大气可吸入颗粒物解析技术研究进展

大气颗粒物源解析技术在环境管理中发挥着越来越重要的作用.本文从受体模型以及源解析技术发展的趋势两方面介绍了大气颗粒物源解析技术的研究进展.     

银川市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)来源解析

通过对银川市四个季度PM10样品采集和主要排放源(煤烟尘、土壤尘、建筑尘、冶炼尘)样品及地面扬尘样品采集,分析了其中的17种元素含量,用化学元素平衡法(CEB)定量计算了各主要排放源对PM10的贡献。结果表明：四类源之间PM10的元素含量有明显差异,四类源对PM10的贡献之和介于80～90％,平均为86．5％。春、夏、秋季各源贡献率差别不大,冬季差异明显,地面扬尘是PM10的重要来源。说明银川市治理PM10的主要对象是煤烟尘、地面扬尘及周边包括外来沙尘在内的土壤尘。     

武汉市居民区大气VOCs的污染特征和来源解析

于2016年7月-2017年6月在武汉市典型居民区对大气中101种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了监测,以便研究武汉市典型居民区周边VOCs的组成特征和变化规律,并探讨了其主要来源.结果表明,武汉市空气中VOCs的体积分数为（46.24±24.57）×10^-9,表现为烷烃>含氧有机物>烯烃>卤代烃>芳香烃.受交通排放影响烷烃的比例上午高于下午,1月机动车尾气为武汉市主要的VOCs排放源,夏季含氧类化合物浓度高于冬季,可能更多地受本地喷涂等溶剂使用行业和光化学反应生成的影响,5-9月表现出明显的生物源排放特征.利用正交矩阵因子分析（PMF）得到武汉市居民区大气VOCs主要有6个来源,分别为燃烧源、机动车尾气、工业排放、溶剂使用、汽油挥发和植物排放.其中,燃烧源、机动车尾气贡献比例最高,是该区域VOCs控制的重要排放源.     

银川市大气可吸入颗粒物质量浓度特征研究

利用银川市1983-1987年常规环境监测资料，系统分析了银川市大气可吸入颗粒物IPM的质量浓度特征。结果表明，银川市大气中PM2.5占IPM的比例，冬季采暖期明显高于春季风沙期和非采暖期；城市各功能区在春季、夏秋季和冬季，其IPM质量浓度谱均在0．58μm处出现峰值；冬季IPM中约有50％以上来自PM2.5的贡献，说明冬季燃煤采暖是细粒子的重要排放源之一，是细粒子污染最严重的季节；不同李节各功能区IPM谱分布出现多个峰值，是来自不同模态粒子相互作用的结果；春季风沙期、夏秋季非采暖期IPM的质量中值直径D均大于冬季；而冬季采暖期σg。最小，说明该季节颗粒物分散程度最小。     

气象因子对哈密市大气可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响分析

采用2007-2008年哈密市气象及环境数据,分析可吸入颗粒物(PM10)对哈密市空气质量的影响以及风速风向、沙尘天气、降水、气温、气压、相对湿度与PM10浓度的相互关系.结果表明:哈密市的首要污染物为可吸入颗粒物.偏西风能够明显增大PM1o浓度.当平均风速＜2.0 m/s时,随着风速的增大PM10浓度逐渐减小;平均风...     

PMF和PCA/APCS模型对南京北郊大气VOCs源解析对比研究

利用PMF模型和PCA/APCS模型对南京北郊大气VOCs进行定性和定量的源解析,并对比了两种模型的结果。结果表明：PMF模型对不同VOCs种类的模拟效果差别较大,而PCA/APCS对不同VOCs种类的模拟效果相近;PMF模型解析的源个数多于PCA/APCS模型,两种模型结果的源性质方面存在很大相似性,但PCA/APCS模型未能区分汽油挥发和汽车尾气源;两种模型源解析出的植物排放源、工业生产源的贡献率较接近,而其他源的贡献率存在差异,PCA/APCS模型解析的溶剂使用源的贡献率高于PMF模型结果,PMF模型解析出的汽油挥发+汽车尾气源的贡献率高于PCA/APCS模型结果。     

呼市市区大气总悬浮物微粒来源解析

以呼和浩特市大气的重点污染物大气总悬浮物微粒（简称TSP）为研究对象，利用呼市环保局12年的监测资料，对呼市TSP污染进行了综合分析评价；并采用了美国CMB7软件为基础进行了汉化处理的R模式，对呼市大气TSP中的源强分布进行了计算和分析，得出了不同污染源对大气TSP浓度的贡献率，较好地实现TSP来源解析。提出了防治呼市大气污染的措施和建议。     

