桦甸太古代变质层状侵入体的岩石学及地球化学

东北桦甸深变质层状岩体经历了中—深度变质作用和强烈的挤压变形。它可分为角闪岩、辉长岩、浅色辉长岩、斜长岩、(花岗)闪长岩等分异岩层。随着分异层序的变化,MgO、FeO~*、Ni等依次增高,而SiO_2、Na_2O、K_2O等依次降低。它们具有相似的、轻重REE较为分离的分布型式,(Sm/Yb)N约4—5,Eu/Eu~*约0.9—1.3,YbN约0.8.REE和Zr、V、Y、Cr等的地化特点显示它们是一个古老层状辉长岩体的残片和岩浆分异结晶的产物。     

徐淮早白垩世埃达克质岩中含橄榄石单斜辉石岩的成因及其岩石学意义

报道了徐淮地区早白垩世埃达克质岩中首次发现的含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体的岩相学与矿物化学资料, 该类捕虏体显示堆积结构、块状构造, 主要由单斜辉石(~80%)、斜方辉石(~5%)、橄榄石(~5%)和普通角闪石(~10%)组成.橄榄石外侧发育有斜方辉石反应边, 角闪石沿辉石粒间分布, 呈嵌晶结构.矿物化学分析结果表明: 橄榄石的镁橄榄石分子值(Fo)=77.7~79.3, Ni=623×10-6~773×10-6; 斜方辉石的Mg#=75.6~80.2, Cr=161×10-6~684×10-6, Ni=79×10-6~708×10-6; 单斜辉石的Mg#=84.5~86.4, CaO=21.59%~23.13%, Al₂O₃=1.72%~2.44%.上述矿物与中、新生代玄武岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石斑晶以及堆积成因辉石岩中的斜方辉石和单斜辉石成分类似.此外, 单斜辉石的稀土配分型式以相对富含中稀土元素的上凸型为特征, 稀土元素含量较低(∑REE=10.14×10-6~12.71×10-6), 无明显的铕异常(δEu=0.90~1.16), 类似于新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶.捕虏体中的普通角闪石的Mg#=74.0~80.4、SiO₂=43.2%~44.5%、Na₂O=2.04%~2.29%, 稀土元素分馏不明显, 显示亏损高场强元素(HFSEs, 如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf), 富集Sr、Rb、Ba的特征, 与新生代玄武岩中角闪石捕虏晶成分不同.结合其嵌晶结构, 普通角闪石应是寄主岩浆贯入结晶的产物.综合上述特征, 可以看出含橄榄石单斜辉石捕虏体为镁铁质岩浆高压堆晶成因.结合华北克拉通东部早白垩世双峰式火山岩组合的出现, 推断含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体可能是早白垩世基性岩浆底侵的产物.      

Geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of mafic and ultramafic rocks from Southern Beishan area, NW China: Implications for crust–mantle interaction

The Liuyuan mafic and ultramafic rocks are exposed in Southern Beishan, which is along the southern branch of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating showed that Liuyuan gabbros intruded during the early Permian (~ 270–295 Ma) coeval with the basalts and the ultramafic rocks were emplaced at about 250 Ma. The basalts are within–plate tholeiites with slight enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to heavy rare earths (HREE) and small negative anomalies of Nb and Ta. Gabbros including olivine gabbros, olivine gabbronorites and troctolites are grouped into two: the cumulate gabbros are depleted in LREE and show small negative Nb and Ta anomalies but distinct positive Sr and Eu anomalies; non–cumulate gabbros resemble tholeiitic basalts. Lamprophyres and cumulate ultramafic rocks are characterized by large enrichment of LREE relative to HREE with depletion in Nb and Ta. The enriched Sr–Nd isotopic trend from DM towards the EM II end member component implies that the lithospheric mantle was progressively enriched with depth by the involvement of subducted crustal material due to the delamination of thickened mantle lithosphere after collision. The digestion of subducted crustal material into the mantle resulting in the metasomatized and enriched mantle is inferred to be an important process during crust–mantle interaction.     

