Characteristics of orogenic-gold deposits in the Northcote district,Hodgkinson Province,north Queensland: implications for tectonic evolution

We report results of metallogenic, structural, petrological and fluid-inclusion studies that characterise the nature of gold mineralisation in the Northcote district of the Hodgkinson Goldfield, one of the major goldfields in the Palaeozoic Hodgkinson Province of northeastern Queensland, Australia. Gold – arsenic and gold – antimony – arsenic deposits in the Northcote district are spatially associated with distinctive northwest-trending faults and shear zones suggesting a strong structural control on their development during several phases of deformation in the Late Devonian to Carboniferous. Field evidence, as well as petrographic, scanning electron microscope and fluid-inclusion analysis of mineralised samples, indicates the occurrence of two stages of gold genesis. Gold associated with the earlier of the two mineralising episodes exists mainly in solid solution with acicular arsenopyrite. SEM analysis indicated that minor sphalerite, galena and tetrahedrite formed during this episode of mineralisation. Gold deposited during the second mineralising episode has a strong association with antimony. Fluid-inclusion studies of quartz vein samples record minimum homogenisation temperatures between 108 and 312°C, and salinities of up to 13 wt% NaCl equivalent. Little to no difference in the nature of the fluids is observed between samples related to the two gold-forming stages. The style of gold mineralisation in the Northcote district is compatible with orogenic-gold deposits that form primarily during compressional and transpressional deformation along convergent plate margins.     

Growth and provenance of a Paleozoic subduction complex in the Broken River Province,Mossman Orogen: evidence from detrital zircon ages

A Paleozoic subduction complex dominates the Mossman Orogen developed at the northern extremity of the Tasmanides, eastern Australia. Its southern part, displayed in the Broken River Province, is characterised by dismembered ocean-plate stratigraphy in which turbidite-dominated packages and widespread tectonic mélange development are characteristic. The Broken River complex is characterised by formations with quartzose sandstone alternating with those largely formed of sandstone of more labile character. The two compositional groups are considered to reflect separate, age-significant sedimentary regimes, but their ages have hitherto been poorly constrained. With the use of 1082 concordant detrital zircon ages from 13 samples we provide age control for the complex and track its sedimentary provenance. Of quartzose units, the Tribute Hills Arenite and Pelican Range Formation are late Cambrian–Early Ordovician, and the Wairuna Formation is Middle to Late Ordovician, in age. The more labile units (Greenvale, Perry Creek and Kangaroo Hills formations) are collectively of late Silurian–mid-Devonian age. Development of the complex spanned some 130 Myr. Continent-derived sediment involved in accretion of much the complex, from mid-Ordovician to mid-Devonian, was largely sourced from a nearby magmatic arc of late Cambrian–Devonian age, now represented by granitoid plutons of the Macrossan and Pama igneous associations. An older far-field Pacific-Gondwana sediment source is characteristic of early-phase (late Cambrian–Early Ordovician) accretion, in common with sedimentary units of this age generally developed in the Tasmanides. We consider the complex to have grown largely by underplating that positioned younger components beneath those that are older, with out-of-sequence thrust interleaving of these components occurring late in the accretionary history. A Late Devonian contractional folding and cleavage development (Tabberabberan orogenesis) is uniformly expressed across the entire complex and reflects an abrupt change in plate engagement with imposition of a compressional stress regime.     

黑龙江省东宁县五道沟金矿成矿流体特征及矿床成因

五道沟金矿位于太平岭金-铜多金属成矿带,矿体呈脉状赋存于下二叠统双桥子组碳质板岩中,并严格受NE向断裂控制。根据野外观察和岩相学研究,将五道沟金矿成矿划分为早期石英阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段3个阶段,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为主要成矿阶段。石英流体包裹体显微测温和拉曼光谱分析表明,金成矿期流体为中低温、低盐度的含CO₂流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体是岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体。黄铁矿微量元素特征表明矿区内黄铁矿为岩浆热液成因;矿石硫同位素数据显示其具有岩浆硫和地层硫的混合特征。铅同位素组成图上,矿石铅、围岩铅和岩浆岩铅三者呈线性关系,具有同源特征,矿石中²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值明显高于围岩的相应值,暗示了矿石铅为围岩铅淋滤产物。矿石同位素特征表明双桥子组碳质板岩应为金矿矿源层。综合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素分析,认为五道沟金矿为造山型金矿     

