橄榄岩蛇纹石化过程中氢气和烷烃的形成

蛇纹石化过程中形成氢气、烷烃和有机酸,为海底热液区生命活动提供物质和能量来源,可能对地球和其他行星早期生命起源和演化有重要影响。目前关于蛇纹石化过程中氢气和烷烃形成的研究大多以橄榄石为初始物,且温度和压力较低(≤300℃,500bar)。本研究通过一系列的水热实验,研究300~500℃、1~3kbar时橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、橄榄岩、玄武岩以及玄武岩与橄榄岩混合物发生蛇纹石化反应后氢气和烷烃的生成。300℃、3kbar时,橄榄石蛇纹石化后产生的氢气远大于辉石蚀变后产生氢气的量。随着温度的增加,400~500℃、3kbar时,橄榄石蚀变程度极低,产生氢气的量低于斜方辉石。单斜辉石实验后没有发生蚀变,不产生氢气和烷烃。400~500℃、3kbar时,橄榄岩蛇纹石化后产生的氢气和烷烃远高于橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石。玄武岩蛇纹石化后生成氢气和甲烷的量低于橄榄岩,但与玄武岩和橄榄岩混合物相当。这是因为玄武岩的单斜辉石蚀变后形成富铁的透辉石(~8.1%FeO),透辉石的Fe以Fe2+为主,这降低了Fe3+和氢气的量。以上表明,橄榄岩的蛇纹石化不同于橄榄石和斜方辉石。不仅是海底热液蚀变产生氢气和甲烷,洋壳俯冲过程中地幔楔橄榄岩蛇纹石化也会生成氢气和甲烷,但由于洋壳玄武岩的加入,氢气和甲烷的量会远小于橄榄岩蚀变时的量。     

蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩弹性波速实验研究及其在地幔楔中的应用

地幔楔是俯冲带系统的重要组成单元, 在地球内部物质循环、壳幔相互作用过程中起着承上启下的关键作用。俯冲板片脱水可以引起上覆地幔楔中橄榄岩类的蛇纹石化, 而蛇纹石的波速显著低于地幔橄榄岩, 所以不同蛇纹石化程度的地幔楔表现出不同的低速特征。本研究首先利用天然叶蛇纹石热压合成纯的蛇纹岩样品, 利用橄榄石和斜方辉石热压合成方辉橄榄岩样品, 然后在高压下分别测量合成的方辉橄榄岩和蛇纹岩样品的纵波速度(V_P)和横波速度(V_S), 结合Voigt-Reuss-Hill岩石物理模型计算得到不同蛇纹石含量的方辉橄榄岩的波速, 最后结合地震波资料, 估算出不同俯冲带地幔楔的蛇纹石化程度。研究表明, 在地幔楔蛇纹石化程度和含水量的估算中, 必须考虑斜方辉石蛇纹石化的影响。相比前人研究, 方辉橄榄岩的蛇纹石化可能更接近于实际情况。

     

大洋橄榄岩的蛇纹石化过程:从海底水化到俯冲脱水SCIEI北大核心CSCD

蛇纹石化是海底最重要的水岩相互作用之一,指基性岩和超基性岩中的橄榄石和辉石等镁铁质矿物在相对低温条件下发生水热蚀变产生蛇纹石等矿物的热液变质作用。蛇纹石族矿物主要有三种,分别是利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。低温状态蛇纹石族矿物主要以利蛇纹石和纤蛇纹石的形式存在,高温状态下主要以叶蛇纹石的形式存在。影响大洋蛇纹石化过程的因素不容忽视,温度、氧化还原程度、pH值、水岩比(W/R)等都在其中扮演着重要的角色。总的来说,地幔物质易出露在地壳减薄区域和断裂构造处,这有利于与流体充分接触反应,从而决定了大洋蛇纹石化作用发生的可能位置。对蛇纹石化程度的描述,当前人们大多通过岩石微观结构、地球化学指标来定性指示,磁学指标有望实现对蛇纹石化程度的定量解释。蛇纹石化作用对海底磁异常、地球生命演化进程、成矿作用等都有一定的贡献。此外,俯冲带脱水及弧岩浆的形成都与之有联系。总之,基性与超基性岩石蛇纹石化与俯冲带蛇纹岩脱水过程是地球水循环过程的重要机制,但未来揭示蛇纹岩的磁学性质和俯冲变质过程,仍需进一步探索。     