辽东中生代晚期和古近纪玄武岩及深源捕虏晶--对岩石圈地幔性质的制约

辽东地区玄武岩的K-Ar定年结果表明,曲家屯玄武岩形成于晚白垩世,K-Ar年龄为81．58±2．46Ma;乱石山子玄武岩形成于古近纪,K-Ar年龄为58．36±1．64Ma。本区玄武岩含有丰富的橄榄石、单斜辉石和角闪石捕虏晶。乱石山子玄武岩中橄榄石捕虏晶的Mg^#值（79．5-88．5之间,平均值为84）较曲家屯玄武岩中橄榄石捕虏晶Mg^#值（77．0～79．8之间,平均值为78．4）偏高;单斜辉石捕虏晶为透辉石,其从核部到边部的Mg^#等变化趋势与橄榄石类似;斜方辉石捕虏晶为占铜辉石,其Mg^#值介于85．2-87．6之间,平均值为86．4。捕虏晶发育的环状裂隙、扭折带、矿物成分环带以及捕虏晶与主岩Mg^#值之间的不平衡均暗示它们为玄武质岩浆上升捕获的早期岩浆晶出矿物的堆晶体。玄武岩的岩石地球化学分析结果表明：（1）它们属于碱性系列,为碱性玄武岩,曲家屯玄武岩较乱石山子玄武岩贫硅、镁,富钙、铝,它们均具有原始岩浆的特征;（2）二者具有相似的稀土元素配分模式,但曲家屯玄武岩轻稀土元素总量更高,且轻重稀土元素分离程度高;（3）二者具有相似的Sr-Nd同位素组成,Isr和εNd（t）值分别介于0．7039～0．7045和＋1．60～＋3．69,反映了亏损的岩石圈地幔特征。     

Geochemical modelling of the tonalitic and trondhjemitic granulites from the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Block,Bahia, Brazil

The studied tonalitic and trondhjemitic granulites are located in the SSE granulitic domain of the São Francisco craton, Bahia, Brazil, where they represent most of the southern part of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Block (ISCB). Chemically, the tonalitic and trondhjemitic granulites belong to a low-K calc-alkaline suite; their REE patterns are steep with strong LREE/HREE fractionation and no significant Eu anomaly. Garnet-bearing mafic granulites that occur as enclaves in the tonalitic and trondhjemitic granulites were derived from basalts and/or gabbros of tholeiitic affinity. Geochemical modelling showed that the tonalitic and trondhjemitic granulites were produced by moderate fractional crystallization of an assemblage of hornblende and plagioclase, with subordinate amounts of magnetite, apatite, allanite and zircon. The garnet-bearing mafic granulites would be the source of the magmas that generated these rocks. Partial melting left a residue made up of plagioclase, garnet, orthopyroxene and hornblende.     

西藏吉定蛇绿岩地球化学特征及其构造指示意义

吉定蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的中段,是该带保存较好的蛇绿岩之一,通过对该岩体的研究及与附近蛇绿岩剖面的对比有助于恢复早白垩世雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的演化过程。吉定蛇绿岩包括玄武岩、辉绿岩、堆晶岩及地幔橄榄岩四个岩石单元。壳层岩石岩浆结晶顺序为:橄榄石→单斜辉石→斜长石,代表湿岩浆系统分异。吉定蛇绿岩壳层熔岩(玄武岩和辉绿岩)Ti O2含量为0.87%~1.45%,平均1.1%,与印度洋N-MORB玻璃(1.19%)相似。REE配分模式具有明显的LREE亏损特征,稀土配分模式与典型的大洋中脊玄武岩相似。但其微量元素蛛网图上表现为富集LILE,而亏损HFSE,并具有较高LILE/HFSE比值特征,与俯冲带上的(SSZ)蛇绿岩相似。蛇绿岩熔岩在岩石地球化学上表现出既亲MORB,又具部分IAB的特征。结合区域上大竹卡、得几等蛇绿岩岩石及地球化学资料对比分析,提出吉定蛇绿岩形成于在洋内俯冲带上发育起来的弧后盆地,并提出日喀则地区早白垩世洋壳演化的解释模式:雅鲁藏布江中段蛇绿岩至少包含三种组分特征的蛇绿岩体,其代表性剖面分别是吉定,得村和大竹卡,分别形成于近俯冲带的弧后盆地、弧前盆地和弧后盆地,这些洋壳共同组成早白垩世时期的与特提斯洋俯冲带斜交的一条分段发育的洋中脊。     

