group and area definitions. Ethnic minority groups are shown to be growing rapidly at 41 per cent between 1981 and 1991 and 39 per cent between 1991 and 2001. Some groups have grown swiftly (Black Africans, Bangladeshis), while others have seen moderate expansion (Indians, Other Asians). The White population has hardly grown and the White British population has probably declined. Black and Ethnic Minority (BEM) populations remain concentrated in metropolitan areas in 2001 as in 1991 and 1981. Whereas between 1981 and 1991, BEM groups were concentrating into metropolitan areas, between 1991 and 2001 deconcentration began for most groups. The London region stands out as highly dominant, housing more than 50 per cent of BEM populations as a whole in 1991 and 2001. However, between 1991 and 2001, BEM groups grew outside their core areas. The consequence of BEM population growth and spread has been a dramatic increase in ethnic diversity in all regions.