北天山上石炭统奇尔古斯套组中发现早二叠世珊瑚化石

新近于北天山艾维尔沟北原划为上石炭统的奇尔古斯套组火山岩系所夹灰岩中,采到了结节脊板杯珊瑚Cy-athocariniatuberculataSoshkina,其时代属于早二叠世,表明该区奇尔古斯套组的一部分应属下二叠统。另外,于头屯河原划为上石炭统的奇尔古斯套组火山-碎屑岩系所含灰岩砾石中,采到伊万诺夫格鲁特珊瑚GrootiaivanoviDubrolyubova,时代属于晚石炭世,与达拉阶(即莫斯科阶)相当,故地层时代应晚于晚石炭世达拉期,根据区域对比推测该地层的一部分也应属于下二叠统。艾维尔沟一带早二叠世珊瑚化石的发现,表明北天山石炭纪强烈的拉张事件可以持续到早二叠世。     

天山北部上石炭统前峡组火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

上石炭统前峡组火山岩位于早石炭世巴音沟蛇绿岩北侧,为一套以火山碎屑岩为主夹熔岩和陆源碎屑岩建造.岩石及地球化学特征显示,该组火山岩是以安山岩为主的玄武岩+玄武安山岩+安山岩+英安岩组合,里特曼指数介于1.20～3.43,属钙碱性系列.稀土总量(ΣREE)为69.53×10-6～111.32×10-6,(Ce/Y)N=1.12～2.25,(La/Yb)N=1.86～5.39,δEu=0.79～1.21,为轻稀土略富集、Eu亏损不明显的火山岩类型.岩石显著富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf、Ti、Y,其中Nb含量绝大多数介于1.89×10-6～2.65×10-6,与大洋地壳Nb含量平均值2.2×10-6接近.锶初始比值为0.70425～0.70428,与岛弧区玄武岩的0.70437接近,这些特征均与俯冲带大陆岛弧火山岩一致.与之伴生的滨浅海-半深海相沉积地层和南部早石炭世巴音沟蛇绿岩的存在,表明前峡组火山岩是巴音沟蛇绿岩所代表的早石炭世洋壳在晚石炭世时期向北俯冲消减的产物.     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区上石炭统祁家沟组四射珊瑚古生态学研究

在准噶尔盆地南缘上石炭统祁家沟组识别出2种生态类型的四射珊瑚动物群。一种是以小型单体无鳞板类型为主的Cyathoxonia动物群;另一种则是以发育鳞板类型为主的Caniniid–Clisiophyllid动物群。认为祁家沟组四射珊瑚动物群生活于中–高纬度地区温带气候条件下火山口周围类似于环礁的环境中。Cyathoxonia动物群生活于相对闭塞但与外海有连通的低能浅水礁湖（潟湖）环境中并且原地保存,Caniniid–Clisiophyllid动物群则生活于环礁向海一侧适于珊瑚生长的礁坪中–高能环境中。后者不断遭波浪侵蚀,在风暴和重力的作用下,沿着环礁陡峭的前缘斜坡以重力流的形式下滑,在正常浪基面之下的低能环境中保存下来。     

An Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcanic arc in North Tianshan,NW China: Geochronological and geochemical evidence from volcanic rocks

The Late Paleozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks are widespread in the North Tianshan along the north margin of the Yili block. They consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, trachyandesite, dacite, rhyolite, tuff, and tuffaceous sandstone. According to zircon sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) dating, the age of the Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks in Tulasu basin in western part of North Tianshan is constrained to be Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous (417–356 Ma), rather than Early Carboniferous as accepted previously. Geochemical characteristics of the Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcanic rocks are similar to those of arc volcanic rocks, which suggest that these volcanic rocks could be the major constituents of a continental arc formed by the southward subduction of North Tianshan Oceanic lithosphere. Geochemical studies indicate that the magma source of the volcanic rocks might be the mantle wedge mixed with subduction fluid, which is geochemically enriched than primitive mantle but depleted than E-MORB. The calculation shows that the basalt could be formed by ∼10% partial melting of subduction fluid modified mantle wedge. Andesites with high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7094–0.7104) and negative εNd(t) (−4.45 to −4.79) values reveal the contribution of continental crust to its source. The calculation of assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) shows that the fractional crystallization process of the basaltic magma, which was accompanied with assimilation by different degree of continental crust, produced andesite (7–9%), dacite (∼12%) and rhyolite (>20%).     