浙西北地区萤石矿床成因及找矿方向

近年来浙西北地区在岩浆期后热液型萤石矿床勘查中取得重大突破,先后探明常山、淳安、开化、安吉等地多个大中型萤石矿床。这些矿床主要分布在燕山期(早白垩世)花岗岩类内外接触带中,成矿作用与岩浆侵入活动密切相关。通过对浙西北地区7个典型矿床进行矿床地质特征、成矿岩体及控矿构造研究,探讨岩体与萤石成矿之间的关系,将萤石矿床成因初步划分成2个亚类:与A型花岗岩有关的岩浆期后热液型萤石矿床和与I型花岗岩有关的岩浆期后热液型萤石矿床。通过对该区萤石矿床成矿物质来源、成矿温度、萤石稀土地球化学特征、成矿时代与成矿构造环境分析,较系统总结了浙西北主要萤石矿床的成因。在此基础上,结合区域F元素地球化学特征及剩余重力异常特征,提出本区萤石矿的找矿方向为高氟岩体分布区、F元素异常区及剩余重力异常负值区。     

甘肃两当湘潭子金矿床地质特征及成因

甘肃两当湘潭子金矿位于西秦岭造山带东段,金矿体主要受北西西向断裂控制,与区内发育的中酸性岩脉空间关系密切.显微观察和电子探针分析表明,Au主要赋存在黄铁矿和毒砂中,矿体中黄铁矿Co/Ni特征显示黄铁矿的成因与岩浆作用有关.通过稀土元素分析发现,矿石的稀土元素特征与岩体的稀土元素特征基本一致,而与地层围岩有明显差异.对矿...     

辽宁白云金矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

白云金矿床是辽东地区的一个大型金矿床,其成矿物质来源及矿床成因一直存在争议。本文系统地研究了白云金矿床的氢、氧、硫和碳同位素地球化学特征。研究结果显示:成矿流体中δ~(18)OV-SMOW值变化范围为13.5‰15.9‰,δD_(V-SMOW)为-107‰-83‰,表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主;矿石中黄铁矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)为-8.3‰2.9‰,以富轻硫和贫重硫为特征,与辽河群围岩中黄铁矿的硫同位素组成(δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)为7.0‰18.7‰)有明显差异;矿石中方解石的碳同位素δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)为-2.2‰-0.4‰,类似于火成碳酸岩或地幔包体来源的碳同位素特征,也与辽河群大理岩的碳同位素组成明显不同。成矿元素特征对比也显示,成矿物质来源与辽河群没有必然联系。综合矿床地质特征和地球化学特征,认为白云金矿床是与深部岩浆流体活动有关的岩浆热液型金矿床。     

山东省胶东半岛新立金矿床成因

胶东半岛西北部三山岛-仓上断裂带的新立金矿床是典型的蚀变岩型金矿床。对新立金矿床的矿床地质特征和流体包裹体特征开展研究, 分析了新立金矿床的成矿流体特征, 明确新立金矿床的成因。矿床的矿化阶段划分为Ⅰ黄铁绢英岩阶段、Ⅱ石英-黄铁矿阶段、Ⅲ石英-多金属硫化物阶段和Ⅳ石英-碳酸盐阶段。将新立金矿床中的流体包裹体划分为单相液相包裹体(Ⅰ-l型)、单相气相包裹体(Ⅰ-g型)、两相富液相包裹体(Ⅱ-l型, V/V+L < 50%)、两相富气相包裹体(Ⅱ-g型, V/V+L>50%)和CO2-H2O三相包裹体(Ⅲ型, VCO2+LCO2+LH2O)。阶段Ⅰ中发育Ⅰ-l、Ⅰ-g、Ⅱ-l、Ⅱ-g和Ⅲ型流体包裹体, 均一温度为201~378℃, 盐度变化为3.06%~13.83%NaCl.eqv.; 阶段Ⅱ中发育Ⅰ-l、Ⅱ-l、Ⅱ-g和Ⅲ型流体包裹体, 均一温度为144~355℃, 盐度变化为2.07%~13.45%NaCl.eqv.; 阶段Ⅲ中发育Ⅰ-l、Ⅱ-l、Ⅱ-g和Ⅲ型流体包裹体, 均一温度为108~299℃, 盐度变化为0.35%~11.61%NaCl.eqv.; 阶段Ⅳ中发育Ⅱ-l、Ⅱ-g和Ⅲ型流体包裹体, 均一温度为102~236℃, 盐度变化为0.35%~10.49%NaCl.eqv.。激光拉曼光谱分析表明, 流体包裹体的成分为CO2、H2O和少量的CH4, 成矿流体为中-低温、低盐度的NaCl-CO2-H2O±CH4流体体系。新立金矿床阶段Ⅰ中δ18O水SMOW为4.86‰~6.04‰, δDSMOW为-72.49‰~-69.27‰, 表明成矿流体主要来自岩浆水。黄铁矿中δ34SCDT为10.8‰~13.2‰, 方铅矿中δ34SCDT为7.7‰, 新立金矿床的成矿物质硫元素可能直接来源于郭家岭花岗岩。成矿过程中随着成矿流体温度的降低, 成矿流体与围岩发生反应及流体的不混溶作用使流体发生相分离作用导致金的沉淀, 成因类型是与岩浆热液有关的脉状金矿床。     