东乌旗晚石炭世辉石橄榄岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

目前关于内蒙古东乌旗晚古生代花岗岩中辉石橄榄包体的精确年代学及其构造意义不清,直接制约了该区晚古生代地幔性质及构造演化的探讨.对东乌旗新发现的辉石橄榄岩进行了岩相学、全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb定年研究.结果表明,辉石橄榄岩主要由橄榄石、角闪石、斜方辉石及少量斜长石、黑云母、单斜辉石组成;锆石U-Pb年龄为317.8±1.6 Ma,属晚石炭世.地球化学数据显示,岩石SiO₂含量为40.28%~44.50%、MgO含量为23.42%~29.44%、Na₂O+K₂O含量为1.00%~2.12%（小于3.5%）,具有低m/f比值（3.13~3.86）和高FeOT含量（11.18%~14.70%）、高Mg#值（75.60~79.26）,属铁质超镁铁岩和拉斑玄武岩系列.岩石稀土总量较高（∑REE=31.98×10-6~72.60×10-6）,轻稀土（LREE）相对于重稀土（HREE）富集,（La/Yb）_N=3.56~7.72,Eu异常不明显（δEu=0.79~1.65）,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式表现为右倾型.岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr、K等,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,具明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常;其形成于受俯冲流体改造的岩石圈地幔的减薄作用,并且岩浆在演化过程中遭受了地壳物质的同化混染作用.      

新疆中天山南缘乌瓦门地区蛇绿岩中超镁铁岩的成因:来自岩石矿物学和地球化学的证据

本文对新疆中天山南缘乌瓦门蛇绿混杂岩中的超镁铁岩进行了岩石矿物学和地球化学研究,对其成因和形成环境进行限定。乌瓦门蛇绿混杂岩中的超镁铁岩为蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩,由橄榄石(Fo=89.1~90.6)、斜方辉石(Wo0.4-2.4En87.2~90.7Fs8.9-10.9;Mg#=89.0~91.0)、单斜辉石(Wo49.1-51.3En16.0~48.4Fs0.9-4.3;Mg#=90.2~92.1)和尖晶石(Mg#=71.8~77.5;Cr#=9.3~13.4)组成。主量元素组成上,以低Mg O(37.74%~41.34%)、高Al2O3(2.58%~3.39%)、高Ca O(2.23%~3.68%)和高Ti O2(0.05%~0.11%)为特征。微量元素上,亏损稀土元素(REE总量为1.73×10-6~4.63×10-6),亏损不相容元素(如,Rb=0.4×10-6~1.39×10-6,Zr=0.73×10-6~3.28×10-6,Hf=0.04×10-6~0.11×10-6),富集相容元素(如,Cr=2516×10-6~2793×10-6,Co=84.6×10-6~119×10-6,Ni=1641×10-6~2261×10-6)。矿物学和地球化学特征一致指示,乌瓦门蛇绿混杂岩中的超镁铁岩为经历过低程度(5%~10%)部分熔融作用的残余地幔橄榄岩,形成于洋中脊环境,是MOR型蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩。     

新疆阿尔金山喀腊大湾地区玄武岩的地球化学特征及地质意义

对新疆阿尔金山东段喀腊大湾地区玄武岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学分析, 结果表明, 喀腊大湾地区的玄武岩具有低的Mg#值(Mg#=Mg/(Mg+Fe)×100)。稀土元素的含量变化范围较大, 轻重稀土分异不明显, 具有轻微的轻稀土富集, 弱的Eu负异常。微量元素Ni、Co、Cr与MgO呈正相关, 微量元素多元素标准化图解中, 普遍具有Nb、Ta的负异常, 部分样品具有Ti的负异常。在Th/Yb-Ta/Yb和Th/Hf-Ta/Hf构造环境判别图解中, 分别落入活动大陆边缘环境和大陆拉张(或初始裂谷)环境, 结合本区双峰式火山岩中玄武岩的地球化学特征, 以及与北阿尔金蛇绿混杂岩带其它地区玄武岩的对比, 认为喀腊大湾地区的玄武岩可能形成于紧邻北阿尔金地区古洋盆的活动大陆边缘环境。     

