Phosphorus dynamics in water and sediments in urbanized and non-urbanized rivers in Southern Brazil

Phosphorus flux models show that the removal tends to be a common feature in polluted estuarine systems whereas the release of P to the adjacent coastal area occurs in pristine environments. This study analyzes the distribution of P in water and sediments along six rivers in the south coast of Brazil. Three rivers located inside protected areas were considered non-polluted and used as a control of urbanization. The other three, situated within urbanized areas, were considered as having highly elevated concentrations of P. Results showed a different behavior of P in water and sediments located in urbanized and non-urbanized areas. The concentrations of dissolved organic (P-org) and inorganic (P-inorg) phosphorus in water, and the total phosphorus (P-tot) and polyphosphate (P-poly) in sediments where higher in the urbanized rivers compared to the non-urbanized ones. Both P of punctual origin and of diffuse origin contributed to the maintenance of elevated concentrations and disturbed the natural fluxes along the polluted rivers. The minimum and maximum concentrations in urbanized areas varied from 0.39 to 12.45 (microM) for P-org and 0.00 to 5.92 (microM) for P-inorg in water, and in sediments from 89.90 to 808.16 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 76.51 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. In non-urbanized areas concentrations in water varied from 0.22 to 1.20 (microM) for P-inorg and 4.43 to 5.56 (microM) for P-org, and in sediments from 45.91 to 652.26 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 8.61 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. Using a hierarchical sampling design and a simple model of variation of P (K(d) model) it was possible to demonstrate that urbanized and non-urbanized estuaries may act as sinks or sources of P. The variation of P analysis in different points along each of the six rivers showed that release and removal areas may occur within a same river independently of its urbanization.     

Differences in organotin accumulation in relation to life history in the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis

To examine the accumulation pattern of organotins (OTs) in relation to the migration of diadromous fish, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) and their derivatives were determined in the muscle tissue of both sea-run (anadromous) and freshwater-resident (nonanadromous) types of the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis. Ontogenic changes in otolith strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were examined along life history transect to discriminate migration type. Mean Sr:Ca ratio from the core to the edge of the otolith in sea-run individuals was significantly higher than those in freshwater-resident one. There were no significant correlations in S. leucomaenis between OT accumulation and various biological characteristics. It is noteworthy that TBT and TPT concentrations in sea-run type were significantly higher than those in freshwater-resident individuals, although they are both of the same species. These results suggest that sea-run S. leucomaenis have a higher ecological risk of OT exposure than freshwater-residents during their life histories.     

Integrated watershed management for mitigating streamflow depletion in an urbanized watershed in Korea

A systematic, seven-step approach to integrated watershed planning and management is applied to an urbanized watershed, the Anyangcheon (AY) watershed in Korea which consists of (1) understanding watershed components and processes, (2) identifying and ranking problems to be solved, (3) setting clear and specific goals, (4) developing a list of management options, (5) eliminating infeasible options (6) testing the effectiveness of remaining feasible options, and (7) developing the final options. Watershed characteristics, water quantity and quality simulations with SWAT and PLOAD models, and the developed problem indices of PFD (Potential Flood Damage), PSD (Potential Streamflow Depletion), and PWQD (Potential Water Quality Deterioration) identify that streamflow depletion is more serious than flood risk and water pollution in the study watershed (Steps 1 and 2). Instreamflow requirements, which are the maximum value of the average low flow and the fish flow, are estimated using regional regression and the software PHABSIM (Step 3). Feasible solutions that improve the depleted streams are listed and screened qualitatively against technical, economical, and environmental criteria (Steps 4 and 5). Effectiveness of the remaining 14 feasible alternatives are then analyzed using SWAT (Step 6) and alternative evaluation index (AEI) and their priority ranks are determined against an evaluation criterion that uses the concept of pressure, state, and response (Step 7).     

