金衢盆地第四纪红土沉积粒度组成特征

浙江金衢盆地第四纪红土分布广泛,是开展红土与全球变化研究的理想场所之一。汤溪红土沉积剖面的粒度组成研究表明:砂(>63 μm)含量极少,平均1.58%,粉砂(4~63 μm)和黏粒(<4 μm)为众数粒组,其含量的平均值分别为48.51%和49.91%,频率曲线呈双峰式,推测红土母质具风成特性,沉积后经历了较强的风化成壤作用;均质红土与网纹红土具有相似的粒度分布特征,但网纹红土的分选更为复杂,底部有近源物质的混入;汤溪红土粒度的纵向变化旋回和纵向变化趋势,可能指示了中更新世以来南方气候的不稳定性和气候逐渐变干冷的趋势。     

北极圈海域表层沉积物的黏土矿物特征及其环境意义

应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术对北极圈海域15个表层沉积物的黏土矿物进行了研究。结合伊利石的结晶度指数综合分析了研究区黏土矿物的组成和分布特征及其物质来源、沉积环境和水动力条件。结果表明,北极圈海域研究区的黏土矿物以伊利石为主(33%),其次为伊/蒙间层矿物(25%)、绿泥石(23%)、高岭石(15%)以及蒙皂石(4%)。伊利石的开形指数(Ns)都比较小,大多在1~2之间,Ns的分布对物源有一定的指示意义。楚科奇海区具较弱的水动力条件,沉积环境较稳定;白令海具强烈的水动力条件,属于冲刷环境。认为北极圈海域研究区的黏土沉积物均有三方面来源,即河流输入、海洋自生和冰筏搬运物。     

渤海湾唐山港海域表层沉积物粒度和黏土矿物分布特征及其物源指示

通过对取自渤海湾唐山港海域的161个站位的表层沉积物进行粒度和黏土矿物组成及分布特征分析,探讨不同区域沉积物物质来源及其控制因素。研究结果表明,唐山港海域表层沉积物平均粒径（Mz）为1.4～7.7 Φ,主要由粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂以及少量的砂和黏土组成。根据粒度参数特征和端元模型分析,研究区沉积物可以分为3个区和EM1—EM4四个端元：东北部以EM3端元砂和粉砂质砂为主,分选较差、正偏态,沉积环境动力强;中部曹妃甸深槽区以EM4端元砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂为主,分选差、正偏态,沉积环境动力强;南部和北部唐山港附近区域以EM1和EM2端元粉砂为主,分选中等—较差,沉积动力环境较弱。黏土矿物组成主要是伊利石（72%）和蒙脱石（12%）,其次是绿泥石（8%）和高岭石（8%）。物源分析表明,渤海湾唐山港海域表层沉积物中细颗粒组分来源主要是黄河-海河混合来源的陆源碎屑物质,研究区东北部和曹妃甸深槽区可能有部分古滦河三角洲粗颗粒物质的加入。渤海环流和潮余流控制着本区细颗粒沉积物主要向南部和唐山港附近运移,粗颗粒物质向东北部和中部曹妃甸区搬运沉积。     

马里亚纳海沟柱状沉积物稀土地球化学特征及其指示意义

对我国载人潜器"蛟龙号"首次在马里亚纳海沟南部获取的沉积物柱状样(JL7KGC01A)进行了涂片观察、粒度、黏土矿物和稀土元素组成分析。结果表明:沉积物为典型深海黏土沉积。根据沉积物的粒度、黏土组分和稀土元素含量变化以及不同程度的δCe和δEu异常将该沉积物柱状剖面分为明显的上下两个沉积层段,即:1.8~2.41 m段与0.03~1.8 m两个层段。下部层段(1.8~2.41 m)相比上部层段(0.03~1.8 m),沉积物平均粒径较粗,蒙脱石/伊利石比值较高,稀土元素含量低且具有弱的Ce负异常和Eu正异常,表明该段沉积物受到较多的火山物质的影响。结合年代学分析认为研究区沉积物在2.2 Ma发生明显转变,2.2 Ma之前沉积物物源以附近火山物质为主,2.2 Ma之后物源仍以火山物质为主,但陆源物质供应逐渐增加。物源的转变暗示着本区在2.2 Ma之前火山活动较为频繁。     

Macro-and Micro-Properties of Two Natural Marine Clays in China

In this paper,macro- and micro- properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that:(1) both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.(2) An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featreed by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro- and micro- properties can he attributed to different sedimentation environments.     