Petrology and geochemistry of the ultramafic–mafic Mawpyut complex,Meghalaya: a Sylhet trap differentiation centre in northeastern India

The present article describes, for the first time, petrological and geochemical details of the Mawpyut differentiated complex which is related to the Sylhet trap located at Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, northeastern India. The Mawpyut complex occurs as an arcuate body that intrudes into the surrounding Shillong Group rocks. The complex in general contains ‘ultramafic’ and ‘mafic’ rocks, as well as minor syenitic veins that postdate the main units. The lithotypes correspond to cumulate and noncumulate units. The cumulate unit is represented by olivine clinopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite, plagioclase‐bearing ultramafic, olivine gabbronorite, mela‐gabbronorite, melagabbro, orthopyroxene gabbro, and gabbro, all with a pronounced cumulus texture. The noncumulate unit is marked by gabbro, monzonite, monzodiorite, and quartzsyenite. The use of several major and trace element variation diagrams suggests that magmatic differentiation led to the formation of cumulate and noncumulate units. In chondrite‐normalized REE diagrams the cumulate rocks show flat LREE and MREE patterns and a moderate positive Eu anomaly (in plagioclase‐bearing ultramafics) due to plagioclase cumulation. The rocks of the noncumulate unit show a strongly fractionated REE pattern and no Eu anomaly. The noncumulate mafic rocks are geochemically comparable to high‐phosphorous/high‐titanium basalts (HPT) indicative of low pressure fractional crystallization. In a primitive mantle‐normalized multielement diagram some of the cumulate rocks show pronounced negative anomalies for K and P, indicating anorogenic mafic magmatism in a within‐plate setting. The rocks of the noncumulate unit show a slight negative anomaly for Yb and a Nb–Ta trough, indicating a subduction‐related signature that perhaps is inherited from subducted sedimentary rocks incorporated during crustal contamination of the derived magma (left after crystal cumulation) with country rocks. Various trace element ratios for the cumulate mafic rocks indicate parent EMI/EMII/HIMU sources with a very limited crustal signature. The noncumulate mafic rocks (corresponding to the derived evolved magma) indicate EMI/EMII/HIMU sources with a pronounced crustal contamination. The Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of the Mawpyut samples typically plot in the continental flood basalt field, with an affinity to the EMII source. The isotopic compositions of the noncumulate rocks also clearly indicate crustal contamination. We suggest that partial melting (involving garnet in the residue) of the enriched mantle source EMI/EMII/HIMU could have derived the parental melt; this melt, in turn, underwent assimilation and fractional crystallization to produce the variety of cumulate‐noncumulate lithologies of the Mawpyut complex. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trace element distribution within olivine-bearing gabbros from the Northern Apennine ophiolites (Italy): evidence for post-cumulus crystallization in MOR-type gabbroic rocks

The trace element distribution in three selected olivine-bearing gabbros from the Northern Apennine ophiolites has been determined. These rocks consist of euhedral plagioclase and olivine, and subhedral to poikilitic clinopyroxene. Fe-Ti-oxides, titanian pargasite, orthopyroxene and apatite occur as interstitial accessory minerals. Plagioclase, clinopyroxene and accessory minerals were analysed for rare earth (REE) and selected trace elements by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Both plagioclase and clinopyroxene are compositionally zoned. The plagioclase rims have slightly lower anorthite component and higher light REE (LREE), Ba and K than the cores. Likewise, the clinopyroxene rims show a slight Mg and Cr decrease, and a marked increase in Zr, REE and Y relative to the core. The rims of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti-oxides, apatite and titanian pargasite most likely formed through post-cumulus fractional crystallization of interstitial liquid. It is argued that such interstitial liquid had an exotic component, probably related to the infiltration of highly evolved, slightly LREE enriched liquid in the cumulate pile. On the basis of mass balance calculations, we show that Fe-Ti-oxides play an important role in the Ti budget of the whole rock, as does apatite for LREE. Received: 15 January 1998 / Accepted: 22 September 1998     