Generalized migration in frequency-wavenumber domain (MGF-K) in anisotropic media

In this paper, the background of MGF-K migration in dual domain (wavenumber-frequency K-F and space-time) in anisotropic media is presented. Algorithms for poststack (zero-offset) and prestack migration are based on downward extrapolation of acoustic wavefield by shift-phase with correction filter for lateral variability of medium’s parameters. In anisotropic media, the vertical wavenumber was determined from full elastic wavefield equations for two dimensional (2D) tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) model. The method was tested on a synthetic wavefield for TTI anticlinal model (zero-offset section) and on strongly inhomogeneous vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) Marmousi model. In both cases, the proper imaging of assumed media was obtained.     

Analysis and attribution of trends in water levels in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

In the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), water levels at some stations have increased. However, the factors that cause this rise in the VMD have not been identified. We considered four factors that may have contributed to the water level rise: (1) increased runoff from upstream, (2) sea‐level rise, (3) land subsidence, and (4) decrease in flood mitigation function because of construction of high dykes. We analysed daily maximum and minimum water levels, and mean daily water levels from 24 monitoring stations from 1987 to 2006. Using daily and annual water level differences, we classified the delta into two groups: one is dominated by flows from upstream, while the other is tide dominated. We then tested the trends of annual maximum and minimum water levels using the Mann–Kendall test, and identified the slope of the trend using the method of Sen. The areas of dyke construction were estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Results show (1) river inflow has little impact on rising water levels in the VMD, (2) the influence of high dykes on water level rise could not be quantified in this study, and (3) both maximum and minimum water levels significantly increased in the tide‐dominated area. Trend of annual minimum water level can be considered as the sum sea‐level rise and land subsidence. Therefore, we attribute 6.05 mm year^?1 (80%) to land subsidence and 1.42 mm year^?1 (20%) to sea level rise, indicating that inundations have been severe in the VMD, caused primarily by land subsidence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects in cosmic rays in March 1991

Using the spectrographic global survey method, variations in the rigidity spectrum and anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays (March 1991) have been studied using data from ground-based observations of cosmic rays (CR) at the worldwide network of stations. Variations in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (GCR) have been calculated. The paper also presents latitudinal GCR variations at certain moments of the considered period for different geomagnetic field disturbance levels. Calculation results of GCR variations have been compared with those of effect of the westward current flowing with a strength proportional to the latitude cosine along parallels on the sphere, for different radii of the current ring in the dipole field.     

汶川Ms8.0级大地震中成都地区液化特征研究

汶川大地震中成都地区液化及其震害现象较为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,成都地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中都江堰市液化在烈度Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、X和X度区均有出现,但Ⅶ度区最为集中液化喷水高度多在1-3m之间,最高一处超过10m液化场地喷出物涵盖了多种土类,约67％为粉细砂,且有卵砾石,约占11％液化带普遍伴随地裂缝,...     

Organophosphates and Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Freshwater Streams in Hessen/Germany

Four small freshwater river systems in Hessen, Germany, have been investigated with respect to seasonal and spatial concentration variations and transported load of the organophosphates tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), tris(2‐chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) and the synthetic musk fragrances 1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐4,6,6,7,8,8‐hexa‐methylcyclopenta‐[γ]‐2‐benzopyran (HHCB) and 7‐acetyl‐1,1,3,4,4,6‐hexamethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN). Data originate from water samples collected in the time span from September 2003 to April 2005 at 25 sampling locations. The detection frequency for all compounds was about 90%. Mean concentration levels of organophosphates were 502 ng/L (TCPP), 276 ng/L (TBP), 183 ng/L (TBEP), 118 ng/L (TCEP), and 117 ng/L (TDCPP). The synthetic musk fragrances HHCB and ATHN were detected with mean concentrations of 141 and 46 ng/L, respectively. The variability of the concentration of all compounds was high with respect to space and time. The highest concentrations were observed in the Schwarzbach system characterized by the highest proportion of wastewater compared to the other river systems. Concentration levels of synthetic musk fragrances were significantly lower in summer times compared to winter times.     