南京市总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）及地面积尘来源解析

本文使用受体模型中的化学元素平衡法（CMB）对南京市的大气总量浮颗粒物（TSP）来源进行解析研究，同时对地面积尘进行解析，结果表明建筑尘对TSP的贡献为31％－45％，位列第一，其次是煤烟（20％－38％），土壤尘（15％－23％），冶炼尘（＜3％），对地面积尘的解析结果也与TSP相同，该文的结果为污染物的防治提供决策依据。     

泰州市大气挥发性有机物化学组分特征、活性及来源解析

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是臭氧和大气颗粒物的重要前体物,本研究利用在线气相色谱-质谱仪（Online-GC-MS）于2018年5—6月对江苏省泰州市大气中98种VOCs进行监测,依据监测结果对泰州市大气VOCs的组成特征、日变化趋势进行分析,对醛酮类VOCs数据进行参数化拟合探究其一次二次贡献,并采用正矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）对VOCs数据进行来源分析,用最大增量反应活性（MIR）计算臭氧生成潜势（OFP）.研究结果表明：泰州市大气VOCs中烷烃占比最高,其次为醛酮;烷烃、烯烃、卤代烃和芳香烃浓度日变化趋势明显,特征相近;参数化方法表明醛类物质主要来自于二次生成,而酮类物质主要来自一次排放;PMF模型结果表明泰州市VOCs的主要贡献源分别为机动车排放、油气溶剂挥发、生物质燃烧、其他工业和天然源;OFP的主要贡献物种为烯烃类,占比34.18%.研究结果表明,控制工业排放和溶剂使用是泰州市大气污染物控制的重点.     

生物质燃烧颗粒物中有机质及源解析研究进展

对近年来有关生物质燃烧排放的颗粒物中有机化合物和有机示踪物的研究进展进行了综述,分析了各国学者根据有机示踪物研究城市大气颗粒物中生物质燃烧和其他排放源对空气污染的贡献,对以后的相关研究具有借鉴意义．     

A stochastic model of particle dispersion in the atmosphere

Stochastic models of turbulent atmospheric dispersion treat either the particle displacement or particle velocity as a continuous time Markov process. An analysis of these processes using stochastic differential equation theory shows that previous particle displacement models have not correctly simulated cases in which the diffusivity is a function of vertical position. A properly formulated Markov displacement model which includes a time-dependent settling velocity, deposition and a method to simulate boundary conditions in which the flux is proportional to the concentration is presented. An estimator to calculate the mean concentration from the particle positions is also introduced. In addition, we demonstrate that for constant coefficients both the velocity and displacement models describe the same random process, but on two different time scales. The stochastic model was verified by comparison with analytical solutions of the atmospheric dispersion problem. The Monte Carlo results are in close agreement with these solutions.This work partially performed at Sandia National Laboratories supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC04-76DP00789.     

On the motion of a small particle in the atmosphere

Equations of motion, valid for a water droplet or a dust particle less than about 50Μm in radius moving through the air, are derived. Thus, the behaviour of a particle in some simple nonuniform fluid flows is discussed. In particular, it is found that a particle may follow an approximately closed trajectory in an axisymmetric flow about a horizontal axis. Thus, it is argued that turbulence should cause particles to fall at a much slower rate than their terminal velocity, even in the absence of a mean updraft.     

Observation of regional new particle formation in the urban atmosphere

Long-term measurements of fine particle number-size distributions were carried out over 9.5 yr (May 1997–December 2006), in the urban background atmosphere of Helsinki. The total number of days was 3528 with about 91.9% valid data. A new particle formation event (NPF) is defined if a distinct nucleation mode of aerosol particles is observed below 25 nm for several hours, and it shows a growth pattern. We observed 185 NPF events, 111 d were clear non-events and most of the days (around 83.5%) were undefined. The observed events were regional because they were observed at Hyytiälä (250 km north of Helsinki). The events occurred most frequently during spring and autumn. The observed formation rate was maximum during the spring and summer (monthly median 2.87 cm⁻³ s⁻¹) and the modal growth rate was maximum during late summer and Autumn (monthly median 6.55 nm h⁻¹). The events were observed around noon, and the growth pattern often continued on the following day. The observation of weak NPF events was hindered due to pre-existing particles from both local sources. It is clear that regional NPF events have a clear influence on the dynamic behaviour of aerosol particles in the urban atmosphere.     

