黄土高原草地植被对土壤侵蚀影响研究进展

黄土高原土壤侵蚀严重,草地植被具有良好的水土保持作用,能很好地改善其生态环境。学者们对草地植被盖度与土壤侵蚀的关系、草地植被对水力学参数的影响、草地植被对土壤性质的影响、草地植被减水减沙效应以及草地坡面土壤侵蚀过程等几个方面开展了大量研究;但是关于草地覆盖诱发的侵蚀作用研究较少。将前人的研究成果进行归纳总结,并补充关于草地诱发侵蚀的一些研究结果,继而指出目前研究中存在的问题以及今后需要加强的方面,旨在减少黄土高原土壤侵蚀。     

兰州西部地区的黄土潜蚀作用

黄土的侵蚀机理是开展黄土高原水土侵蚀综合治理的关键,通过兰州以西黄（河）湟（水）谷地黄土区１∶５万区域地质野外调查,认为黄土的潜蚀是黄土高原水土流失的一个重要因素。在黄土侵蚀的过程中,潜蚀作用起着重要的作用。在宏观上,它可以形成各种黄土潜蚀地貌,同时它还能引发或者加剧其他侵蚀作用。黄土的岩性是黄土具有潜蚀能力的内在因素,而气候、地下水、构造、植被以及人为因素是其外在因素。在黄土区１∶５万区域调查过程中应加强这一方面的调查、研究工作     

我国南部红土区的水土流失问题

本文提出华南红土区水土流失的重大问题。水土流失的方式有:(1)坡面散流侵蚀;(2)暴流冲沟侵蚀。按风化分层出露情况可将花岗岩丘陵区的水土流失分为德庆崩岗型和五华沟谷型两大类。当风化层底部砾石层出露时,则地表呈“石蛋地形”,可用这种地表形态结构作为水土流失划分的指标。     

耕作侵蚀研究回顾和展望

耕作侵蚀是土壤侵蚀的重要组成,会导致地形、土壤性质和坡面水文过程的变化,已被证实是一个重要的土壤退化过程。利用科学文献计量法,总结了耕作侵蚀的发展历程、影响因子和研究方法。在此基础上,分析研究热点和趋势,对研究中存在的问题和挑战进行总结和讨论。耕作侵蚀的发生是耕作侵蚀力和景观可蚀性共同作用的结果,前者主要受人为因子影响,而后者主要由自然因子决定。为了科学认识耕作侵蚀过程及其发生和作用机制,长期以来开展了大量不同空间尺度和时间尺度的研究,并构建了多种独立的耕作侵蚀模型。随着对耕作侵蚀认识的逐步深化,耕作侵蚀从最初的独立研究逐步发展为与水蚀结合的综合土壤侵蚀研究,构建了大量科学评估区域和长时间尺度土壤侵蚀和地形演化的综合模型。然而,耕作侵蚀的多尺度综合研究有待进一步突破,与其他形式侵蚀的交互作用还有待进一步深入探索。构建精确的耕作侵蚀评估和预测模型,编制耕作侵蚀防治标准,协调耕作和土壤保护之间的关系是未来的重要发展方向。     

偏压连拱隧道优化施工的研究

针对多数连拱隧道修建中存在浅埋地形偏压结构受力状况,结合金丽温高速公路二期工程20多座隧道实际情况,选取有一定代表性浅埋地形偏压覆土厚度,对不同坡度1：1～1：1.5情况下（Ⅱ类取7种、Ⅲ类取3种）偏压连拱隧道结构受力及围岩屈服破坏等进行了施工步骤优化研究。结果表明,一般情况下,连拱隧道施工存在两种偏压效应：一种是因地形偏压引起,称之为“地形偏压”;而另一种则因连拱隧道的分部施工所引起,称之为“施工偏压”。这两种偏压有明确作用方向,产生结果也不相同。对连拱隧道左右洞,按“先外后里”工序施工,能够利用“施工偏压”来部分程度地“抵消”因地形偏压产生的结构偏压受力的不利情况。因此,采用“先外后里”工序施工,实为浅埋偏压情况下连拱隧道最优施工工序。     

根据地温资料推断气候变化——当代理论地热研究的一个前沿课题

近年来,在陆上进行热流测试或钻孔地温测量过程中,人们发现一些地区近地表数十米以至上百米的地温曲线发生某些“扭曲”或“畸变”现象,在排除了可能造成这些现象的各种因素诸如岩性变化、地形、植被以及地下水活动影响之后,地温曲线依然与稳态地温     