海洋井架结构非线性分析

根据海洋钻井井架实际结构特点,建立弹性基础上的三维有限元模型.按9种工况对某井架的有限元模型进行加载,并且在传统线弹性理论基础上加以改进,考虑非线性P-△效应的影响.应用有限元分析软件StruCAD进行分析计算,给出可靠的计算结果;并且系统分析结构的受力特点和影响因素,得出对于井架这类高耸结构应该考虑P-△效应的影响.     

Continuous resistivity profiling survey in Mersin Harbour, Northeastern Mediterranean Sea

No detailed information has previously been available on the geological and geophysical characteristics of the sea floor and the underlying strata of Mersin Harbour, Northeastern Mediterranean Sea (Turkey). Continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) and borehole data from Mersin Harbour were used to interpret geoelectric stratigraphy of Neogene-Quaternary sediments in the area. This represents one of few such detailed case studies that have applied these valuable CRP techniques for the purpose of marine stratigraphic imaging. It was found that the Neogene-Quaternary sedimentary succession in the area consists of three geoelectric units (GU1, GU2, and GU3 from base to top). The lowest unit, GU1, has a resistivity value of greater than 20.0 ohm-m and consists of Miocene aged limestone and marl. The middle unit, GU2, is characterized by resistivity values ranging from 3.0 to 20.0 ohm-m. Its thickness is greater than 90 m, with the upper section being composed of stiff clay sequences which are Plio-Pleistocene in age. The uppermost unit, GU3, has resistivity values varying from 1.0 to 3.0 ohm-m. This unit displays a maximum thickness of 15 m, and is composed of Holocene muds together with gravel, sand, silt and clay (sometimes incorporating shells) materials of the Plio-Pleistocene age and their various mixtures, silty/clay limestone, and conglomerate sandstone. Comparisons of the geoelectric units with the depositional sequences interpreted from the available seismic data outwith, but close to, Mersin Harbour reveal that the geoelectric unit GU3 corresponds to the depositional sequences C (mainly Holocene) and B (mainly Plio-Pleistocene). The geoelectric unit GU2 partly correlates with the depositional sequence B which appears to be Plio-Pleistocene in age. The geoelectric unit GU1, which has not been encountered in previous seismic surveys, is a new discovery within Mersin Harbour. Limited correlation between the seismic and resistivity structures in the study area is attributed to differences in the acoustic impedance and resistivity contrasts of sub-bottom layers, as well as the penetration versus resolution performance of the systems.     

Ridge development as revealed by sub-bottom profiles on the central New Jersey shelf

Closely-spaced 3.5 kHz seismic profiles were collected over the north-easterly trending ridge and swale system 50 km east-southeast of Atlantic City, New Jersey. They yield information on the Late Quaternary depositional history of the area, and on the origin of the ridge system. Four of the sub-bottom reflectors identified were sufficiently persistent to warrant investigation and interpretation. These reflectors, which have been cored, lithologically identified, and radiocarbon dated, are stratigraphically higher than the reflectors dealt with by the majority of previous studies. The upper three reflectors are definitely mid- and post-Wisconsin in age and present a record of the most recent glacial cycle. The upper three units associated with the observed reflectors appear to exert a pronounced influence on the bathymetry. The gently corrugated ridge system of Holocene sand is formed over the regionally flat-lying upper unit, an Early Holocene lagoonal silty clay. The characteristically flat, broad depressions of the area are floored by this lagoonal material. Locally, however, marine scour has cut through the silty clay into an underlying unit of unconsolidated fine Pleistocene sand. Several stages of trough development appear to be represented. After penetrating the lagoonal clay, troughs are initially narrow, but when incised through the sand into a lower, Pleistocene, silty-clay unit, the troughs become notably wider. As downcutting is inhibited by the lower clay, the upper clay is undercut as the trough widens in a fashion similar to a desert blowout.