西天山石炭纪火山岩岩石学及Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究

西天山石炭纪火山岩连续从玄武岩、粗面质玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩、粗面岩一直演化到流纹岩。不同地区火山岩的同位素组成差别很大。出露在拉尔敦达坂一带的晚石炭世粗面安山岩-粗面岩具有较高的εNd（t）值（＋2、68～＋4．29）和较高的初始^87Sr／^86Sr值（0、7015～0．7051）。新源城南的早石炭世粗面安山岩．流纹岩具有相对较低的εNd（t）值（-0．22～＋0．87）和变化较大的初始^87Sr／^86Sr值（0．7045～0．7068）。早石炭世玄武岩的初始^87Sr／^86Sr值较低且变化范围较小（0．7045～0．7058）,εNd（t）值高且变化范围大（＋0．89～＋3．04）。本文的同位素地球化学资料以及前期的年代学研究表明,西天山晚泥盆-早石炭世岛弧自西向东逐渐消亡,取而代之的是晚石炭世碰撞后富钾岩浆的喷发。     

Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block (Xinjiang,NW China): Implication for the tectonic evolution of Western Tianshan

The Yili Block is important for understanding the Late Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of Central Asia. It is bounded to the north by the Northern Tianshan Carboniferous flysch and ophiolitic mélange. The center of the Block is dominated by Carboniferous sedimentary rocks with intercalation of volcanic rocks. Petrological and geochemical features of these Carboniferous volcanic rocks show that: (1) they belong to the calc-alkaline series, (2) they display prominent Nb–Ta negative anomalies consistent with subduction-related magmas, and (3) HFSE-based discriminations place these volcanic rocks in the field of continental arcs. The depositional evolution of the sedimentary series shows evidence for Carboniferous sedimentation in a basin instead of rifting as previously proposed. All these evidences, together with the occurrence of contemporaneous turbidites and ophiolitic mélange along the northern boundary of the Yili Block, allow us to infer that the northern border of the Yili Block was a continental active margin during the Carboniferous. The Late Carboniferous southward subduction that finally closed the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous North Tianshan oceanic basin was followed by Permian–Mesozoic polyphase transcurrent faulting.     

中天山路白山一带晚石炭世I型和A型花岗岩组合的厘定及其意义

在东天山地区中天山地块内发现了一套晚石炭世Ⅰ型和A型的花岗岩组合,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果为（301．4±4．6）Ma,形成于晚石炭世,二者同期不同源。Ⅰ型花岗岩组合为石英二长闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩;A型花岗岩组合为石英二长岩、石英正长岩、石英正长斑岩、黑云母钾长花岗岩。岩石地球化学特征显示,A型花岗岩具板内花岗岩的特征,为经历过岛弧或碰撞岩浆事件后下地壳部分熔融的岩浆分离结晶产物;Ⅰ型花岗岩具岛弧花岗岩的地球化学特征,岩浆来源于壳幔混合源区,可能是消减带洋壳和上部地幔楔滞后熔融的产物。研究结果表明,晚石炭世中天山应处于碰撞后的伸展构造环境。     

Neoproterozoic Banded Iron Formation in the Central Tianshan, NW China: The Shalong Example

正Objective Banded Iron Formations(BIFs)are ferruginous chemical sedimentary rocks that precipitated throughout the Precambrain,which constitute the most important iron resources in the world.The majority of BIFs were developed in the Neoarchean and early Paleoproterozoic periods(3.2–1.8 Ga),which are well known and have been     

塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统台缘礁滩复合体建造模式

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带的台缘高能区发育上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩体,主要包括生物礁丘、灰泥丘、粒屑滩、滩间海等沉积类型,纵向上表现为粒屑滩、灰泥丘、礁丘的多旋回组合。单个礁滩复合体下部发育粒屑滩,上部为灰泥丘和(或)礁丘,之上为下一旋回的粒屑滩亚相所覆盖。横穿宽3～10km的区域,特别是台地边缘向陡坡转折的高地为礁生长相对集中区,而向内侧则更多出现滩相。不同沉积期礁滩单元分布范围不同,从良三段到良一段沉积期间内呈现逐步向塔中Ⅰ号坡折带迁移的缩减趋势。经后期多次成岩作用和构造破裂的改造,形成沿台缘分布且具有非均质性变化的礁滩型储层。     