考虑重力侵蚀影响的分布式土壤侵蚀模型

黄土高原地区的土壤侵蚀具有水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀相伴发生的特点,在大多数针对黄土高原的侵蚀模型研究中未考虑重力侵蚀的影响,使得模型的模拟精度较差。针对黄土高原的侵蚀特点,采用量化影响重力侵蚀发生的主要因素,确定重力侵蚀发生的具体沟道栅格单元的方法,从而考虑了重力侵蚀对产输沙过程的影响。所建立的分布式土壤侵蚀模型以逐网格汇流的水文模型为基础,采用逐网格侵蚀输沙的模拟方式,能够模拟上方来水来沙对侵蚀输沙的影响。经小理河流域实测资料验证,模型具有一定的计算精度。     

浅析政和-大埔区域性断裂构造对地质灾害致灾因素的影响

多期次断裂构造运动的叠加,使得断裂带内的地层、岩体遭受不同程度的破坏,构造侵蚀作用使原有的地形(地貌)、地表水系等发生了根本性的改变,岩土体特征也随着发生改变。通常断裂带内的构造侵蚀、风化剥蚀作用相对比完整的断块要强烈的多。因此,断裂带成为地质灾害易发、高发区域。     

黄河三角洲沉积物抗侵蚀性动态变化差异研究

为研究波浪循环荷载作用过程中,细粒土沉积物抗侵蚀性特征的演化及其发生机制,在现代黄河三角洲北部及东北部选择两个典型研究区（遭受严峻侵蚀的车子沟渔村试验区及基本处于侵淤平衡的黄河海港试验区）进行了一系列波浪荷载模拟试验、侵蚀水槽试验及沉积物物理力学性质测试。试验结果发现：原车子沟渔村试验区沉积物抗侵蚀性在无波浪荷载作用或较短的波浪荷载作用条件下,普遍高于黄河海港研究区,但由于其更显著的液化特性,该区沉积物抗侵蚀性更容易被波浪荷载作用降低,这是造成车子沟渔村研究区遭受严峻潮滩侵蚀的重要原因。另外,结合试验结果,对两个研究区沉积年代及沉积物粒度成分特征的分析可知,波浪荷载作用导致海床下部细粒物质向上输运这一次生改造作用加速了海床沉积物的“粗化”进程,从而推进海岸带地区细粒沉积物抗侵蚀性特征的演化     

影响含硫化物的地下工程围岩中锚固体系侵蚀的主要因素研究(英文)

采用复合式衬砌的隧道及地下工程,锚喷支护系统的耐久性直接影响结构的稳定性和运营年限。锚杆主体属于钢构件,极易遭受侵蚀。从采用复合式衬砌的隧道及地下工程的结构特点可知,对于一定形式的锚杆,所遭受的侵蚀作用主要取决于锚杆与来自围岩的侵蚀性地下水的相互作用。本文探讨了含硫化物围岩中影响锚杆侵蚀的主要因素,描述了侵蚀性地下水的形成,以及锚杆侵蚀作用的物理化学机理,并提出了基于此机理的含硫化物围岩中锚杆使用年限的估算方法。     

An Investigation on Erodibility and Geotechnical Characteristics of Fine Grained Fluvial Soils from Lower Michigan

Scour and erosion potential of a soil are closely related to each other. Similarities or differences between them have not been defined fully and the terms are often used interchangeably or in association with one another. Erodibility is a property of soil that describes erosion potential. Therefore, a proper understanding of erodibility should help predict scour more accurately. In the past, researchers have looked into erosion of soils with the ultimate objective of understanding the erodibility with respect to the standard geotechnical properties. Most research has shown the difficulties associated with correlating erodibility to any one or more soil properties. The research described in this paper is mainly focused on the relationship between erodibility and dry unit weight of soil with varying fractions of fines. Soils tested using laboratory Jet Erosion Test (JET) indicated that the logarithm of erodibility makes a linear inverse relationship with the dry unit weight. In situ JETs confirmed the range of erodibilities established by the laboratory JETs. The best correlations between erodibility and dry unit weight appeared within a single category of soil as classified by the Unified Soil Classification System. In addition, it was also determined that the logarithm of erodibility is inversely related to the angle of internal friction of the fluvial soils tested during this investigation.     