The sub-bottom reflectors indicate that ridge development on the central shelf has involved aggradation as well as erosion. Some ridges seem to have grown by vertical and lateral accretion from small cores. The internal structure of other ridges suggests that they formed by the coalescence of several small ridges. Others appear to have undergone appreciable lateral migration.

The ridges appear to be in a state of continuing adjustment to the hydraulic regime of the deepening post-Pleistocene water column.     

大连湾近海表层沉积物矿物组合分布特征及其物源环境

对大连湾、大窑湾外近海表层沉积物进行了黏土矿物X射线衍射分析以及轻矿物的分离和鉴定,根据其组合分布特征,探讨了该区沉积物中黏土矿物和轻矿物的来源,并对沉积环境及其主控因素进行了初步分析。结果表明:研究区黏土矿物主要由伊利石(59%)、蒙皂石(20%)、绿泥石(16%)和高岭石(5%)组成,研究区西部伊利石较高,而东部绿泥石较高,蒙皂石有向湾内富集的趋势。轻矿物由斜长石(45%)、石英(34%)、钾长石(10%)、绿泥石(8%)、白云母(2%)和方解石(0.4%)组成,呈东西向条带状分布,与沉积物粒度分布特征较为一致。矿物分布受潮流、地形影响明显,研究区北部近岸水下岸坡区,水动力条件较强,沉积物粒度较粗,矿物组合以长石、石英富集为特征;向南水深增加,东部为一水下台地,矿物组合以白云母、绿泥石含量高为特征;研究区南部水深增加,又出现一水下岸坡,其下地形趋于平坦,因受出入渤海的潮流和进入渤海的黄海暖流的影响,水动力条件最强,沉积物粒度较粗,长石含量最高,轻矿物含量高。研究区潮流、地形对矿物组成、组合和含量具有控制作用。北部水下岸坡及以内近岸浅水区沉积物粒度较粗,轻矿物含量低,石英、长石含量高,物质主要来自沿岸侵蚀及周边河流注入。其外侧的水下台地上沉积物粒度较细,白云母、绿泥石含量高,主要为通过东部海域自西向东进入研究区的远源物质;离岸较远的深水岸坡之下,沉积物粒度最粗,轻矿物含量高,石英、长石含量富集,可能在潮流作用下接纳了较多的近岸和邻近区域的物质。     

南海东部海域表层沉积物类型的研究

南海东部海域表层沉积物可被分为11种类型:含岩块砾石黏土质粉砂、贝壳珊瑚砂、黏土质粉砂、钙质黏土、钙质软泥、有孔虫砂、深海黏土、含铁锰微粒粉砂质黏土、硅质黏土、含火山灰硅质黏土、含火山灰粉砂质黏土.这些类型按物源和成因可被分为陆源碎屑、钙质碎屑和硅质碎屑、火山碎屑3大类型,其中陆源碎屑分布面积约占50%,钙质碎屑占20%,硅质碎屑和火山碎屑各占15%.在物质来源、海底地形、火山作用、生物作用、水动力条件等因素影响和控制下,由于沉积环境的差异,故区内褐色类沉积物最多(60.68%),灰色类沉积物次之(38.20%),黄色类沉积物最少(1.12%).台湾省以南到17°N以北海区沉积物以陆源沉积物分布为主;巴士海峡以西海区沉积物较粗,常含砂岩块和砾石;东沙群岛以东海区钙质生物碎屑沉积丰富;中、西部海区以含铁锰微粒沉积物为主;中、南部海区水深大,主要分布硅质沉积物;南部海区、礼乐滩北缘沉积物受礼乐滩珊瑚碎屑影响大,沉积物类型为钙质软泥.     

中太平洋西部深海沉积物中的火山碎屑与粘土矿物

对于太平洋深海沉积物的研究虽有很久的历史(如1873-1876年“挑战者”号的科学考察),但对该区开展深入系统的岩石学和矿物学研究却是六十年代以后的事.随着研究手段的发展和进步,已积累了关于该区深海沉积物的大量资料.目前我国的海洋工作者也正在努力开展这方面的科学研究工作.     

