Variation of flotation rate coefficients in zinc cleaning circuits

The detailed flotation behaviour observed in industrial zinc cleaning circuits at Broken Hill differs markedly from that commonly reported for rougher and scavenger flotation. Flotation is strongly influenced by solids to liquid ratio (pulp density) and the behaviour can be described by an exponential relationship between the flotation rate coefficient and the pulp density in each cell. The dependence on pulp density is largely independent of mineral type but does depend upon particle size. The largest variation is observed for coarse particles.The observations are of considerable significance to control of circuit performance. The results of simulations incorporating the dependence of rate coefficient upon pulp density differ substantially from those obtained from conventional models which assume constant rate coefficients.     

A study on the optimization of the arrangement of flotation circuits

The optimum utilization of available plant capacity has been investigated by simulation of a three-stage flotation circuit. By using simple models of the flotation process a wide variety of cell arrangements has been investigated and the findings tested against a number of operating flotation plants. It is concluded that the efficiency of operation of flotation systems is rather insensitive to circuit arrangement unless the circuit becomes grossly unbalanced. Circuit performance is much more sensitive to the flotation conditions and selectivity in the banks and it is only if a new circuit configuration leads to significantly improved flotation conditions that real improvements are likely. Simulation studies would require detailed modelling of such effects to be useful for circuit optimization studies.     

A MILP model for design of flotation circuits with bank/column and regrind/no regrind selection

A method for the design of flotation circuits is presented. The design problem is represented by several superstructures. The first superstructure represents separation tasks (STS), which include: feed processing superstructure (FPS), concentrate processing superstructure (CPS), and tail processing superstructure (TPS). The FPS commonly uses a single stage, i.e., rougher. The CPS represents the circuit needed to carry out the cleaner task, and the TPS represents the circuit needed to carry out the scavenger task. These superstructures are flow networks between several separation stages. In each separation stage two kinds of cells are allowed, bank and column. In several streams in the CPS and TPS, the incorporation of regrind mills is also included.     

An analysis of the dynamic characteristics of flotation circuits by time-series analysis

Time-series analysis techniques are used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the flotation circuits on the Renison tin concentrator in Tasmania. Routine plant-operating data provide information on the variability of feed streams, the disturbances resulting from normal manual operation, the suitability of certain locations for sitting instruments, and some simple time delays in the circuit. It is also shown how plant upsets and abnormal conditions caused by large perturbations to the operation can prove useful in such studies. Finally, a dynamic experiment is described which shows that disturbances higher in frequency than those in the feed are induced in the roughing and scavenging operations, but that these are filtered out again in the cleaner circuit. The uses and limitations of these techniques are discussed.     

滑坡防治工程概念设计方法探讨

滑坡灾害的发生是多因素联合作用的结果，其形成条件、产生原因、变形破坏机制和几何边界条件往往具有复杂性和不确定性，如何选取技术可行、经济合理、安全可靠的防治工程方案，成为能否有效治理滑坡的关键。本文将源自抗震设计中的概念设计方法引入滑坡防治工程设计，提出了滑坡防治工程的概念设计方法。概念设计可结合工程经验和辅助计算方法、试验手段等，在设计中更能体现综合分析、宏观控制。能更好地体现安全可靠与经济适用相结合的设计原则。实践证明该方法是有效而快捷的。     

State of the art of modelling two-phase flow in fractured rock

 Two-phase flow in fractured rock is an important phenomenon for a range of practical problems, not the least of which is non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination of groundwater. Although multiphase systems have long been studied in the petroleum field, in the hydrogeological field progress has only just reaches the point where models are being developed. Scale effect is one of the main issues of concern. Although models presented in this paper have the potential to provide useful predictions, they can only be used to investigate a variety of possible scenarios with parameters being specified in the form of distribution of values. The calibration and validation of all but the simplest of these models poses a formidable task, with great demands on hydrogeologists and geophysicists to provide adequate data. Received: 20 May 1996 · Accepted: 19 August 1996     