湘西南金矿床地球化学特征及其成因

对湘西南金矿床的研究表明,五强溪组为金的主要矿源层,其形成的大地构造 活动大陆边缘;金矿床中Ｐｂ、Ｓ、Ｓｒ的同位素特征反映它们均来自赋矿围岩;成矿流体的和Ｈ、Ｏ同位素特征指示其主要来自大气降水;成矿流体显法出低温,低盐度、呈中性－弱碱性的特征;成矿时代为加里东期,而 传统认识中的武陵,雪峰期;矿床成因为大气降水热液改造成因。     

青海省加给陇洼金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

本文通过成矿地质背景、矿区地质和矿床地质特征研究,揭示了加给陇洼金矿床的矿体均赋存于巴颜喀拉山群地层中,受北西走向的甘德-玛多区域性断裂控制,均产于深大断裂派生的次级断裂中。矿体形态简单,以似层状为主,沿走向和倾向上具有膨大缩小、分枝复合的特点。通过资料对比,认为加给陇洼金矿的成因类型属于造山型金矿。     

黑龙江漠河县八里房金矿床地球化学特征及成因

八里房金矿床位于黑龙江省漠河县西北部,是一个新发现的金矿床。矿体赋存于闪长岩和中侏罗统额木尔河组长石砂岩中,矿石由含金、黄铁矿的长石砂岩和石英细脉组成。岩石地球化学研究表明：闪长岩稀土总量中到低,富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Ba)和化学性质活泼不相容元素(如U、Th、Pb),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb、P、Sr、Ti),球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾型,具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu平均值为0.8),无Ce异常(δCe=0.9～1.0),元素地球化学性质反映出八里房闪长岩具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征;长石砂岩稀土元素总量(∑REE)变化较大,具弱Eu负异常(δEu平均值为0.8),无Ce异常(δCe=0.9～1.0),为活动边缘砂岩系列。含金石英脉中流体包裹体有气液两相、含CO₂三相和纯CO₂流体包裹体3种类型。气液两相包裹体均一温度为107.9～247.4 ℃,盐度(w(NaCl))为3.05%～8.55%,密度为0.84～1.00 g·cm^-3;含CO₂三相包裹体完全均一温度为269.8～332.7 ℃,盐度为4.41%～10.29%,成矿流体为中低温、低盐度的热液流体体系。基于矿床地质特征、岩石地球化学和成矿流体特征的研究,笔者认为八里房金矿床为造山型金矿床。     

Complexity gradients in the Yilgarn Craton: Fundamental controls on crustal-scale fluid flow and the formation of world-class orogenic-gold deposits

Fractal-dimension analysis is an effective means of quantifying complex map patterns of structures and lithological contacts, which are conduits for hydrothermal fluid flow during the formation of orogenic-gold deposits. In this study, fractal dimensions, calculated on a 10 km grid across a geologic map of the Yilgarn Craton of uniform data quality, highlight relationships between geologic complexity and the location and size of Archaean orogenic-gold deposits. In the Kalgoorlie Terrane and Laverton Tectonic Zone, the largest gold deposits occur along steep gradients defined by fractal-dimension values. These steep gradients in the greenstone belts occur between massive sedimentary rock sequences of low complexity, and volcanic and intrusive rock units with more complex map patterns. The formation of world-class orogenic-gold deposits requires that hydrothermal fluids become focused from a large volume of well-connected rocks at depth, towards narrow, high-permeability zones near the location of deposit formation. Connectivity is indirectly related to permeability, and the degree of connectivity is related to the density and orientation of fluid pathways, which are quantified in map patterns using fractal-dimension analysis. Thus, fractal dimensions are a measure of the potential for increased connectivity and the likelihood of increased permeability. Greater complexity, as measured by larger fractal dimensions, implies that a certain area has the potential to produce more interconnected pathways, or zones of high connectivity. Therefore, the steep complexity gradients defined in the Kalgoorlie Terrane and Laverton Tectonic Zone correspond to areas that focused large volumes of hydrothermal fluid and enhanced the potential for significant gold mineralisation. Fractal-dimension analysis thus provides a link between empirical map features and the processes that have enhanced hydrothermal fluid flow and resulted in the formation of larger orogenic-gold deposits.     

