分析P、S波接收函数得到的云南岩石圈结构

P波接收函数通过分离间断面上产生的P-to-S转换波来测量间断面的深度,由于地壳多次相的干扰,导致这一方法用于测岩石圈—软流圈界面(LAB)受到了很大的限制.不过,S波接收函数可以克服这一问题,因为它分离S-to-P转换相,而这一转换相比入射S波提前到达台站,于是避开了迟到的地壳S波振荡相.然而,由于S波的频率比P波低,这将导致S波接收函数的分辨率较P波接收函数的低.为了作对比分析,本文利用云南地区13个固定台站记录的远震三分量资料,分离出台站下方的P、S波接收函数,而且这些接收函数被校正到67°的参考震中距处,以便进行叠加增强信噪比.最后将时间域的叠加信号转换到深度域,分别获取台站下方的地壳和岩石圈的厚度.结果表明:P波接收函数得到的地壳厚度在32~56 km之间,S波接收函数得到的地壳厚度在41~54 km之间,S波接收函数得到地壳厚度系统地偏大8~9 km;P波接收函数得到的LAB深度在65~110 km之间,S波接收函数得到的LAB深度在66~135 km之间,S波接收函数得到的LAB深度偏大15~20 km,最大偏差达到了25 km.     

用接收函数叠加技术研究滇西上地幔间断面埋深

在对台站下方的径向接收函数进行分析和对比的基础上,通过基于动校正的接收函数叠加方法,利用云南数字地震台网记录的保山、畹町、沧源和腾冲4个台站的三分量宽频数据,计算出了各台站下方的SV分量接收函数.结果表明,在保山、畹町和沧源台下方清楚地显示出了深度700 km处的间断面,较全球平均660 km要深.另外,在深度290～500 km之间可能还存在多个间断面;腾冲台下方700 km处的间断面不太清楚,而且上地幔间断面仅为210 km深,较其它三个台要浅.     

接收函数方法的研究综述

从远震体波波形数据中提取的P波接收函数和S波接收函数已经成为研究台站下方地壳上地幔速度间断面的最有效的方法之一.P波接收函数已经被广泛应用于获取地壳内部S波速度结构、地壳厚度及物质成分组成、地幔过渡带的厚度变化以及岩石圈地幔的间断面等,而S波接收函数是P波接收函数的一个很好的补充,因为在Moho和地幔过渡带之间的深度范围内,Sp转换波比来自浅部间断面的多次波到达早,而在P波接收函数中,相同深度范围的间断面的Ps转换波往往被来自浅部间断面的多次波干扰或者淹没,因此S波接收函数是目前获取岩石圈地幔深度范围内速度间断面结构(如Moho和LAB)的比较有效的方法,比面波观测具有更高的分辨率.本文详细阐述了P波接收函数和S波接收函数的方法原理以及在地壳上地幔速度间断面的研究中所采用的研究思路.     

中国数字地震台网的接收函数及其非线性反演

利用中国数字台网（CDSN）记录的85个远震事件的宽频带P波波形数据和分离接收函数的最大或然性反褶方法,获得了CDSN台网10个台站不同方位的岩石层接收函数.利用这些台站不同方位的平均接收函数和非线性接收函数反演方法,获得了上述各台站下方100km深度范围内的岩石层S波速度结构.结果表明CDSN台网各台站下方的地壳厚度和岩石层速度结构存在明显的差别.其中,拉萨台下方的地壳厚度为66kin,壳幔界面较模糊,而余山台下方的地壳厚度为34km,壳慢界面两侧速度反差明显.刮用本文方法估计的地壳厚度与已有的结果基本一致,由于CDSN台网覆盖了中国大陆的各主要构造单元,本文的结果为研究中国大陆的岩石层S波速度结构及其横向变化提供了新的证据.     

中国东北地区下方660 km间断面研究

围绕中国东北地区下方俯冲的西太平洋板块是停滞在地幔过渡带内水平向西伸展, 还是穿透660 km间断面直接进入下地幔, 始终是一个具有争议的问题. 本文基于P--SV转换波对速度间断面的敏感性, 利用中国数字地震台网在东北地区布设的136个固定地震台站记录到的远震波形数据, 通过提取台站下方的接收函数并采用共转换点(CCP)叠加技术, 得到了该区域660 km间断面的起伏变化图像. 结果显示, 东北地区下方660 km间断面下沉幅度超过20 km的区域主要集中在44°N以南、 东西跨度约400 km的范围内. 660 km间断面的下沉表明西北太平洋板块俯冲到了中国东北地区下方, 在较小区域范围内观测到的较大深度异常可能暗示着俯冲板片穿透660 km间断面直接进入了下地幔.      