东天山中天山构造带喀拉塔格地区早石炭世岛弧火山岩的厘定及其构造意义

本研究以东天山中天山中段喀拉塔格地区的火山岩为研究对象,前人通过区域对比将其时代定为前寒武纪,本文通过锆石SIMS U-Pb定年获得其成岩年龄为347.5±5.9 Ma,同时还发现了一些前寒武纪捕获锆石,显示中天山存在老基底。地球化学研究显示这套火山岩具有相对较低TiO2(0.85%~1.21%)含量,高Mg#(46~64);富集大离子亲石元素(LILE:Rb、Ba、Th、U)、LREE和Pb元素,亏损髙场强元素(HFSE:Nb、Ta、Ti)特征;具明显Eu负异常;具相对较低εNd(t)值(-4.4~-5.7)和高初始Sr比值[(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70884~0.70920];具有相对高的Th和Pb含量,较低的Ce/Th、Ce/Pb和Ba/Th比值,具俯冲带岛弧钙碱性岩浆特征;同时样品具较低Nb/U和Ce/Pb值,且发育捕获锆石,显示存在陆壳混染作用。这一工作在中天山前寒武地层中分解出古生代岛弧火山岩,综合的区域地质资料分析显示中天山岛弧带在早石炭世时期是类似于现在日本岛弧的岛弧带。     

西天山温泉地区下石炭统阿克沙克组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

天山造山带位于中亚造山带西南部,是了解中亚造山带增生造山过程的一个窗口.中国西天山温泉地区出露的下石炭统阿克沙克组碎屑岩是西天山造山带早石炭世盆地演化和造山过程的重要物质记录.运用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法,对阿克沙克组糜棱岩化砂岩中碎屑锆石进行测试分析.结果显示,碎屑锆石206Pb/238U表面年龄介于428±5 Ma~331±4 Ma,表现出较宽的年龄谱,按照年龄及频率分布特征可以划分为3组:428 Ma、381~364 Ma和343~331 Ma.综合分析锆石的形态特征、内部结构、元素含量和区域地质资料,取得以下认识:（1）西天山温泉地区出露的阿克沙克组形成于早石炭世晚期,与其中的古生物化石时代一致;（2）阿克沙克组的物源为中酸性火山岩和沉积岩,主要来源于下伏的大哈拉军山组,属于近源沉积,形成于活动大陆边缘.      

Intra-continental back-arc basin inversion and Late Carboniferous magmatism in Eastern Tianshan,NW China: Constraints from the Shaquanzi magmatic suite

The Yamansu belt,an important tectonic component of Eastern Tianshan Mountains,of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,NW China hosts many Fe-(Cu)deposit.In this study,we present new zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemical data of the volcanic rocks of Shaquanzi Formation and diorite intrusions in the Yamansu belt.The Shaquanzi Formation comprises mainly basalt,andesite/andesitic tuff,rhyolite and sub-volcanic diabase with local diorite intrusions.The volcanic rocks and diorites contain ca.315-305 Ma and ca.298 Ma zircons respectively.These rocks show calc-alkaline affinity with enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements(LILEs),light rare-earth elements(LREEs),and depletion in high field strength elements(HFSEs)in primitive mantle normalized multi-element diagrams,which resemble typical back-arc basin rocks.They show depleted mantle signature with ε_(Nd)(t)ranging from+3.1 to +5.6 for basalt;+2.1 to+4.7 for andesite;-0.2 to+1.5 for rhyolite and the ε_(Hf)(t)ranges from-0.1 to +13.0 for andesites;+5.8 to +10.7 for andesitic tuffs.We suggest that the Shaquanzi Formation basalt might have originated from a depleted,metasomatized lithospheric mantle source mixed with minor(3-5%)subduction-derived materials,whereas the andesite and rhyolite could be fractional crystallization products of the basaltic magma.The Shaquanzi Formation volcanic rocks could have formed in an intracontinental back-arc basin setting,probably via the southward subduction of the Kangguer Ocean beneath the Middle Tianshan Massif.The Yamansu mineralization belt might have undergone a continental arc to back-arc basin transition during the Late Carboniferous and the intra-continental back-arc basin might have closed in the Early Permian,marked by the emplacement of dioritic magma in the Shaquanzi belt.     