Population dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton in relation to environmental factors in a productive lake

Spatial and seasonal fluctuations in autotrophic picoplankton (APP) abundance in a eutrophic, dimictic lake (Lake Aydat, France) were measured concurrently with a variety of environmental variables. Cell number ranged from 0.03 to 2.36×10⁶ cells·ml^–1 (highest concentrations were >5-fold higher than in oligotrophic lakes) and averaged 24 ± 7% of total picoplankton abundance (APP + heterotrophic bacteria). APP abundance (1) peaked in spring simultaneously with heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate densities, (2) decreased during the nitrogen-limited and summer stratification period, and (3) increased with fall turnover. In summer-autumn, the contribution of single-cell eukaryotic (up to 66%) and colonial prokaryotic (18%) forms to total abundance peaked in the bottom waters. Multivariate regression analyses suggest that >40% variance in APP number changes may be explained by ciliate abundance (at 0–4 m depth-range), heterotrophic flagellate number and oxygen concentration (5–9 m), and ciliate carbon biomass (10–14 m). The model accounting for changes in heterotrophic bacterial abundance (5–9 m) indicates chlorophylla concentration (r ²=58%) and ciliate abundance (r ²=34%) as dominant covariates. The data presented here suggest that micrograzers control APP abundance in Lake Aydat.     

秋季太湖悬浮物高光谱估算模型

2004年10月,在太湖设置67个采样点,现场测量了水体遥感反射比、后向散射系数和辅助参数,实验室分析了水体的悬浮物浓度和水色要素吸收系数.本文在对遥感反射比光谱分析的基础上,比较了几种水体遥感反射比光谱估算悬浮物浓度的方法,结果发现广泛应用的带比值项的算法,虽然可以应用于太湖总悬浮物浓度估算,但是普遍存在相对误差较高的弱点.通过对光谱的分析,确定了750hm单波段算法的参数,并提出了利用近红外812nm波峰高度来估算水体悬浮物的方法.文中还详细阐述了为什么比值算法等在太湖水体悬浮物浓度估算中相对误差比较高,并解释了利用近红外估算精度高的原因,并指明以上算法在遥感应用中的优点和不足,以及现实水体(水质)遥感对现有遥感器配置和遥感算法的需求.     

龙感湖水生植被

于１９９３年９月对龙感湖水生植被及环境进行了调查研究。龙感湖有水生植物２６科３８属５０种,依据优势种群划分９个群丛,其分布面积２８３．５ｋｍ＾２,占全湖总面积的８９．７％,植被现有年生产力达２１４７７３０ｔ,对渔业生产和生态环境具有十分重要的意义。建议对该湖植被应合理开发利用,如果围网养鱼得到广泛地发展,渔业生产潜力每年可达４１８１．８ｔ。     

Diel changes in metal concentrations in a geogenically acidic river: Rio Agrio,Argentina

Rio Agrio in Patagonia, Argentina is a geogenically acidic stream that derives its low-pH waters from condensation of acidic gases near its headwaters on the flanks of the active Copahue Volcano. This study reports the results of three diel (24-h) water samplings in three different pH regimes (3.2, 4.4 and 6.3) along the river. Changes in the concentration and speciation of Fe dominated the diel chemical changes at all three sites, although the timing and intensity of these cycles were different in each reach. At the two acidic sampling sites, total dissolved Fe and dissolved Fe(III) concentrations decreased during the day and increased at night, whereas dissolved Fe(II) showed the reverse pattern. These cycles are explained by Fe(III) photoreduction, as well as enhanced rates of precipitation of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) during the warm afternoon hours. A strong correlation was observed between Fe(III) and As at the furthest upstream (pH 3.2) site, most likely due to co-precipitation of As with HFO. At the downstream (pH 6.3) location, Fe(II) concentrations increased at night, as did concentrations of rare earth elements and dissolved Al. Photoreduction does not appear to be an important process at pH 6.3, although it may be indirectly responsible for the observed diel cycle of Fe(II) due to advection of photochemically produced Fe(II) from acidic upstream waters.     