Rare earth abundances and distribution in some spinel peridotite xenoliths from Assab (Ethiopia)

REE partition data between solid phases in nine spinel peridotite xenoliths from Assab (Ethiopia) are presented together with bulk-rock REE composition. REE partitioning between clinopyroxene and other coexisting solid phases varies over a relatively wide range. The largest ranges are for LREE in clinopyroxene/orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene/olivine pairs, while clinopyroxene/spinel partitioning of REE is more restricted. The range of REE partition values between coexisting phases is due to compositional dependency effects and is correlated with systematic variations in major element composition of the bulk rocks. The measured REE concentration in the Assab mantle harzburgites do not match with the compositions calculated by mass balance from the modal proportions and REE analyses in individual phases. Inconsistencies for HREE may be due to variable HREE amounts in the clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene phases within a single specimen, while the high LREE contents in the whole rocks are due to contamination during transport to the surface. A geochemical model based on theoretical treatment of the REE partition data suggests that the Assab harzburgites acquired their residual character during a batch melting episode in the upper mantle under the Afar region.     

‘Boninitic’ clasts from the Mesozoic olistostromes and turbidites of Angelokastron (Argolis,Greece)

The Lower Unit of the ophiolitic sequence of Northern Argolis comprises turbiditic sediments and olistostromes, both containing ophiolitic clasts, mainly crystal fragments (clinopyroxene, plagioclase, Cr-spinel, amphibole) in the turbidites and cumulitic intrusives (quartz noritic amphibole-bearing gabbros), subvolcanic rocks (dolerites) and various effusive lithologies (mainly Si-rich basalts to basaltic andesites) in the olistostromes. The volcanic rocks belong to three groups. In rare cases the lavas are mineralogically and chemically comparable with MORB; most of them, and the subvolcanic rocks, contain primary quartz and amphibole, orthopyroxene, Ca-rich plagioclase and clinopyroxene±Cr-spinels. All rocks are Si- and Mg-rich and have high concentrations of ‘compatible’ and very low concentrations of ‘incompatible’ elements. The REE profiles are characteristically U-shaped. Many of the observed features are comparable with those of subduction-related lavas and, in particular, with present day boninites and ophiolitic boninitic rocks. The gabbroic rocks have mineralogical and chemical analogies with the dolerites and lavas, thus it may be argued that the gabbros represent the intrusive counterparts of the ‘boninitic’ volcanic clasts. The mineral clasts occurring in the turbidites are chemically comparable with those analysed in the ophiolitic clasts of the overlying olistostrome. It may be concluded that the ophiolitic clasts of both olistostromes and turbidites were derived from a subduction-related sequence. An island arc–back-arc system might explain the occurrence of both boninitic and MORB-type lithologies in the olistostrome of Angelokastron. This may support the hypothesis of the onset of compressive tectonics along the Pindos Ocean during the Jurassic. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrology of an ophiolitic cumulate sequence from Pindos,Greece

The ophiolitic sequence which crops out along the Aspropotamos Valley, Northern Pindos, Greece is composed from the bottom to the top of cumulates, dolerites, basaltic lavas, upper pillow lavas with basaltic/andesitic composition, and scarce basaltic dykes. The intrusive sequence, which is the subject of the present paper, exhibits magmatic layering more pronounced at the bottom than at the top where isotropic gabbros occur; they grade into the overlying dolerites. Troctolites with rare ultramafites prevail in the lower section and olivine gabbros in the upper section; at the top two-pyroxene gabbros appear. The rocks are mainly adcumulates and mesocumulates with subordinate heteradcumulates. The cumulus phases separated in the order: olivine and Cr-spinel, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene. Olivine, plagioclase and pyroxenes frequently exhibit adeumulus overgrowth. Intercumulus phases may be plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, pale brown amphibole and magnetite. Where pore material is present, it is composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende and ores. Cr-spinel occurs mainly at the bottom of the sequence (Cr₂O₃ between 30·5 and 39·8 per cent), while magnetite appears as a very rare phase in the upper section. Olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene exhibit slight cryptic variation (Mg × 100/(Mg + Fe) in the range 90–79, 90–70, 93–72 respectively). The investigated dolerites are non-cumulus rocks where clinopyroxene may be more magnesian than in the uppermost gabbros. The cumulate sequence and dolerites underwent variable but generally slight spilitization, in contrast to the overlying lavas. The sequence was generated through crystal accumulation probably from periodic pulses of tholeiitic magma; newly injected magma batches mixing with magma fractions already differentiated in the magma chamber. The high fluid pressure evidenced by the fluid inclusions in plagioclase and the whole chemical trend of the cumulate sequence are consistent with a genesis above a subduction zone, as already hypothesized for the overlying lavas.     