牡丹江和海拉尔台下方地幔间断面结构及推论

利用牡丹江(MDJ)和海拉尔(HIA)台1988-2000年的宽频带三分量数字地震记录,通过地幔间断面产生的P-SV转换波,研究台站下方地幔间断面的分布以及日本海俯冲带对660km间断面的影响.为了提高所得结果的可靠性,采用了线性-偏振滤波方法和修正的N次根倾斜叠加方法来提取P-SV转换波.前一方法通过实验选取适当的光滑平均和提出立体角的约束;对后一方法进行了震源深度校正和间断面倾斜的修正.结果表明,在MDJ和HIA台下方,除在660,410,220和520km深度附近均存有间断面外,在140,350,570,740和1080km深度附近也存在间断面,显示了地幔中径向分层的复杂性;另外,MDJ台下方660-840km之间的间断面结果比HIA台下方的复杂,似有分层结构,可能反映了俯冲带的影响.     

阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带及周边地区地幔过渡带结构研究

利用国家测震台网固定台站和"中国地震科学台阵探测"项目在南北地震带北段布设的宽频带流动台阵记录到的极远震事件,通过SS前驱波震相研究,获得了阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带东段及邻区下方410 km和660 km间断面的埋深和起伏形态特征.为增强对SS前驱波震相的识别,我们采用了时差校正和共反射点叠加分析.叠加结果显示,毗邻阿留...     

利用P波接收函数方法研究华北克拉通西部地壳和上地幔间断面

本文利用北京大学在华北克拉通西部布设的一条东西方向流动地震观测台阵记录的远震资料,提取各台站P波接收函数,然后通过倾斜叠加(H|κ)、共转换点叠加(CCP)和偏移成像获得了横跨华北克拉通西部鄂尔多斯块体和祁连块体下方地壳和上地幔速度间断面的形态分布.研究结果显示,Moho面从东向西逐渐加深,与地形大致呈镜像关系,东部华北克拉通内部(鄂尔多斯地块)的地壳厚度为~40km,而最西部青藏高原内部(柴达木盆地)的地壳厚度为~65km.在祁连块体下方出现了剧烈地Moho面阶跃,我们推断这是因为柴达木盆地受到南北方向印度板块对欧亚板块的挤压,从而导致垂直方向上厚度的增加.对于上地幔660km速度间断面的成像显示,在30°~32°N|100~102°E范围内出现了加深,这可能与存在低温物质有关.通过对比其他学者利用体波成像和接收函数所获得的结果,我们推测660km速度间断面的加深可能是受印度板块在对应深度上的残留俯冲块体的影响所致.     

华北克拉通东部地壳和上地幔结构的接收函数研究

利用北京大学和早期中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所在华北克拉通东部地区布设的共34台宽频带地震仪记录的远震体波资料,获取P波接收函数和S波接收函数,再分别通过偏移成像和共转换点叠加(CCP)和倾斜叠加得到了华北克拉通东部横跨郯庐断裂带地区沿剖面的地壳和上地幔速度间断面分布.研究结果表明,鲁西隆起下方的莫霍面的深度要比华北盆地和青岛地区浅约5 km,形成类似屋顶状的莫霍面隆起.郯庐断裂带和聊考断裂带下方的莫霍面有明显的错断.岩石圈与软流圈的分界面(以下简称LAB)的深度从太行山山前的约100 km深度上升到鲁西隆起下方约60 km深,向东在青岛地区下方LAB深度进一步变浅.我们利用倾斜叠加计算台站下方波速比得到地壳内的泊松比变化,结果显示鲁西隆起泊松比值分布相对均匀,而青岛地区内泊松比变化剧烈,可能反应了该地区作为苏鲁大别超高压变质带的北缘经历了较为复杂的地质演化过程.     

阿尼玛卿缝合带东段地壳结构的接收函数研究

沿四川红原至甘肃武威一线布设了20个宽频带地震台站, 在一年的观测时间里共接收到81次远震记录, 利用台站记录的远震P波波形数据和接收函数方法, 获得了沿测线的接收函数剖面、 每个台站下方的S波速度结构. 研究结果表明, 研究区地壳速度结构复杂, 整个地壳的平均S波速度偏低. 在四川阿坝弧形断裂——秦岭地轴北缘断裂之间, 地壳中10~40 km的深度范围内普遍存在低速层, 是阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋从闭合、 斜向碰撞到俯冲板块折返或逆冲岩片抬升等复杂地质过程所形成的构造特征. 沿剖面莫霍面深度约为50 km, 南边略深北边略浅.      