基于变分技术的天气雷达速度退模糊算法的改进研究

为有效地识别和提取多普勒天气雷达风场信息,对Gao和Droegemeier提出的基于变分技术的多普勒雷达径向速度数据退模糊方法进行了改进。原方法中将背景风场、方位和径向速度距离梯度信息同时作为约束条件,对Nyquist数进行校正。但是该方法在迭代过程中使用了大量的数值分析和偏微分方程计算,造成径向速度场过度平滑和数据失真。针对这个问题,改进算法在得到径向速度分析场后,结合原始径向速度观测场,通过图像变化检测法,自动识别存在速度模糊的区域及计算需要校正的Nyquist数,对观测场的模糊区域进行校正。利用强对流天气和台风过程的雷达体扫数据验证了改进算法的可行性,并与原始算法及业务应用的WSR-88D算法对比。结果表明:改进算法有效地解决了原始算法中的不足,恢复真实的风场结构和分布特征,改善了退速度模糊的质量,从而得到更为合理的径向速度观测场;并且该算法退模糊效果优于WSR-88D算法,有助于为科研和业务应用服务。     

用方差分析法作中长期预报的改进

采用一元回归方法统计历年各月（旬）的气象要素资料,消除了季节的差异和气候变化的影响,进行标准化处理后,使不同月或旬之间的数据具有可比性。并将标准化数据按时间顺序排列,作为原始序列进行方差分析,提高了拟和率和预报确率。     

A study of aerosol particle sizes in the atmosphere of Athens,Greece, retrieved from solar spectral measurements

This work aims at determining the aerosol particle radii in the atmosphere of Athens. Such a work is carried out in Athens for the first time. For this purpose, solar spectral direct-beam irradiance measurements were used in the spectral range 310–575 nm. To estimate the particle radius from aerosol optical depth retrieval, a minimization technique was employed based on the golden-section search of the difference between experimental and theoretical values of the aerosol optical depth. The necessary Mie computations were performed based on the algorithm LVEC.In this study, the mean particle radius of a given distribution was calculated every 30 min during cloudless days in the period November 1996 to September 1997. The largest particles were observed in the summer and the smallest during winter. The result was verified by the increased values of the aerosol optical depth and the turbidity factors calculated in the summer. The differences in the diurnal variation from season to season are attributed to the prevailing wind regime, pollutant emission and sink rates in the atmosphere of Athens.     

A study of aerosol particle sizes in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece, retrieved from solar spectral measurements

This work aims at determining the aerosol particle radii in the atmosphere of Athens. Such a work is carried out in Athens for the first time. For this purpose, solar spectral direct-beam irradiance measurements were used in the spectral range 310–575 nm. To estimate the particle radius from aerosol optical depth retrieval, a minimization technique was employed based on the golden-section search of the difference between experimental and theoretical values of the aerosol optical depth. The necessary Mie computations were performed based on the algorithm LVEC.In this study, the mean particle radius of a given distribution was calculated every 30 min during cloudless days in the period November 1996 to September 1997. The largest particles were observed in the summer and the smallest during winter. The result was verified by the increased values of the aerosol optical depth and the turbidity factors calculated in the summer. The differences in the diurnal variation from season to season are attributed to the prevailing wind regime, pollutant emission and sink rates in the atmosphere of Athens.     

大气准双周振荡的研究进展

大气准双周振荡(Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation,QBWO)主要是指时间尺度为10~20 d的振荡,它是大气中重要的低频系统之一,是在研究季风天气及其相联系的季风系统时被发现的。QBWO对大范围的长期天气变化及异常有着重要影响,且具有全球性和多季性。本文较系统总结了近年来QBWO的研究成果,主要对其结构、活动特征,以及它对天气气候的影响及其激发维持机制等进行了综述。在此基础上,对今后的一些研究重点进行了展望。     

Evaluation of a catalytic reduction technique for the measurement of total reactive odd-nitrogen NO y in the atmosphere

A catalytic reduction technique for the measurement of total reactive odd-nitrogen NO _y in the atmosphere was evaluated in laboratory and field tests. NO _y component species include NO, NO₂, NO₃, HNO₃, N₂O₅, CH₃COO₂NO₂(PAN), and particulate nitrate. The technique utilizes the reduction of the higher oxides to NO in reaction with CO on a metal catalyst and the subsequent detection of NO by chemiluminescence produced in reaction with O₃. The efficiency and linearity of the conversion of the principal NO _y species were examined for mixing ratios in the range of 0.1 to 100 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Results of tests with Au, Ni, and stainless steel as the catalyst in the temperature range of 25–500°C showed Au to be the preferred catalyst. NH₃, HCN, N₂O, CH₄, and various chlorine and sulfur compounds were checked as possible sources of NO _y interference with the Au catalyst. The effects of pressure, O₃, and H₂O on NO _y conversion were also examined. The results of the checks and tests in the laboratory showed the technique to be suitable for initial NO _y measurements in the atmosphere. The technique was subsequently tested in ambient air at a remote ground-based field site located near Niwot Ridge, Colorado. The results of conversion and inlet tests made in the field and a summary of the NO _y data are included in the discussion.