Mafic forearc cumulates and associated rocks in the central high-pressure belt of the Acatlán Complex of southern México: geochemical constraints

The high-pressure (HP) Piaxtla Suite at Tehuitzingo contains peridotites, gabbros, and serpentinized peridotites, as well as granitoids and metasedimentary rocks. The HP mafic rocks are characterized by low SiO₂ (38–52 wt.%) and high Mg# (～48–70), Ni (100–470 ppm), and Cr (180–1750 ppm), typical of cumulate compositions. Trace elements and rare earth element (REE) primitive mantle-normalized patterns display generally flat profiles, indicative of derivation from a primitive mantle with two distinct patterns: (1) gabbroic patterns are characterized by a positive Eu anomaly, low REE abundances, and slightly depleted high REE (HREE) relative to low REE (LREE), typical of cumulus olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase; and (2) mafic-intermediate gabbroic patterns exhibit very flat profiles characteristic of olivine and clinopyroxene as cumulus minerals. Their Nb/Y and Zr/TiO₂ ratios suggest a subalkaline character, whereas low Ti/V ratios indicate that the Tehuitzingo cumulates are island arc tholeiitic basalts that resemble modern, immature oceanic, forearc magmas. These cumulates have high values of ? _Nd(t) = 5.3–8.5 and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.18–0.23, which renders calculations of model ages meaningless. Our data are consistent with the Tehuitzingo arc rocks being part of a tectonically extruded Devonian–early Carboniferous arc developed along the west margin of Gondwana.     

河北汉诺坝碱性玄武岩的源区和成因

我国华北北部新近纪喷发的汉诺坝玄武岩,岩层出露比较完整,普遍含有超镁铁岩包体和各种高压巨晶。大麻坪代黄沟剖面出露较好,主要岩性为玄武岩,从上到下可分为上三、二、一层和底层。岩相学观察显示这些玄武岩含有1%~5%的捕虏晶且斑晶数量很少。橄榄岩包体为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩,轻稀土略微亏损,轻重稀土无分馏,显示这是只经过少量部分熔融后的原始地幔包体。通过对代黄沟碱性玄武岩中橄榄石、辉石和斜长石等斑晶或捕虏晶的矿物学分析,得出它们的成分变化是玄武岩混合了分解的地幔橄榄岩快速上升造成的。玄武岩的主量元素与二辉橄榄岩相平衡的原生熔体相比,Mg#(52.0~62.7)以及CaO(7.3%~8.5%)、Ni((82~192)×10-6)和Cr((65~192)×10-6)含量都较低。玄武岩的稀土分配模式为轻稀土富集的右倾型,δEu=1.01~1.05,δCe=0.95~1.02,富集高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr及大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr。玄武岩痕量元素Ba/Rb和Rb/Sr的比值显示源区可能遭受过流体的交代作用。同时,痕量元素显示这一系列玄武岩主要受到部分熔融的控制,大量的结晶分异并未发生,且源区残留石榴子石。分析认为玄武岩岩浆应该是原生岩浆,而不是演化岩浆,影响整个岩浆的形成的过程可能是部分熔融而不是分离结晶。基于目前已发表的实验岩石学结果和理论分析认为汉诺坝玄武岩与辉石岩类相平衡,源区主要矿物相为单斜辉石和石榴子石,可能存在少量的橄榄石。     