Soil erosion assessment and its verification using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and Geographic Information System: a case study at Boun,Korea

This study is aimed at the evaluation of the hazard of soil erosion and its verification at Boun, Korea, using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Precipitation, topographic, soil, and land use data were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and remote sensing data. Areas that had suffered soil erosion were analysed and mapped using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The factors that influence soil erosion are rainfall erosivitiy (R) from the precipitation database, soil erodibility (K) from the soil database, slope length and steepness (LS) from the topographic database, and crop and management (C) and conservation supporting practices (P) from the land use database. Land use was classified from Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. The soil erosion map verified use of the landslide location data. Landslide locations were identified in the Boun area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys.     

青木关岩溶槽谷流域不同土地利用类型土壤可蚀性分析

基于土壤实地采样和理化性质测试分析,采用EPIC模型K值计算方法,分析青木关岩溶槽谷流域的土壤理化性质、土壤可蚀性及其影响因子。结果发现:（1）青木关岩溶槽谷流域表层土壤（0~10 cm）可蚀性K值介于0.037 1~0.060 5之间,均值为0.048 5,中值为0.047 5,变异系数为10.71%,偏度和峰度值小于1;（2）表土机械组成中以粉粒含量为主,土壤质地属于粉壤土;有机质含量在13.98~52.24 g.kg-1之间,均值为29.20 g.kg-1;表土可蚀性K值与砂粒含量、有机碳含量呈极显著负相关,与粉粒含量呈极显著正相关,与黏粒含量呈负相关;（3）不同土地利用类型下的表土可蚀性K值以裸土地最大,为0.058 3,耕地次之,为0.053 4,其次为园地、荒草地和竹林,分别为0.048 3、0.047 8和0.046 9,针阔叶混交林最小,为0.0427,分别存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,变异系数介于2.7%～6.1%之间;受人类活动影响强烈的裸土地和耕地是本地区主要的泥沙策源地,恢复植被能有效提高土壤抗蚀能力;（4）不同土地利用类型土壤剖面K值均值为耕地（0.056 3）显著大于荒草地（0.051 6）与林地（0.048 1）（P＜0.05）,荒草地与林地K值间差异性不显著;K值剖面分布一致表现为0~35 cm相对较小且变化较大,土下35~60 cm随着深度的增加而增大。      

Soil erosion risk assessment of the Keiskamma catchment,South Africa using GIS and remote sensing

This paper examines the soil loss spatial patterns in the Keiskamma catchment using the GIS-based Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) to assess the soil erosion risk of the catchment. SATEEC estimates soil loss and sediment yield within river catchments using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and a spatially distributed sediment delivery ratio. Vegetation cover in protected areas has a significant effect in curtailing soil loss. The effect of rainfall was noted as two pronged, higher rainfall amounts received in the escarpment promote vegetation growth and vigour in the Amatole mountain range which in turn positively provides a protective cover to shield the soil from soil loss. The negative aspect of high rainfall is that it increases the rainfall erosivity. The Keiskamma catchment is predisposed to excessive rates of soil loss due to high soil erodibility, steep slopes, poor conservation practices and low vegetation cover. This soil erosion risk assessment shows that 35% of the catchment is prone to high to extremely high soil losses higher than 25 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ whilst 65% still experience very low to moderate levels of soil loss of less than 25 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Object based classification highlighted the occurrence of enriched valley infill which flourishes in sediment laden ephemeral stream channels. This occurrence increases gully erosion due to overgrazing within ephemeral stream channels. Measures to curb further degradation in the catchment should thrive to strengthen the role of local institutions in controlling conservation practice.     

Erosion Resistance of HPTRM Strengthened Levee from Combined Wave and Surge Overtopping

Post-Katrina investigations revealed that most earthen levee damage occurred on the levee crest and land-side slope as a result of either wave overtopping, storm surge overflow, or a combination of both. This study addresses erosion resistance performance of a levee strengthening technique—high performance turf reinforcement mat under combined wave and surge overtopping conditions using full-scale flume tests as well as erosion function apparatus (EFA) tests. Based on the results of full-scale flume tests, an “upper limit” of soil loss is observed for certain flow conditions. Erosion rate was presented as a function of velocity and freeboard. The effect of duration of overtopping on the erosion depth is also determined. The results of EFA tests indicate that the presence of grass roots substantially improve the critical velocity and soil erodibility.     

