气象条件对天然牧草生长发育及产量形成的影响

本文用1987—1990年乌鲁未齐牧业气象试验站天然牧草生育期和产量与温度、降水、日照时数观测资料,分析了气象条件对天然牧草生长发育及产量形成的影响。结果表明:不同品种牧草春季返青的温度指标不同,喜凉牧草为-1～-2℃,喜温牧草为4.6℃;黄枯期温度指标为6.3～9.1℃;热量条件可满足牧草生长发育及产量形成的需要。干草重与气象条件的相关性比鲜草重与气象条件的相关性好;不同要素中,降水量的相关性最好,积温居中,日照时数最差;用积温、降水量可监测天然草场牧草干重。     

青海甘德地区气候变化特征及其对牧草产量的影响分析

利用甘德地区1994—2016年牧草产量资料和1976—2016年月平均气温、月降水量等气象资料,采用相关分析、气候倾向率等方法分析该地区牧草产量和气候因子变化特征,以及气象因子和牧草产量之间相关关系。分析结果表明:1994—2016年甘德地区牧草产量以每10a按271.5(kg/hm~2)速率呈显著增加趋势;1976—2016年甘德地区年平均降水量和日照时数以11.6mm/10a和-18.9h/10a的速率呈不显著的增加和减少趋势,降水量增加主要体现在春、夏、冬季,秋季呈偏少趋势;日照时数除夏季增加外,其余季节呈减少趋势;年平均气温以0.41℃/10a的速率呈极显著增温,四季气温增加在各个季节均有体现且秋季增温对年气温升温贡献率最大;牧草产量和同期温度、降水(除秋季外)之间呈正相关,但温度变化对牧草产量的影响要大于降水量的影响。     

《中国精细化农业气候资源图集》

分为五部分:第一部分为全国不同农作物主要种植区分布图及其评述。第二部分为旬、月、季、年(1981—2010年)平均气温, 平均最高气温,平均最低气温,极端最高气温,极端最低气温,日最高气温≥35℃的最多日数。第三部分为旬、月、季、年(1981—2010年)降水量,降水日数分布图及其评述。第四部分为旬、月、季、年(1981—2010年)日照时数,日照百分率分布图及其评述。第五部分为(1981—2010年)稳定通过0℃、5℃、10℃、12℃、15℃等界限温度的积温、降水量、日照时数分布图及其评述。该书可供从事农业、气象以及气候资源等领域的科研、生产、经营、管理、教育工作者参考使用。     

江汉平原棉花关键生育期气候变化与棉花产量的关系

利用天门市1979—2010年棉花蕾期至吐絮期的平均气温、最高气温、降水量、日照等气象资料和棉花产量资料,采用线性趋势、滑动t检验、回归分析等方法,分析了天门棉花关键生育期气候变化和棉花产量变化特征及其相关性。结果表明:(1)棉花蕾期至花铃期、吐絮期两个时期的平均气温均呈升高趋势,蕾期至花铃期平均气温与吐絮期最高气温与棉花产量均呈极显著正相关。(2)棉花蕾期至花铃期、吐絮期两个时期的降水量变化波动较明显,前期变化较平缓,后期波动频繁,振幅增大。两段时期降水量与棉花产量均呈显著负相关。(3)棉花蕾期至花铃期、吐絮期两个时期的日照时数均呈明显减少趋势,日照时数对棉花产量影响不大。(4)棉花产量呈明显增长的趋势,平均每10a产量增加99.0kg/hm2。(5)棉花产量可以与棉花蕾期至花铃期和吐絮期降水量、蕾期至花铃期平均气温以及吐絮期最高气温建立极显著的多元回归方程。     

翁牛特旗玉米生育期与气象条件的相关分析

利用翁牛特旗农业气象站1983—2013年4—9月玉米生育期和同期逐日气温(最高、最低)、降水量、日照时数观测资料,通过计算玉米不同发育期与光温水条件的相关系数及与产量灰关联度,分析气象条件对生育期和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)翁牛特旗玉米在4月27日播种,9月23日成熟,生育期150d。平均日照时数为1351.3h,积温为2925℃,降水量为297.8mm。(2)玉米各生育期日数与同期日照时数正相关显著;与降水量呈正相关、与气温呈负相关,但只在苗期相关显著。(3)玉米气候产量与日照时数的关联度最高,抽雄—成熟期间的光照条件是影响产量形成的主要因素。     