受空洞坍塌影响的加筋路基研究综述

工程上常利用水平加筋法来预防或延迟因受交通荷载和地下水等因素导致空洞坍塌而引起的临近道路的突发性破坏,起到破坏预警作用;但加筋体界面特性与作用机制相当复杂,下伏空洞加筋路基缺少完善的设计方法。通过总结国内外已有文献的研究成果,重点阐述了受空洞坍塌影响的加筋路基-路堤力学机制与作用机制,包括对路堤填土滑移面的定义、层间土拱效应、加筋体拉膜效应、塌陷区上覆填土膨胀、锚固区筋土界面摩擦及过渡区加筋体张拉力折减等方面;总结了空洞区加筋路基已有的设计方法,并进行了对比与讨论。结果表明,已有成果对受空洞坍塌影响的加筋路基-路堤荷载传递机制、渐进性破坏演变机制、沉降计算、极限承载力与稳定性问题等方面的研究仍显不足,针对加筋体上方荷载分布形式仍未形成定论,现有设计方法过于保守,并指明了进一步的研究建议,可为今后研究提供方向和参考。     

干旱,半干旱地区水文地质研究现状

世界上近一半的国家都不同程度地受到干旱问题的影响,因而干旱、半干旱区的水文地质研究多年来一直是世界水文地质学界的研究热点。本文根据几年来所阅读的关于该方面的近百篇国内外文献资料,对干旱和半干旱地区地下水开发利用概况、地下水形成机理研究进展、干旱区大型盆地地下水运移所采用的两种模型、环境同位素技术在干旱区地下水研究中的应用、地下水流系统研究进展、地下水数值模拟及管理模型现状、干旱区包水带水文地质研究     

Triassic biochronology: State of the art and main problems

According to known resolution of the IUGS, the International Stratigraphic Commission entrusted its subcommissions with a task to prepare proposals for the official approval of boundaries between Phanerozoic stages. Specially organized working groups were later renamed as special teams for seeking the Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP) for these boundaries. In 2001, the GSSP of lower boundary for the Induan Stage, the basal one in the Triassic System, was officially approved to be in the Meishan section of southern China. The selection appeared to be lame, because the Permian-Triassic boundary layers of the stratotype section are lacking ammonoids. As a result, this boundary is now based only on the first occurrence level (FO) of conodont species Hindeodus parvus. Soon, the proposal of Chinese paleontologists to consider the western Pingdingshan section in the Anhui Province as the GSSP for the lower boundary of the Olenekian Stage may win the official recognition. This boundary between the Olenekian and Anisian stages, which is placed at the FO of conodont species Neospathodus waageni is the least debatable. The Mt. Desli Caira section in northern Dobrogea (Romania) is most appropriate for its global stratotype. In contrast, the Anisian-Ladinian boundary appeared to be most disputable. The Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy should select one of three GSSP candidates proposed. The lower Carnian boundary traditionally drawn at the aon Zone base suffered some changes. It is proposed to place it at the FO of the ammonoid genus Daxatina with the GSSP in the Dolomites of Italy. The Norian and Rhaetian boundaries are under discussion.     

Simultaneous optimization of the performance of flotation circuits and their simplification using the jumping gene adaptations of genetic algorithm

The elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with the modified jumping gene operator (NSGA-II-mJG) is used to optimize the performance of froth flotation circuits. Four example optimization problems (Mehrotra and Kapur, 1974; Green, 1984; Dey et al., 1989) [Mehrotra, S.P., Kapur, P.C., 1974. Optimal–sub-optimal synthesis and design of flotation circuits. Sep. Sci. 9, 167–184; Green, J.C.A., 1984. The optimization of flotation networks. Int. J. Miner. Process. 13, 83–103; Dey, A.K., Kapur, P.C., Mehrotra, S.P., 1989. A search strategy for optimization of flotation circuits. Int. J. Miner. Process. 26, 73-93.] of varying complexity are solved using single-objective functions. In one example, the overall recovery of the concentrate stream is maximized for a desired grade of the concentrate and a fixed total cell volume. The interconnecting cell linkage parameters (fraction flow rates) and the mean cell residence times are the decision variables. In all these cases, the optimal solutions obtained using NSGA-II-mJG are superior to those obtained by earlier techniques (which converged to local optimal solutions). Thereafter, a few two-objective optimization problems are solved. In these, the performance of the circuit is optimized, and simultaneously, the number of connecting streams is minimized so as to give simple circuits. Pareto optimal sets of equally good (non-dominating) solutions are obtained. This is probably the first study involving the multi-objective optimization of flotation circuits with one aim being to simplify them.     

俯冲带地震诱发机制:研究进展综述

俯冲带作为地球循环体系的关键部位,具有构造活跃、地震多发以及地质条件复杂等特征。基于震源位置,俯冲带地震既可划分为板间和板内地震,也可分为浅源、中源和深源地震。俯冲带内的浅源地震包括板间地震和浅源板内地震,而中源和深源地震皆属于板内地震。在地球浅部,温度与压力低,浅源地震是由岩石发生脆性破裂或沿着先存断层发生不稳定摩擦滑移造成的。随着深度增加,温度和压力的增加使得流行于浅部的脆性和摩擦行为在无水条件下被强烈抑制,岩石从而表现为可抑制地震的韧性行为,使得中-深源地震的诱发机制有别于常规的脆性行为。随着研究的逐渐深入,人们了解到中源地震的诱发机制主要是脱水或与流体相关的致脆以及塑性剪切失稳,而深源地震的成因主要是相变致裂。然而,中-深源地震很可能是两种或两种以上机制共同作用的结果。例如,在中源深度既可能是流体相关的致脆导致脱水源区的脆性围岩产生地震,亦可能是脱水的蛇纹岩本身可能在流体孔隙压的作用下作粘滑滑移,而前者比后者更为重要。孕震带宽度大于"反裂隙模型"预测的亚稳态橄榄石冷核宽度的深源地震可能是由第一阶段的相变致裂和第二阶段的塑性剪切失稳诱发,而孕震带的实际宽度与预测宽度相当的深源地震则可能仅由相变致裂引起。只要过渡带内名义无水矿物中的结构水能释放出来,脱水致脆同样可能触发一些深源地震;而塑性剪切失稳不仅能在中-深源地震触发后的扩展阶段起着主导作用,而且还能单独触发一些中-深源地震,因此能够解释大多数反复发生的中-深源地震活动。     

部分熔融岩石流变学

本文系统地总结了静态与动态条件下部分熔融岩石中熔体的形态及其分布特征,着重阐述部分熔融对橄榄岩和花岗岩流变学性质的影响.众所周知,部分熔融不仅是造成地球的成分演化、形成层圈构造的重要过程,而且对深部地壳和上地幔的物理性质(如,电导率、滞弹性、剪切波速度和渗透性等)皆具有重要的影响.尤其是,部分熔融岩石流变性的研究对于深...     

General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia: State of the art and problems

The history of the development of the General Stratigraphic Scale (GSS), its significance, purpose, and difference from the International Stratigraphic Chart (ISC) are briefly reported. The most global achievements in the GSS refinement based on the Proceedings of the All-Russian conference at the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 2013) are considered. The main problems related to the GSS improvement are formulated: the structure of the Precambrian and Quaternary stratigraphic scales, the location of the Vendian System in the GSS, formal substantiation of the “Russian” stages of the Cambrian, Carboniferous, and Permian Systems, and the significance of the regional limitotypes of the ISC subdivisions.     