黔西南纳哥金矿地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

黔西南纳哥金矿地质地球化学特征及成因探讨余大龙，毛健全，潘年勋，杜定权（贵州工学院，贵阳５５０００３）关键词微细浸染型金矿，地质地球化学，成因，黔西南１地质背景纳哥金矿共有矿体１７个，普查储量６ｔ（其中＞３ｇ／ｔ的约１．２ｔ）１）。矿区位于贞丰县城东...     

Geochemistry of Early–Middle Palaeozoic basalts in the Hodgkinson Province: a key to tectono-magmatic evolution of the Tasman Fold Belt System in northeastern Queensland, Australia

The Palaeozoic Hodgkinson Province in northeastern Queensland, Australia, is host to Late Ordovician to Devonian rock assemblages that contain tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalts. These basalts occur as massive fault-bounded units interspersed with marine sedimentary rocks and limestones that are metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies in the Ordovician Mulgrave, Silurian Chillagoe and Devonian Hodgkinson formations, respectively. The petrogenetic and Sm–Nd isotope characteristics of these mafic volcanic rocks were investigated to constrain the tectonic setting in which they erupted. Major, trace and rare earth element analyses were carried out on samples from these formations and intrusive dolerites. The mafic rocks can be classified as basalts and basaltic andesites with distinct MORB characteristics. Furthermore, the basalts are characterized by a slight to moderate enrichment in Th and concomitant depletion in Nb, both of which become less pronounced with basalt evolution through time. These features are consistent with decreasing volcanic arc affinity of Silurian and Devonian MORB-type basalts in the Hodgkinson Province. Sm–Nd isotope characteristics of these basalts indicate a change in source region from dominantly sub-continental lithospheric mantle in the Silurian to asthenospheric input in the Devonian. Collectively, the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Hodgkinson Province basalts are interpreted to reflect deposition in an evolving back-arc basin setting. The onset of basin extension was initiated in the Silurian. Accelerated basin subsidence occurred throughout the Devonian and was halted by basin inversion in the Late Devonian. Basin evolution was controlled by an eastward stepping subduction zone outboard of the Australian Craton.     

Gold-Related Sulfide Mineralization and Ore Genesis of the Penjom Gold Deposit, Pahang, Malaysia

The Penjom gold deposit lies on the eastern side of the Raub‐Bentong Suture line within the Central Belt of Permo‐Triassic rocks, near Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The geology of the deposit is dominated by a sequence of fine‐ to coarse‐grained rhyolitic to rhyodacitic tuff, tuff‐breccia and a minor rhyolitic–rhyodacitic volcanic series, associated with argillaceous marine sedimentary rocks consisting of shale with subordinate shalely limestone of Padang Tungku Formation and Pahang Volcanic Series. Fine‐ to coarse‐grained tonalite and quartz porphyry intruded this unit. The main structural features of the area are north–south‐trending left‐lateral strike‐slip faults and their subsidiaries, which generally strike north–south and dip moderately to the east (350°–360°/40°–60°). Mineralization at the Penjom gold deposit is structurally controlled and also erratic laterally and vertically. The gold mineralization can be categorized as (i) gold associated with carbonate‐rich zones hosted within dilated quartz veins carrying significant amount of sulfides; (ii) gold disseminated within stockwork of quartz–carbonate veins affiliated with tonalite; and (iii) gold often associated with arsenopyrite and pyrite in quartz–carbonate veins and stringers hosted within shear zones of brittle–ductile nature in all rock types and in brittle fractured rhyodacitic volcanic rocks. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and pyrrhotite are the minerals accompanying the early stage of gold mineralization. These minerals also suffered from local brittle deformation. However, most of the gold mineralization took place after the deposition of these sulfides. Galena appears somewhat towards the end of gold mineralization, whereas tellurium and bismuth accompanied gold contemporaneously. The gold mineralization occurred most probably due to the metamorphogenic deformational origin concentrated mostly in the shear zone. The mineralization is strongly controlled by the wall rock (e.g. graphitic shale), the sulfide minerals and fluid–rock interaction.     

莫桑比克楠普拉省喀祖祖地区砂金成因及其对岩金指示意义

莫桑比克楠普拉省喀祖祖地区多条河流均有人工砂金开采活动.砂金分布在海拔300～450 m之间的石英砾石层,底部岩石主要为中元古代片麻状杂岩体.研究区为准平原-丘陵地貌,水动力条件受季节影响较大.砂金分布与河流不存在明显的耦合性,暗示了原生金矿化可能较分散.同时,研究区露头受第四纪覆盖严重,物化探效果不显著,砂金与重砂矿...     