Superposition of replacements in the mafic granulites of the Jijal complex of the Kohistan arc, northern Pakistan: dehydration and rehydration within deep arc crust

A deep-level crustal section of the Cretaceous Kohistan arc is exposed in the northern part of the Jijal complex. The occurrence of mafic to ultramafic granulite-facies rocks exhibits the nature and metamorphic evolution of the lower crust. Mafic granulites are divided into two rock types: two-pyroxene granulite (orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase±quartz [1]); and garnet–clinopyroxene granulite (garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz [2]). Two-pyroxene granulite occurs in the northeastern part of the Jijal complex as a relict host rock of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite, where the orthopyroxene-rich host is transected by elongated patches and bands of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite. Garnet–clinopyroxene granulite, together with two-pyroxene granulite, has been partly replaced by amphibolite (hornblende±garnet+plagioclase+quartz [3]). The garnet-bearing assemblage [2] is expressed by a compression–dehydration reaction: hornblende+orthopyroxene+plagioclase=garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz+H₂O↑. Subsequent amphibolitization to form the assemblage [3] is expressed by two hydration reactions: garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+H₂O=hornblende+quartz and plagioclase+hornblende+H₂O=zoisite+chlorite+quartz. The mafic granulites include pod- and lens-shaped bodies of ultramafic granulites which consist of garnet hornblendite (garnet+hornblende+clinopyroxene [4]) associated with garnet clinopyroxenite, garnetite, and hornblendite. Field relation and comparisons in modal–chemical compositions between the mafic and ultramafic granulites indicate that the ultramafic granulites were originally intrusive rocks which dissected the protoliths of the mafic granulites and then have been metamorphosed simultaneously with the formation of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite. The results combined with isotopic ages reported elsewhere give the following tectonic constraints: (1) crustal thickening through the development of the Kohistan arc and the subsequent Kohistan–Asia collision caused the high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in the Jijal complex; (2) local amphibolitization of the mafic granulites occurred after the collision.     

The Macquarie Island ophiolite complex: Mid-Tertiary oceanic lithosphere from a major ocean basin

The rocks of Macquarie Island are part of the mid-Tertiary oceanic lithosphere from a major ocean basin. They were probably created at the Indian—Australian—Pacific spreading ridge.The basalts and dolerites are usually porphyritic, carry plagioclase (An_87-80) as a dominant phenocryst phase with less abundant olivine (Fo_89-85), chrome spinel and rare clinopyroxene (Ca₄₅Mg₅₀Fe₅|Ca₃₈Mg₅₀Fe₁₂) phenocrysts. Normatively the rocks range from ne- to Q-bearing, with most falling near the critical plane of normative silica undersaturation. Dykes tend to be more Fe-rich than lavas, and to include the more di-poor rocks. The rocks also range compositionally from typical ocean floor basalts through to varieties relatively enriched in some incompatible trace elements, particularly Nb (20–60 ppm), that otherwise retain ocean-floor basalt phenocryst assemblages, major-element compositions and Ti, Ni, Cr and Zr contents. This enrichment, also characteristic of ocean-floor basalts from the “abnormal” ridge segments near 45° N and 36° N (FAMOUS area) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, causes the rocks to plot away from the ocean-floor basalt fields on popular trace-element diagrams intended to identify tectonic affinities of basalts.The upper parts of the Macquarie Island oceanic lithosphere section can be thought of as a vertical slice through a magma column, differentiating at shallow levels. The layered and massive gabbros that underlie the basalts and dolerites are composed essentially of olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Olivine and plagioclase are cumulate phases in the layered rocks, clinopyroxene is postcumulus. Mineral compositions of the gabbros, particularly those of the layered rocks, are closely resembled by phenocryst compositions in the basalts and dolerites. Plagiogranites and trondheimites are unknown from the island, and norites very rare. Thus, Macquarie Island basalts, dolerites and gabbros form a distinctive igneous association that ought to make Macquarie Island-type ophiolite complexes from major ocean basins an easily recognized ophiolite type in continental orogenic terranes, even when dismembered.     