Carboniferous Post-collisional Rift Volcanism of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwestern China

The Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanic rocks occur in northwestern China as a large igneous province. Based on petrogeochemical data, the Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift basic lavas can be classified into two major magma types: (1) the low-Ti/Y type situated in the eastern-central Tianshan area, which exhibits low Ti/Y (<500), Ce/Yb (<15) and SiO2 (43-55%), and relatively high Fe2O3T (6.4-11.5%); (2) the high-Ti/Y type situated in the western Tianshan area, which has high Ti/Y (>500), Ce/Yb (>11) and SiO2 (49-55%), and relatively low Fe2O3T (5.8-7.8%). Elemental data suggest that chemical variations of the low-Ti/Y and high-Ti/Y lavas cannot be explained by fractional crystallization from a common parental magma. The Tianshan Carboniferous basic lavas originated most likely from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source (87Sr/86Sr(t) ≈ 0.703-0.705, εNd(t) ≈ +4 to +7). The crustal contamination and continental lithospheric mantle have also contributed significantly to the formation of the basic lavas of the Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift. The silicic lavas were probably generated by partial melting of the crust. The data of this study show that spatial petrogeochemical variations exist in the Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanics province in the Tianshan region. Occurrence of the thickest volcanics dominated by tholeiitic lavas may imply that the center of the mantle-melting anomaly (mantle plume) was in the eastern Tianshan area at that time. The basic volcanic magmas in the eastern Tianshan area were generated by a relatively high degree of partial melting of the mantle source around the spinel-garnet transition zone, whereas the alkaline basaltic lavas are of the dominant magma type in the western Tianshan area, which were generated by a low degree of partial melting of the mantle source within the stable garnet region, thus the basic lavas of the western Tianshan area might have resulted from relatively thick lithosphere and low geothermal gradient.     

怀安杂岩中含BIF岩石组合的形成时代及产出构造背景

华北克拉通北部的怀安杂岩中分布着一些呈团块状、透镜状或似层状产出的含BIF岩石组合.相对于华北克拉通绿岩带,研究区内的含BIF岩石组合具有规模小、岩性复杂多样以及后期叠加强烈的变质-变形改造等特点,其研究程度较低.在野外地质填图的基础上,通过岩石学、同位素年代学、地球化学研究表明:（1）天镇-怀安地区的含BIF岩石组合主要由条带状（含辉石/角闪）磁铁石英岩、变质基性火山岩（二辉麻粒岩/含辉石斜长角闪岩/高压麻粒岩）、石榴黑云斜长片麻岩和少量石榴石英岩条带或团块组成,这些岩石彼此呈夹层或互层状伴生产出;天镇-怀安地区BIF矿体规模小、与变质火山岩密切共生等特征表明其属于Algoma型.（2）条带状（含辉石/角闪）磁铁石英岩中残留的中-基性火成岩锆石年龄（2 489±19 Ma）可代表含BIF岩石组合的形成时代,并经历了1 800~1 850 Ma变质作用叠加改造.（3）含BIF岩石组合中火山岩地球化学特征显示Rb、Ba、U、Pb等元素富集和Nb、Ta等元素亏损,结合微量元素蛛网图和稀土配分模式对比认为其产出构造背景为弧后盆地,铁矿石PAAS标准化稀土配分图解具有明显Eu正异常,表明与海底热液活动密切相关.      

A synthesis of iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan,NW China

The northern Xinjiang region is one of the most significant iron metallogenic provinces in China.Iron deposits are found mainly within three regions:the Altay,western Tianshan,and eastern Tianshan orogenic belts.Previous studies have elaborated on the genesis of Fe deposits in the Altay orogenic belt and western Tianshan.However,the geological characteristics and mineralization history of iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan are still poorly understood.In this paper I describe the geological characteristics of iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan,and discuss their genetic types as well as metallogenic-tectonic settings,Iron deposits are preferentially distributed in central and southern parts of the eastern Tianshan.The known iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan show characteristics of magmatic Fe-Ti-V(e.g.,Weiya and Niumaoquan),sedimentary-metamorphic type(e.g.,Tianhu),and iron skarn(e.g.,Hongyuntan).In addition to the abovementioned iron deposits,many iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan are hosted in submarine volcanic rocks with well-developed skarn mineral assemblages.Their geological characteristics and magnetite compositions suggest that they may belong to distal skarns.SIMS zircon U-Pb analyses suggest that the Fe-Ti oxide ores from Niumaoquan and Weiya deposits were formed at 307.7±1.3 Ma and 242.7±1.9 Ma,respectively.Combined with available isotopic age data,the timing of Fe mineralization in the eastern Tianshan can be divided into four broad intervals:Early Ordovician-Early Silurian(476-438 Ma),Carboniferous(335-303 Ma),Early Permian(295-282 Ma),and Triassic(ca.243 Ma).Each of these episodes corresponds to a period of subduction,post-collision,and intraplate tectonics during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic time.     