镧改性膨润土钝化湖泊中的磷及其生态风险的研究进展

磷的过度输入是湖泊富营养化的关键原因,由于内源(沉积物)磷的释放,即使外源磷输入得到控制,富营养化湖泊的水质仍难以改善.近年来,利用镧改性膨润土(lanthanum modified bentonite,LMB)原位钝化沉积物中的磷,抑制湖泊内源磷释放备受关注.为了更好地理解和应用镧改性膨润土钝化磷技术,本文首先介绍镧改性膨润土的组成和其钝化磷的原理,其次梳理LMB磷钝化技术在富营养化湖泊中的应用效果,再分析影响LMB钝化磷效率的因素,最后阐述LMB在应用过程中可能产生的生态风险;并根据以上分析,提出LMB磷钝化技术应用中需要注意的方面,对该技术的后续研究方向进行展望.     

Advances in research on earthquake fluids hydrogeology in China: a review

Monitoring of subsurface fluid (underground fluid) is an important part of efforts for earthquake prediction in China. The nationwide network, which monitors groundwater level, water temperature, and radon and mercury in groundwater, has been constructed in the last decades. Large amounts of abnormal fluid changes before and after major earthquakes have been recorded, providing precious data for research in earthquake sciences. Many studies have been done in earthquake fluid hydrogeology in order to probe the nature of the earthquake. Much progress in earthquake fluid hydrogeology has been made in the last decades. The paper provides a review of the advances in research on earthquake fluid hydrogeology over the last 40 years in China. It deals with the following five aspects: (1) an introduction to the development history of monitoring networks construction; (2) cases of different subsurface fluid changes recorded before some major earthquakes which occurred in the last decades; (3) characteristics of subsurface fluid changes following major earthquakes; (4) mechanism of subsurface fluid changes before and following earthquakes; (5) application of earthquake fluids in the hydrogeology field.     

Seismicity in the platform regions of Ukraine in the zones of anomalous electrical conductivity

It is established for the first time that there are several regions in Ukraine, in which the earthquakes occurring within platform territory are correlated to the anomalous conductive structures in the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. These regions are identified as (1) Donbass and the eastern part of the Dnieper-Donetsk Depression (DDD); (2) eastern margin of the Ingulets-Krivoi Rog suture zone in the area of the Krivoi Rog-Kremenchug fault zone; (3) the western part of the Cis-Azov megablock; (4) the western boundary of the Ukrainian Shield and its slope; (5) North Dobruja and Pre-Dobrujan Depression. The reconstructed tree-dimensional (3D) geoelectrical models of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle feature anomalously low values of electric resistivity. The earthquake sources in the platform areas of Ukraine are localized above the top and in the upper parts of the crustal anomalies of electrical conductivity.     

Symmetry distribution of cities in China

The authors of this paper induced five principles of geographical symmetry based on the space distributions of cities and towns in China. There is a symmetry distribution of cities and towns. The symmetry characteristics are the following: (i) the average coordination number of the cities (including large cities, medium cities and county towns) is 6 (i.g. rotation symmetry); (ii) the distribution of large and medium cities are shown to be the latticework in which two directions are parallel to two main tectonic ones in China, respectively; (iii) the distribution of county towns of a province is also shown to be the latticework in which two directions are parallel to two tectonic ones in this province (i. g. two-dimensional translation) and (iv) the concentric circle distribution of cities (CCDC) is centered round a large city (i. g. rotation symmetry).     

CT淋巴管成像对原发性乳糜尿患者诊断及分级的应用价值初探

目的：探讨CT淋巴管成像（CTL）对于原发性乳糜尿患者诊断及分级的应用价值。方法：回顾性收集确诊为原发性乳糜尿的79例患者的临床及CTL影像学资料,CTL指标主要包括：(1)肾脏受累侧别及肾内淋巴管分布范围：单肾、双肾、肾窦、肾实质及肾门上区、肾门下区;(2)腹膜后异常淋巴管分布情况：包括腹膜后、腰干区域、肾血管周、肾周脂肪囊、肾上腺区域等;(3)腹盆部及胸部扩张淋巴管分布及淋巴反流情况;(4)其他异常表现：包括腹盆部、胸部及骨骼等部位的淋巴管相关异常改变;(5)影像学分级：按照腹膜后累及区域范围进行影像学分级,将腹膜后区域分为左侧和右侧肾门上区、肾门下区、腰干区、肾血管旁区、肾周区等10个区域,累及5个及以内区域为轻度,累及6个及以上区域为重度。根据乳糜尿临床分级标准进行临床分级,对于原发性乳糜尿患者临床特点及CTL征象采用分类变量资料中的构成比进行统计描述,利用一致性Kappa检验评估原发性乳糜尿患者影像分级及临床分级的一致性。结果：79例CTL示肾内异常碘油沉积74例（93.7%）,单肾55例（69.6%）,双肾19例（24.1%）,肾窦74例（93.7%）,肾实质37例（46....     