Conditional simulation of USLE/RUSLE soil erodibility factor by geostatistics in a Mediterranean Catchment,Turkey

Soil erosion is a major environmental problem that threatens the sustainability and productivity of agricultural areas. Assessment and mapping of soil erosion are extremely important in the management and conservation of natural resources. The universal soil loss equation (USLE/RUSLE) is an erosion model that predicts soil loss as a function of soil erodibility (K-factor), as well as topographic, rainfall, cover, and management factors. The traditional approach assumes that one soil erodibility value represents the entire area of each soil series. Therefore, that approach does not account for spatial variability of soil series. This study was carried out to evaluate the use of the sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) for mapping soil erodibility factor of the USLE/RUSLE methodology. Five hundred and forty-four surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from the study area to determine the soil erodibility. A simulation procedure was carried out on 300 realizations, and histogram and semivariogram of the simulation were compared to the observed values. The results showed that the summary statistics, histogram, and semivariogram of the simulation results were close to the observed values. In contrary to the traditional approach and kriging, 95% confidence interval of the simulated realizations was formed in order to determine uncertainty standard deviation map, and the uncertainty was explained numerically. The SGS produced a more reliable soil erodibility map and it can be more successfully used for monitoring and improving effective strategies to prevent erosion hazards especially to improve site specific management plans.     

Assessment of the effects of vegetation on soil erosion risk by water: a case of study of the Batta watershed in Tunisia

Soil erosion by water is a serious environmental problem which affects particularly the agriculture of developing countries. Due to specific factors, such as high rainfall intensity, steep slopes and vegetation scarcity, Tunisia is prone to soil erosion. Taking this into account, the main objective of this study was to estimate the soil erosion risk in the Batta watershed in Tunisia using qualitative and quantitative erosion model with remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS). Moreover, a developed method that deals with evaluating the impact of vegetation on soil erosion by water is also applied. This method used multi-temporal satellite images with seasonal variability and the transformed soil adjusted vegetation index (TSAVI) which is appropriate in arid and semi-arid areas. For both erosion models, the results show that a large area of the Batta watershed is seriously affected by erosion. This potentially high risk is due especially to severe slopes, poor vegetation coverage and high soil erodibility in this watershed. Furthermore, the use of multi-temporal satellite images and vegetation index show that the effect of vegetation is a significant factor to protect the soil against erosion. The risk is especially serious in the summer season, but it decreases with the growth of vegetation cover in spring. Erosion model, combined with a GIS and remote sensing, is an adequate method to evaluate the soil erosion risk by water. The findings can be used by decision makers as a guideline to plan appropriate strategies for soil and water conservation practices.     

Scale effects of eroded sediment transport in Wujiang River Basin,Guizhou Province,China

In recent years, research on spatial scale and scale transformation of eroded sediment transport has become a forefront field in current soil erosion research, but there are very few studies on the scale effect problem in Karst regions of China. Here we quantitatively extracted five main factors influencing soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover and management, soil and water conservation, and slope length and steepness. Regression relations were built between these factors and also the sediment transport modulus and drainage area, so as to initially analyze and discuss scale effects on sediment transport in the Wujiang River Basin (WRB). The size and extent of soil erosion influencing factors in the WRB were gauged from: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), precipitation data, land use, soil type and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and observed data from hydrometric stations. We find that scaling effects exist between the sediment transport modulus and the drainage area. Scaling effects are expressed after logarithmic transformation by a quadratic function regression relationship where the sediment transport modulus increases before decreasing, alongside changes in the drainage area. Among the five factors influencing soil erosion, slope length and steepness increases first and then decreases, alongside changes in the drainage area, and are the main factors determining the relationship between sediment transport modulus and drainage area. To eliminate the influence of scale effects on our results, we mapped the sediment yield modulus of the entire WRB, adopting a 1 000 km2 standard area with a smaller fitting error for all sub-basins, and using the common Kriging interpolation method.     

Assessment of soil erosion in a small watershed covered by loess

Loose sediments like loess are easily erodable especially on hillslopes used for agriculture. Erosion contributes to the sedimentation and pollution of lakes such threatening quasi-natural ecosystems. On the other hand soil erosion damages fertile soils.The aim of the present paper is the assessment of soil and nutrient loss in a tributary catchment of Lake Balaton, including geoecological aspects of the lake ecosystem and of the slopes mantled by loess.The USLE is applied for small topological units, for the so called erotops. Rainfall simulation experiments were applied for the determination of the erodibility of soils. The calculation is based on a new, GIS aided method. Control measurements have been going on for four years at a gauging station to check how much sediment and water actually leaves the catchment.Results of sediment yield measurements were compared with the results obtained by the application of USLE for the whole catchment. According to this comparison only 2% leaves the catchment so that redeposition processes within the catchment are very important whereas the contribution of soil erosion to the eutrophication of the lake is not very significant in the small tributaries in the northern part of Lake Balaton catchment.