华北晚中生代和新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石巨晶来源及其对寄主岩岩浆过程的制约:以莒南和鹤壁为例

本文对华北克拉通晚中生代和新生代碱性玄武质岩石中的单斜辉石巨晶进行了主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素的综合研究,发现晚中生代和新生代单斜辉石巨晶存在明显的主、微量元素和同位素组成上的差异.新生代单斜辉石巨晶有Al-普通辉石和次透辉石两类;而中生代单斜辉石巨晶只有Al-普通辉石.新生代单斜辉石SiO2含量高、REE配分型式为上凸型、LILE和放射性元素含量高,并具有比寄主碱性玄武岩更亏损的Sr和Nd同位素组成;而中生代单斜辉石SiO2含量低、REE配分型式为LREE富集型、LILE和部分HFSE以及放射性元素含量低,并具有比寄主碱性玄武岩稍富集的Sr和Nd同位素组成;巨晶的结构、矿物成分和地球化学特征,以及Mg-Fe在熔体与单斜辉石间的分配状况皆说明,新生代碱性玄武岩中单斜辉石巨晶是碱性玄武岩浆在高压下结晶的,因此二者是同源的;而中生代单斜辉石巨晶是被寄主岩浆偶然捕获的捕虏晶,是不同源的.华北新生代单斜辉石巨晶存在于碱性玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩中,它们具有比寄主碱性玄武岩更亏损的Sr和Nd同位素组成,说明即使是碱性玄武岩也不能完全代表软流圈来源的原始岩浆,其在上升过程中或多或少存在同位素组成富集的物质的混入.同时,拉斑玄武岩不是碱性玄武质岩浆直接结晶分异的产物,亦不是完全由部分熔融程度的不同造成的.拉斑玄武岩中存在岩石圈地幔物质的贡献或是岩浆房内碱性玄武质岩浆受地壳混染作用的结果.     

Petrology of a leucogabbroic interval within basal layered gabbros at North Arm Mountain,Bay of Islands ophiolite

Data from detailed sample traverses in the layered gabbro unit of the North Arm Mauntain massif, Bay of Islands ophiolite, allow meter-scale resolution of magmatic processes in spreading ridge magma chambers. One suite of 46 samples from a 195 m interval near the base of the layered gabbro unit contains cumulus plagioclase (An_73.7–87.5; average modal abundance=75%), clinopyroxene (Mg#=80.3–86.0; 18%), and olivine (Fo_76.6–82.1; 6%), with intergranular orthopyroxene (Mg#=78.0–83.3; 1%), and accessory Cr-Al spinel (Cr#=32.3–41.4). Ilmenite rims spinel in one sample. Whole rock Zr contents range from <6 to 15 ppm. Plots of stratigraphic height in the traverse versus petrogenetic indicators (e.g. Mg#'s of mafic phases and An in plagioclase) reveal both normal and reverse cryptic variation patterns; the patterns for all indices are generally correlated. The normal portions of the patterns formed during fractional crystallization of basalt batches. Ranges of mineral compositions in the normal trends suggest that 29–38% crystallization of each batch of basalt occurred before magmatic replenishment. The reverse cryptic trends formed by crystallization of hybrid magmas produced during periods of magma mixing. Other evidence for magma mixing is the systematic association of spinel and reversely zoned plagioclase with the reverse trends. Experiments and observations of natural assemblages indicate that 55% modal plagioclase crystallizes from basalts at the olivine+plagioclase+clinopyroxene+liquid piercing point. The average plagioclase content of this suite of leucogabbros from North Arm Mountain is too high to have formed from simple crystallization at the piercing point. Petrologic modeling indicates the leucogabbros may have formed from basalts into which a small amount (<10%) of plagioclase was resorbed during mixing; the initial compositions of these hybrid basalts lie in the plagioclase primary phase volume. Other suites of layered gabbros from North Arm Mountain are not so plagioclase-rich as the leucogabbros described above. Crystallization of basalts in the plagioclase primary phase volume and the consequent formation of plagioclaserich gabbros may occur in restricted portions of zoned magma chambers underlying oceanic spreading centers, or may occur episodically in the overall lifetimes of the magma chambers.