铜川市玉米生长季气象因子变化特征及其对气象产量的影响

利用铜川市1964—2021年国家气象观测站玉米生长季逐日平均气温、降水量、日照时数等资料及1990—2020年各区县玉米产量资料,采用气候倾向率方法、累积距平法及滑动平均法分析≥10℃积温、降水量、日照时数变化特征及其对玉米气象产量的影响。结果表明：近58 a来各区县≥10℃积温随时间均呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01),且均在1993年发生了由偏冷到偏暖的转折;空间上南部耀州多,北部宜君少。降水量随时间变化趋势不明显,空间上降水量丰富区位于北部宜君县。耀州日照时数随时间呈显著减少趋势(P<0.01),其余区县变化不明显;空间上各区县日照时数差别小。气象因子中,降水量对玉米气象产量影响最大,日照时数影响次之,≥10℃积温影响最小,其中降水量和玉米气象产量呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

气候变化对通辽市北部草原产草量的影响分析

巴雅尔吐胡硕牧业观测站对通辽市北部典型草原区具有较好的代表性。分析该站1960—2007年的气温、降水量、日照时数和21年的牧草干草产量可以较好地了解该地区的气候变化、牧草单产变化以及牧草单产与气象条件的关系。结果表明,48年来通辽市北部草原气温显著上升,日照时数明显增加,降水量有所减少,目前是气温最高、日照最多、降水最少时期。牧草单产处于不断减少过程中,而且与光、温、水关系密切,三者匹配得好,牧草产量就高,否则产量就低。     

基于积温干燥度指数的云贵高原东部汛期干湿变化趋势分析

利用云贵高原东部104个气象观测站1958-2015年4-9月逐日气象资料,选用积温干燥度指数作为干旱指标,探讨云贵高原东部汛期干湿气候分布特征,并分析积温干燥度与气候要素间的关系;用MannKendall突变检验方法分析降水量和积温干燥度指数的突变特征,用墨西哥帽小波变换分析云贵高原东部汛期干湿状况。结果表明:云贵高原东部汛期降水量普遍在800～1 000 mm,呈现由南向北递减的空间分布特点,同时发现其标准差与平均降水量呈现一致的分布规律。近60年来,云贵高原东部汛期的平均积温干燥度指数虽呈增加趋势,但它具有阶段性干、湿交替发生特点,气候在向偏湿趋势发展。积温干燥度指数空间分布与降水量空间分布呈反位相,其大/小值中心与降水量小/大值中心分布基本一致。积温干燥度与平均温度、最高温度、日照时数、蒸发量、降水量和相对湿度呈极显著相关。     

三江源区植被覆盖变化的气候效应初探

利用三江源区1981—2013年年平均气温和降水资料、曲麻莱牧草观测资料以及遥感监测资料等,分析了三江源区气候和植被多年变化特征,并对气候条件与植被覆盖的相关关系进行了研究,结果表明:(1)1982—2013年三江源区年平均气温急剧上升,平均每10a上升0.62℃,降水量总体呈增多趋势,平均每10a增多13.33mm。(2)1982年以来三江源牧草生长状况趋好,草层高度升高,牧草覆盖度和生物量平均每10a分别增加3.44cm、23.34%、467.23kg/hm2。植被NDVI值平均每10a增加0.005。(3)在三江源大部分地区植被NDVI值与年降水量相关关系较好,但与气温相关性较差。(4)当年降水量分别增加10%、30%和50%时,全区植被NDVI值分别增加2.22%、4.13%和10.24%。     

不同草原类型天然牧草生长发育气象条件分析

通过对内蒙古草原3种不同草原类型,牧草生长发育过程和气象条件关系的分析研究,得出:主要牧草各发育期所需≥0℃积温变幅值和天然牧草各生育期所需热量;牧草返青与黄枯期主要取决于温度状况,而与水分关系较小;利用前10天的平均气温可以判断某生长期的发育进程;牧草对水分的需求主要体现在生长盛期,在典型草原和荒漠区更为明显,适当的干旱可使牧草有早熟现象;牧草的产量主要取决于水热搭配状况,通常情况下水分是典型草原与荒漠草原牧草产量的限制因子,热量可成为草甸草原的限制因子。旬降水量草甸草原达40mm、典型草原达30mm、草原化荒漠达10mm,产量有明显增加。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.