Constraining the characters of the upper mantle discontinuities beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau with a dense broadband seismic array

Based on observations from a dense broadband seismic array located along the northeastern (NE) margin of the Tibetan Plateau in southeastern Gansu Province,we use receiver functions (RFs) to pick the arrival times of P-to-S converted waves and bin the traces in different grids according to the piercing points of the 410 and 660 km discontinuities in the upper mantle.The depths of the two discontinuities are estimated by the ray tracing method with the IASP91 velocity model and a 3-D tomography model.The results indicate the following:(1) The arrival times of the P410s and P660s converted phases are delayed by approximately 1 s than those predicted by the IASP91 model.The mantle transition zone (MTZ) is thicker than that in the global model.(2) The synchronous lags in the P410s and P660s arrival times are consistent with low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle,which are believed to result mainly from the eastward migration of materials beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau.(3) Combined with previous tomography results,the depression of the'660'discontinuity and the thickened MTZ are somewhat consistent with the big mantle wedge (BMW) model.However,due to data limitations,more studies are required to explore the BMW in the future.     

Mantle discontinuities beneath Izu-Bonin and the implications

The detailed structure of the Earths interior is a major field of geophysics study and the existence and the properties of mantle discontinuities are its important content. Since the lateral heterogeneity was discovered with the seismic tomography method,…     

Tomographic inversion of P410s delay times for simultaneous determination of P and S velocities of the upper mantle beneath the Baltic Shield

Teleseismic data recorded by stations in the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN) are used for a study of upper mantle structure beneath the Baltic Shield using the receiver function technique. The data show very clear conversions from the 410 and 660 km discontinuities. The signals associated with P to S conversions at these discontinuities arrive 1-2 s earlier than predicted by global models such as IASP91 or PREM. We interpret this as a manifestation of higher than average velocities in the mantle beneath the shield, consistent with lower than average global temperatures. For a 1400 km profile along the network, we observe variations of around 1 second in delay times of P410s and slightly less for P660s. Under the assumption that the mantle discontinuities are at a given constant depth, the delay times of the mantle converted phases are tomographically inverted to reveal P and S velocity structure below the stations. Synthetic tests show that this tomographic inversion has the potential to resolve P and S velocity variations at structural scales adequate for upper mantle studies. Results from application to real data appear to be consistent with independently produced mantle velocity structures deduced from normal tomographic arrival time data. For the P velocity model, a north-dipping body of (relatively) low velocity is found for the central part of the profile at 58-64°N. A sharp contrast from low to high velocities that may be associated with the Proterozoic-Archean boundary is found at 66°N.     

西北太平洋俯冲带东北地区壳幔结构研究进展

总结了近年来西北太平洋俯冲前端东北地区地壳的精细结构和上地幔间断面410和660km的研究成果.认为：该区莫霍面深约为30～39km.410km的间断面有30km的深度异常,这种异常是否在过渡带正常或含水相变展布厚度的内,还是于该区俯冲带的后退有关,还需做进一步的研究论证.在中国东北地区,日本海俯冲带向西倾斜,在660km的间断面上近似水平停滞汇集被大多数层析成像、接收函数、波形拟和以及深震研究所认同.然而,俯冲带具体的形式、大小范围,向下渗透到多深以及在局部地区表现的横向不连续性的看法并不一致.由此带来的动力学模式什么力来支撑着停滞的板片,在板片最终下沉到下地幔以前,有多少俯冲的板片能停滞在间断面之上,这些问题都还需要更合理的解释.     

长白山-镜泊湖火山区上地幔间断面接收函数研究

利用布设在长白山地区的19个PASSCAL宽频带流动地震台站近一年的远震记录和布设在镜泊湖火山区14个宽频带轻便数字地震仪三个月的远震记录,共得到高质量的423个接收函数,通过对这些接收函数的共转换点叠加得到研究区的间断面的分布及形态.研究结果表明,研究区存在410、520km和660km间断面.410km和660km间断面较为连续且具有正相关性质,410km间断面在长白山天池火山下局部上隆,660km间断面具有复杂的多界面性质.410km和660km之间的过渡带厚约250km,接近全球平均水平.珲春深震区下660km界面下陷,其上还有多组震相,这些震相在珲春深震区东西两侧不连续,推测西太平洋板块至少已经俯冲到欧亚大陆下的上地幔过渡带中.410km间断面在长白山火山区下局部上隆,660km间断面具有的复杂结构和珲春深源地震的发生均与俯冲板块在过渡带中的活动有关. 俯冲板块在受到660km间断面的强大阻力后,在660km间断面之上变为近水平扩张.推测在欧亚大陆下西太平洋板块的最前端可能已经不是一个完整的整体,或许是由几个有一定联系的板块残片组成.     