海底地形特征对东菲律宾海表层黏土矿物分布的影响

对东菲律宾海帕里西维拉海盆南部的125个表层沉积物样品的黏土矿物组成、含量及其矿物学特征进行了分析。研究结果表明,研究区黏土矿物组成以蒙脱石为主,平均含量为49%;其次是伊利石,平均含量为35%;绿泥石平均含量为11%;高岭石含量最少,平均含量为5%。通过将研究区黏土矿物组合特征与潜在物源区进行对比,并结合主要黏土矿物的结晶学特征,认为蒙脱石主要来源于帕里西维拉海盆周边的海山或海脊物质的风化和蚀变,其分布可能主要受控于底层洋流;伊利石和绿泥石主要来自于亚洲大陆,风力吹扬为其主要输运方式。黏土矿物表层分布显示伊利石主要富集于地势较低处,蒙脱石在靠近帕劳海脊和雅浦海脊等地势较高处呈现高值。由于较少受到周边海山或海脊物质稀释和底层洋流侵蚀作用的影响,东菲律宾海深水区沉积物中风尘组分通量最能代表亚洲大陆风尘对研究区的实际贡献量,这一研究将对从东菲律宾海沉积物中提取亚洲大陆风尘物质输入信号进而追溯亚洲大陆的古气候演化历史具有重要意义。     

Sorption of transition metals on manganese and iron oxides,and silicate minerals

Experiments of sorption of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn on manganese oxides, hydrated ferric oxide, Na-montmorillonite and treated red clay are carried out in connection with the mechanisms by which transition metals are removed from seawater in marine environments.The order of sorption affinities of transition metals for Na-montmorillonite, treated red clay and hydrated ferric oxide is Mn相似文献   

长江粘土矿物示踪标记稳定性的初步研究

选择物质来源相对单一、区域较广的浙江沿岸东海内陆架区，以4种主要粘土矿物(伊利石、蒙皂石、高岭石、绿泥石)为研究对象，以探讨长江粘土矿物作为示踪标记的稳定性问题。研究区5组沉积物样品中粘土矿物的X射线衍射实验及含量分析结果表明，伊利石、蒙皂石和高岭石的相对含量较稳定，具有作为长江物源示踪标记的价值．而各区域的绿泥石含量之间不具有显著的统计相似性。现有资料还不能完全解释长江口及邻近东海内陆架区内粘土矿物组合的相对稳定状态，今后应对絮凝作用、沉积分异作用、海底生物地球化学作用等因素的效府做进一步的研究。     

Integration of High and Very High-resolution Seismic Reflection Profiles to Study Upper Quaternary Deposits of a Coastal Area in the Western Gulf of Lions, SW France

High resolution (HR – sparker) and very high resolution (VHR – boomer) seismic reflection data acquired in shallow water environments of the Roussillon coastal area are integrated to provide an accurate image of the stratigraphic architecture of the Quaternary deposits. The complementary use of the two systems is shown to be of benefit for studies of shallow water environments. The HR sparker data improved the landward part of a general model of Quaternary stratigraphy previously established offshore. They document an incised valley complex interpreted as the record of successive late Quaternary relative sea-level cycles. The complex is capped by a polygenetic erosional surface developed during the last glacial period (>18 ky) and variably reworked by wave ravinement during the subsequent post-glacial transgression. The overlying transgressive systems tract is partly preserved and presents a varying configuration along the Roussillon coastal plain. The VHR boomer data provide information on the architecture of the uppermost deposits, both in the near-shore area and in the lagoon. These deposits overlie a maximum flooding surface at the top of the transgressive systems tract and constitute a highstand systems tract composed of two different architectural elements. In the near-shore area, a sandy coastal wedge is subdivided into a lower unit and an upper unit in equilibrium with present day dynamics. In the Salses-Leucate lagoon area, the sedimentary architecture is highly complex due to the closure of a former embayment and the formation of the present beach barrier.     