Mineral resources of high-tech metals in Russia: State of the art and outlook

Seven main ore-forming systems—porphyry and epithermal; orogenic related to granitic intrusions; magmatic ultramafic; volcanic-hosted massive sulfide and volcanic–sedimentary; sedimentary basins; related to alkaline magmatic activity; and placers and weathering mantles—are sources of high-tech critical metals. The following promising types of ore deposits containing high-tech critical metals as by-products are recognized: Cu–Mo porphyry, Fe–Cu–Au and Pb–Zn skarn, base-metal epithermal, volcanic-hosted massive sulfide, base-metal stratiform, various tin deposits, and placers containing rare metals including REE. The mineral resources of critical metals in Russia are compared with those known in other countries. The contents of high-tech critical metals in ores of some noble-metal deposits of the Russian Northeast are reported. It is shown that the subsurface of Russia possesses considerable mineral resource potential for hightech critical metals, which allows new enterprises to be created or production of operating enterprises to increase.     

建筑环境艺术设计的思考

阐述了对建筑环境艺术设计的思考。当今建筑设计已从功能设计向环境艺术设计拓展。建筑环境艺术设计的兴起正是为了不断满足人们追求生活、工作的物质要求和精神要求的需要。     

The microstructure of polar ice. Part II: State of the art

An important feature of natural ice, in addition to the obvious relevance of glaciers and ice sheets for climate-related issues, is its ability to creep on geological time scales and low deviatoric stresses at temperatures very close to its melting point, without losing its polycrystalline character. This fact, together with its strong mechanical anisotropy and other notable properties, makes natural ice an interesting model material for studying the high-temperature creep and recrystallization of rocks in Earth's interior. After having reviewed the major contributions of deep ice coring to the research on natural ice microstructures in Part I of this work (Faria et al., 2014), here in Part II we present an up-to-date view of the modern understanding of natural ice microstructures and the deformation processes that may produce them. In particular, we analyze a large body of evidence that reveals fundamental flaws in the widely accepted tripartite paradigm of polar ice microstructure (also known as the “three-stage model,” cf. Part I). These results prove that grain growth in ice sheets is dynamic, in the sense that it occurs during deformation and is markedly affected by the stored strain energy, as well as by air inclusions and other impurities. The strong plastic anisotropy of the ice lattice gives rise to high internal stresses and concentrated strain heterogeneities in the polycrystal, which demand large amounts of strain accommodation. From the microstructural analyses of ice cores, we conclude that the formation of many and diverse subgrain boundaries and the splitting of grains by rotation recrystallization are the most fundamental mechanisms of dynamic recovery and strain accommodation in polar ice. Additionally, in fine-grained, high-impurity ice layers (e.g. cloudy bands), strain may sometimes be accommodated by diffusional flow (at low temperatures and stresses) or microscopic grain boundary sliding via microshear (in anisotropic ice sheared at high temperatures). Grain boundaries bulged by migration recrystallization and subgrain boundaries are endemic and very frequent at almost all depths in ice sheets. Evidence of nucleation of new grains is also observed at various depths, provided that the local concentration of strain energy is high enough (which is not seldom the case). As a substitute for the tripartite paradigm, we propose a novel dynamic recrystallization diagram in the three-dimensional state space of strain rate, temperature, and mean grain size, which summarizes the various competing recrystallization processes that contribute to the evolution of the polar ice microstructure.     

Determination of the contributions of true flotation and entrainment in batch flotation tests

Laboratory batch flotation tests were carried out on a deslimed (+6 μm) sulfiderich cassiterite ore, an ultrafine fraction (?6 μm) of a cassiterite ore and a bituminous coal. Chemical conditions were kept constant but the water recovery was varied by changing the height of the froth column and the rate and depth of froth removed. The recovery of the floatable mineral in each system was then found to be linearly related to the weight of water recovered. The intercept of the regression line on the mineral recovery axis, where the water recovery is zero, was interpreted as the recovery due to true flotation. The entrainment contribution was proportional to the slope of the line. In this way the contributions of entrainment and true flotation to overall recovery were separated.