Mantle transition zone structure beneath the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Over the past decades, there have been hot debates in the geodynamic community regarding to the deep evolution mechanisms of Cenozoic volcanism in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB). Of all the constraints available, high resolution structure of upper mantle discontinuities, especially the discontinuities at depths of 410 km(D410) and 660 km(D660), is of the most important, which may provide reliable clues on the magma channel as well as its evolution. In this work, we adopt the common conversion point stacking technique with teleseismic radial P-wave receiver functions to examine the D410 and D660 discontinuities. The primary results exhibit that the major characteristics of the mantle transition zone(MTZ) obtained by different velocity models are largely consistent. Obviously elevated D410 and slightly depressed D660 are observed beneath the Hannuoba Volcano, suggesting possible delamination of the local lithosphere deposited at the D410. This process may induce upwelling of the asthenospheric materials filling the space left by the delaminated lithosphere, and subsequently trigger volcanic eruptions. Strong depressions are observed at both D410 and D660 depths beneath west of the Dariganga Volcano, and the depression of D660 is more pronounced. It leads to the apparently thickened MTZ, indicating the presence of cold material at the D660. This cold material is speculated as a stagnant slab from the subducted Pacific Plate or the remains of a detached island arc system from the collision and formation of the CAOB. Slightly thinner MTZ is found beneath the Hentey Mountains and the Middle Gobi Volcano. Apparently, this thinner MTZ is not significant enough to support the existence of high thermal anomalies,which may rule out the possibility of large-scale hot material upwelling from either the local MTZ or even the lower mantle.     

The crust and upper mantle structure beneath southeastern China

We analyzed teleseismic waveforms recorded by 44 stations in the Fujian and Taiwan provinces of China and obtained 5344 high quality receiver functions. The crustal thickness (H) and average crustal V_P/V_S ratio (k) beneath every station were estimated using the H–k stacking method. Crustal thicknesses near the Fujian Province range from 28.3 to 32.8 km with an average of 31.1 km, and the corresponding V_P/V_S ratios vary from 1.70 to 1.84 with a mean of 1.76. From inland to offshore of the Fujian Province, the crustal thicknesses decrease and Poisson's ratios increase. These may indicate decreasing SiO₂ and increasing calc-alkaline contents in the crust. The discontinuity structures such as the Moho, subducting slab, the 410- and 660-km discontinuities (hereafter we call them the 410 and the 660) are also studied using common converted point (CCP) stacking of receiver functions. Along two NW–SE lines of central and northern Taiwan, the CCP stacking results show a western dipping structure at depths above 50 km, suggesting that the Philippine Sea plate is probably subducting beneath the Eurasian continent plate near the central and northern Taiwan. The CCP stacking results show sharp and flat 410- and 660-km discontinuities, and the transition zone thickness (TZT) is the same as that of ambient mantle beneath Fujian and Taiwan Strait, but thickens in the east of Taiwan. These results suggest that (1) the subducting Eurasian continent plate is confined to the depths above 410 km beneath Fujian and Taiwan Strait; and (2) the South China Sea slab may reach the transition zone beneath the east of Taiwan.     

华北东部复杂的660km相变界面

利用华北固定台网的宽频带地震远震记录波形资料,提取P波接收函数,通过偏移成像和共转换点叠加,得到华北地区东部地幔过渡带深度及厚度的图像.研究结果显示,地幔过渡带上界面(410km间断面)深度起伏变化不大;在华北地区东部,存在较厚的地幔过渡带,地幔过渡带下界面(660km间断面)在660km深度附近出现两个不同的界面.造成地幔过渡带增厚并出现两个深度不同的界面的原因可能是存在橄榄岩以外的地幔物质相变,该物质相变拥有与橄榄岩向钙钛矿转变不同的克拉伯龙斜率,太平洋俯冲板块的低温造成两种不同的相变界面发生不同程度的改变.双重660km间断面的范围存在向北西方向延伸的趋势并且向南至少延伸到30°N.本文的结果可为古西太平洋板块向华北俯冲前缘位置的研究提供约束.     

唐海—商都地震台阵剖面下方的地壳上地幔S波速度结构研究

2006年底,我们沿“张渤地震带”布设了一条从唐海—北京—商都的宽频带地震台阵剖面.本文利用台阵记录的远震波形资料,通过接收函数和面波联合反演对剖面下方100 km深度范围内地壳上地幔S波速度结构进行了研究.结果表明剖面东段莫霍面深度约30～34 km,西段深度约38～42 km,平原与山区的过渡地带地壳厚度变化较快.地壳内部10～20 km深度范围内存在多个低速体.在唐山7.8级地震震区附近Moho面出现小幅度隆起,中地壳存在明显的S波低速体.张家口以西,剖面下方10～20 km范围内存在两个S波低速体,张北6.2级地震发生在这两个低速体之间狭小的高速区. 在观测剖面附近,历史上发生的4个大震都与壳内低速体的分布有关. 张家口以东,上地幔普遍存在低速层,顶部埋深在60~80 km之间,并表现出明显的东部浅西部深的特点.