甘肃阳山超大型金矿成因研究评述

阳山金矿床位于西秦岭勉略缝合带内,是我国近期发现的世界级超大型金矿床.本文根据前人稳定同位素和流体包裹体地球化学以及年代学研究,结合矿区构造地质背景和矿物组合,讨论其成因机制.研究表明, 阳山金矿床的形成时间与勉略缝合带碰撞期(晚三叠世-早侏罗世)的构造-岩浆事件接近.碰撞造山作用是大规模花岗岩浆活动的主要诱因.大量变质流体在岩浆热驱动下,沿花岗斑岩与破碎千枚岩的接触带上涌,萃取地层中已相对富集的金,并以络合物的形式搬运成矿.阳山超大型金矿床兼有卡林型金矿和造山型金矿的特征,又有与两者明显区别的地质和地球化学特征,在西秦岭地区的金矿床中具有重要的代表性.     

湖南铲子坪金矿床地质特征及成因

湖南铲子坪金矿床位于雪峰弧形构造带西南段,是雪峰-金山巨型弧形推覆剪切金锑钨成矿带的重要组成部分,形成于碰撞或后碰撞地质背景下的走滑和逆冲构造事件中.文章通过总结前人系统的硫、铅、氧、氢同位素地球化学特征及成矿时代的研究,并进行了成矿流体特征的研究,在此基础上探讨了铲子坪金矿的成矿物质来源.研究结果显示,铲子坪金矿床矿石略富轻硫,具典型的岩浆硫+变质岩混合硫源特征,铅为壳幔混合铅,主要来自造山带.成矿期流体包裹体均一温度范围主要为140~220℃和260~300℃,盐度w(NaCleq.)范围主要为4%~10%和20%~24%,具有两个阶段成矿的特征,成矿流体为中低温、中低盐度、H2O-CO2-NaCl流体体系,存在流体沸腾现象,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,同时有大气降水的加入.成矿物质和成矿流体的来源为地层变质岩叠加印支期的岩浆作用.通过综合分析,初步认为铲子坪金矿床与造山型金矿相似,但具有一定特殊性.     

福建何宝山金矿成因探讨

福建何宝山金矿的成矿地质条件在崇安—石城构造带,特别是中、南段金矿中具有广泛的代表性。本文从矿区宏观地质特征入手,结合成矿元素构造地球化学研究、氢氧硫同位素特征以及K-Ar年龄证据等。认为何宝山矿区金矿化主要经历了加里东期断裂变质-混合岩化作用和(印支晚期)—燕山早期构造动力作用两次叠加、富集成矿过程,前者是金富集成矿的“基础”,后者是形成具一定工业意义金矿体的“关键”。     

辽宁丹东四道沟金矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

四道沟金矿床为辽东南地区重要的蚀变岩型矿床,其空间产出受断裂构造、盖县组变质地层及区内岩浆活动的联合制约.流体包裹体研究表明:成矿早期流体为中温、低盐度且富含CO2及CH4等挥发分的热液;主成矿阶段成矿流体为中温、高盐度的热液体系;矿区晚期阶段矿化流体具有较低的温度及盐度特征.综合分析认为:四道沟金矿床早期成矿流体与区内燕山晚期三股流花岗闪长岩体活动有关;主成矿阶段流体可能来自其后的花岗斑岩等类脉岩活动;成矿晚期阶段流体则主要来自大气降水.四道沟金矿床是燕山晚期不同来源及性质的热液先后叠加成矿作用的产物.     

四川平武县金洞沟金矿地质特征及其成因探讨

金洞沟金矿床是位于四川省北部平武县境内的小型岩金矿床。在详细研究矿床地质特征的基础上,测试了石英包裹体均一温度、盐度、化学成分及H、O同位素组成,分析了金属硫化物（黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿)的S同位素组成,对金的成矿作用进行了深入探讨。研究结果表明：金洞沟金矿床为低温热液型金矿床,其成矿物源主要是志留系茂县群浅变质碎屑岩系,矿石中硫化物以黄铁矿为主,硫化物含量约1%,为少硫化物型矿石。流体包裹体及S、H、O同位素研究显示成矿流体是主要由大气降水组成的热液,成矿温度为125～185 ℃,平均温度为148.7 ℃,属低温热液型金矿床。在此基础上,提出金洞沟金矿床的成矿作用经历了原始含矿岩系（矿源层)的形成、区域变质作用衍生矿源层的形成、热液成矿作用及表生氧化富集等4个阶段,韧性剪切构造活动是引起金活化、迁移和富集的主要因素。该成果为该矿床成因的认识和找矿工作提供了参考。