Sources,transport and deposition of surface sediments from the South China Sea

Sediment sources, transport and deposition in the South China Sea (SCS) are addressed based on multiple proxies of 111 surface sediment samples, including clay minerals and rare earth elements. Results reveal that sediment sources in the SCS generally contain volcanic, biogenic and terrigenous materials. Volcanic material is typically distributed west of Luzon Island (including adjacent to Huangyan Island). Carbonate biogenic materials (e.g., coral and foraminifera) develop strongly around the Nansha and Xisha Islands. Terrigenous materials mainly derive from the continent via large rivers (e.g., the Pearl, Red and Mekong Rivers) and from islands via mountainous rivers (e.g. the Gaoping River in Southwest Taiwan and Rajang River in northern Kalimantan). According to clay mineral distributions of surface sediments from the SCS, the sediment transport route is traced. It extends to the central basin and even connects with the Sulu Sea through the Mindoro Strait. Further, based on rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of the fine-grained fraction and clay mineral assemblage of surface sediments, contributions of various sediment sources are estimated at various locations on the SCS slope.     

Late Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of a Korean tidal flat,Haenam Bay,Southeastern Yellow Sea,Korea

Sediment cores from a tidal flat in the southeastern Yellow Sea, Korea, contain two major depositional units, a Holocene unit (Unit I) and an underlying late Pleistocene unit (Unit II). Unit I (up to 15 m thick) is a middle to late Holocene, coarsening-upward transgressive deposit. Unit II (about 10 m thick) is interpreted as tidal-flat deposits from the last interglacial period (probably oxygen-isotope stage 5e), based on its many tide-influenced signatures such as laminated silt/clay, tidal rhythmites, fossil crab burrows, authigenic minerals (pyrite and halite), clay mineral composition and a dinoflagellate cyst assemblage comparable to that of Unit I. Units I and II are separated by a regional unconformity which is highlighted by a yellow ‘oxidized layer’ in uppermost Unit II. The layer contains abundant evidence of subaerial exposure, including a yellowish sediment color, semi-consolidation, desiccation cracks, cryoturbation structures, and high degree of magnetic susceptibility. Two major interglacial highstands (Units I and II) and one glacial lowstand (uppermost oxidized layer of Unit II) thus characterize coastal to nearshore tidal deposits along the eastern margin of the Yellow Sea (western Korea).     

南海西北部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及其来源

黏土矿物研究在示踪物源、源区风化历史乃至洋流变迁能力等方面具有重要的作用,尽管目前对南海表层沉积物黏土矿物宏观分布特征已获得了较系统的认识,但在受珠江和海南岛物源共同影响的南海西北部其高分辨率的黏土矿物学工作还未开展。本文对南海西北部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组成、结晶学特征进行了分析,讨论了研究区黏土矿物的物质来源。结果表明,南海西北部表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成以伊利石为主（平均45%）,蒙脱石（平均27%）与高岭石（平均21%）次之,绿泥石含量最少（平均6%）。在区域空间分布上,蒙脱石含量呈现西南高东北低的特征,伊利石含量则与之相反;高岭石含量表现为近岸高离岸低,而绿泥石含量呈现离岸高近岸低的特征。总体上,研究区表层沉积物黏土矿物组成与现代珠江沉积物组成差异较大,而与珠江口2.5 ka前的沉积物黏土矿物组成比较接近,并且结合研究区岩心揭露的全新世以来极低的沉积速率（4 cm/ka）以及上部很薄（小于0.6 m）的泥质沉积,推测该区表层沉积物可能并非是现代沉积的结果,更可能主要来自全新世末期古珠江输送的沉积物。除古珠江作为研究区表层沉积物中蒙脱石的一个主要来源外,海南岛北部河流也贡献了少量蒙脱石到其邻近的东南海域。运用高岭石/伊利石比值和伊利石化学指数等进一步对比分析表明,珠江是研究区沉积物中伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石的主要物源,其次台湾和海南岛也可能分别提供了少量富含伊利石/绿泥石和高岭石的沉积物。本工作对于南海西北部沉积物源-汇过程和相应的古环境研究有重要的参考意义。     

Provenance and dispersal of muds south of the Aleutian arc,north Pacific Ocean

X-ray diffraction analyses show that the clay mineralogies of near-surface muds in the Gulf of Alaska (mostly illite and chlorite) are consistent with detrital sources in southern Alaska. Expandable clay minerals are derived from the Aleutian volcanic arc, and their percentages increase progressively toward the west. Smectite values are lower than expected, however, particularly in the central forearc, and there is less smectite on the insular trench slope than farther seaward. The regional clay-mineral distribution is controlled by two opposed contour currents and by the influx of suspended sediment via both transverse and trench-axis turbidity currents.