Carboniferous porphyry Cu (-Au) mineralization of the West Junggar region,NW China: the Shiwu example

ABSTRACT

The West Junggar region, located in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is characterized by extensive Carboniferous magmatism and porphyry Cu (-Au) deposits. The Shiwu porphyry Cu-Au deposit, located in the east of the Barluk Mountains, the West Junggar region, is not only a newly discovered deposit but also a representative porphyry Cu-Au deposit in this area. The volcanic rocks (including andesite and tuff) and intrusive rocks (including diorite, quartz diorite, quartz diorite porphyry, and tonalite porphyry) occurred in the Shiwu area and the mineralization associated with the quartz diorite porphyry. The secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon U–Pb ages of quartz diorite porphyry and tonalite porphyry are 310.4 ± 2.3 Ma and 310.1 ± 2.4 Ma, respectively, indicating that the Shiwu deposit is related to the Late Carboniferous magmatism. Intrusive rocks, which were characterized by the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and pronounced negative high field strength elements (HFSEs), belong to the calc-alkaline or tholeiitic series. Their (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_I, and εNd(t) values range from 0.703569 to 0.704311, 0.512488 to 0.512512, and 4.9 to 5.3, respectively. Volcanic rocks, which belong to the calc-alkaline series, have similar geochemical features as the intrusive rocks, and their (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i, and εNd(t) values, respectively, are 0.703704–0.704071, 0.512520–0.512542, and 5.49–5.92. These characters indicate that the igneous rocks in the Shiwu area derived dominantly from the mantle and formed in an island arc setting. These characters also further confirmed that the Barluk Mountains is still in an island arc setting in the Late Carboniferous and the accretionary orogenesis can exist until 310 Ma at least.     

Hydrothermal Dolomite in the Upper Sinian (Upper Proterozoic) Dengying Formation,East Sichuan Basin,China

Hydrothermal Dolomite （HTD） is present in the Upper Sinian （Upper Proterozoic） Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including zebra dolomite, subhorizontal sheet-like cavities filled by saddle dolomite and breccias cemented by saddle dolomites as well occur as a fill of veins and fractures. Also co-occur MVT type lead-zinc ores in the study area. The δ13C and δ18O isotopes of HTD in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation are lighter than those of the host rocks, while STSr/86Sr is higher. The apparent difference in carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, especially the large difference in S7Sr/S6Sr isotopes ratio indicate crystallization from hot basinal and/or hydrothermal fluids. Saddle dolomite was precipitated at temperatures of 270-320℃. The diagenetic parasequences of mineral assemblage deposited in the Dengying Formation are： （1） dolomite host rock →sphalerite-galena-barite-fluorite; （2） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →quartz; （3） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite→bitumen; （4） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →barite. The mean chemical composition of the host dolomite matrix and HTD didn＇t change much during hydrothermal process. The fluids forming the HTDs in the Dengying Formation were mixtures of freshwater from the unconformity at the top of Sinian, fluids from diagenetic compaction and hydrocarbon generation ＆ expulsion from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones or the Doushantuo Formation silty mudstones, and hydrothermal fluids from the basement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with the HTD were mostly controlled by the basement faults and fractures and karsting processes at the unconformity separating Sinian and Cambrian strata. The hydrocarbon storage spaces of HTD included dissolved cavities and intercrystalline pores. Dissolution cavities are extensive at the top of Dengying Formation, up to about 46m below the unconformity between Sinian an     

新疆天山南缘老虎台一带上石炭统地层划分与沉积特征

天山南缘老虎台一带,在阿克苏群上亚群或青白口纪花岗岩之上,由西向东分别出露一套碎屑岩、碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,原1:20万图幅区调统一划归为上石炭统康克林组,后来多沿用之.通过<新疆拜城县老虎台一带1:5万区域地质矿产调查>项目的工作,依据沉积特征、沉积体系、生物组合特征,确定其为一套障壁海岸沉积体系潮坪沉积,并进一步分为潮上、潮间坪、潮道,并将该套岩性组合划分为上石炭统喀拉治尔加组与康克林组,二者为相变过渡.