Long-term variations in sunspot characteristics

Relative variations in the number of sunspots and sunspot groups in activity cycles have been analyzed based on data from the Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station and international indices. The following regularities have been established: (1) The relative fraction of small sunspots decreases linearly and that of large sunspots increase with increasing activity cycle amplitude. (2) The variation in the average number of sunspots in one group has a trend, and this number decreased from ～12 in cycle 19 to ～7.5 in cycle 24. (3) The ratio of the sunspot index (Ri) to the sunspot group number index (G _gr) varies with a period of about 100 years. (4) An analysis of the sunspot group number index (G _gr) from 1610 indicates that the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule reverses at the minimums of secular activity cycles. (5) Ratio of the total area to area of Ssp/Sum nuclei has long-term variation with a period approximately 8 cycles. Minimum ratio falls on 16–17 cycles of activity. (6) It has been indicated that the magnetic field intensity and sunspot area in the current cycle are related to the amplitude of the next activity cycle.     

汶川大地震中德阳地区液化特点分析

汶川大地震中八个主要地区均有液化现象出现,其中德阳地区液化现象及其震害最为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,德阳地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中在绵竹市、什邡市和德阳市,绵竹市最为严重;液化在烈度Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区均有出现,但Ⅷ度区最为集中;液化喷水高度多在几公分到2m之间,最高一处超过10 m;液化场地喷出物基本涵盖...     

Bacterial community and some physico-chemical characteristics in a subtropical mangrove environment in Bahrain

A study of bacterial communities and some physico-chemical parameters of a subtropical mangrove habitat in the Arabian Gulf (Bahrain) was carried out in 1993-1994. Six stations at different parts of the tidal channel were selected for sampling. The mangrove habitat was found to harbor diverse bacterial communities, included among them anoxygenic phototrophs (AP), oxygenic phototrophs (OP), organotrophs (OT), total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC) and haloalkaliphiles (HA). Spatial and temporal variations in bacterial communities and environmental parameters were found. Each of the OT, AP, TC, and FC were dominant in the innermost stations (S1&S2) and gradually decreased seaward. The HA community on the other hand, was dominant at the seaward stations (S5&S6) and was most likely to have originated from the sea through the tidal flows. Both AP and OT were considered as part of the mangrove native flora, whereas TC and FC were alien and believed to have been introduced through partially treated sewage released at the upstream of the tidal channel. Closely monitoring of the mangrove water revealed succession pattern in bacterial communities. The AP community was predominant from November 1993 to March 1994, succeeded by dominance of OP from June 1994 to October 1994. Both bacterial blooms gave water a pinkish, purple, or green color, respectively. Although OT prevailed during Transitional period between AP and OP eutrophication, it remained comparatively constant (not less than 2 x 10(5)cfu/ml) through other periods. Frequent eutrophication phenomena of OP, which took place in summer and autumn, coincided with increases in water temperature, chlorophyll a, and nutrients (NO(3)(-) and PO(4)(-)). On the other hand, OT and AP were negatively correlated with temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a, but no specific pattern was observed in relation to NO(3)(-) and PO(4)(-). In comparison with seawater, nutrients such as NO(3)(-) and PO(4)(-) were consistently higher in the mangrove habitat. Partially treated sewage and farm drainage canals are proposed to form additional sources of nutrients. Although, the mangrove habitat has been demonstrated to possess self-cleaning properties, data obtained suggest that anthropogenic pollution has a deleterious effect.