大洋橄榄岩的蛇纹岩石化研究进展评述

橄榄岩的蛇纹石化是大洋中不可忽略的重要地质过程,近年来引起广泛关注。大洋橄榄岩的蛇纹石化主要发生在洋中脊和汇聚板块边缘等环境中,大洋蛇纹岩典型的矿物组合包括:蛇纹石±磁铁矿±滑石±水镁石±角闪石。其中蛇纹石根据其矿物的晶体结构特征可分为利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石3种类型;偏光显微镜下可将蛇纹石结构划分为3类:假晶结构、非假晶结构和过渡结构。橄榄岩的蛇纹石化不仅会改变岩石的物理性质,如导致岩石密度的减小和地震波速的降低、影响橄榄岩的磁性等,而且也会对橄榄岩的流变性产生重要影响。大洋超基性岩系热液系统的发现,进一步激发了研究者们对大洋橄榄岩蛇纹石化研究的兴趣。与橄榄岩蛇纹石化相关的喷口流体含有较高的H2和CH4含量,此外,蛇纹石化是一个放热反应,可以驱动热液循环,导致Lost City等中低温型热液系统的出现。     

基性和超基性岩蛇纹石化的机理及成矿潜力

蛇纹石化是指基性岩（例如玄武岩）和超基性岩（橄榄岩、科马提岩等）在中、低温条件下产生的含蛇纹石的水热蚀变。蛇纹石化可以出现在不同的地质构造环境中,例如大洋底、扩张洋脊和俯冲带。蛇纹石化的特别之处在于：蛇纹石化过程中产生氢气,这可能解释地球早期生命起源的问题;蛇纹石化生成磁铁矿;蛇纹石富水（可达13%）;蛇纹石富Cl、Li、Sr、As等元素。蛇纹石在高温下（>700℃）脱水形成橄榄石,Li、Sr、As等元素富集在流体中,流体交代地幔楔可改变地幔的微量元素组成。此外,铁矿、金矿和银矿等可赋存于蛇纹岩中,矿床的形成可能和基性或超基性岩的蛇纹石化相关。本文从以下4个方面探讨蛇纹石化的机理：（1）蛇纹石化的产物,主要介绍和蛇纹石化相关的热液流体的组成,蛇纹石化过程中产生氢气的量,利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石的形成条件,水镁石的形成条件,以及磁铁矿的形成;（2）蛇纹石化的反应速率;（3）蛇纹石化过程中元素的迁移;（4）蛇纹石化的成矿潜力。     

藏北昂吾地区超基性岩的蛇纹石化和磁铁矿化过程及影响因素

班公湖-怒江缝合带广泛分布超基性岩及蛇纹石化超基性岩,已有研究表明它们与区域成矿关系密切,其蛇纹石化过程使一些元素活化并具有一定的成矿潜力。位于班-怒带中段的昂吾地区蛇纹石化超基性岩主要矿物成分有橄榄石、单斜辉石、铬铁矿、利蛇纹石、磁铁矿和绿泥石等,原岩恢复表明该超基性岩为单辉橄榄岩。镜下鉴定、背散射电子图像、能谱成分分析和电子探针分析结果显示单辉橄榄岩的蛇纹石化及蚀变过程可分为三个阶段:(Ⅰ)以形成相对富铁蛇纹石(Mg#=75～88)为主,基本无磁铁矿析出;(Ⅱ)形成相对富镁的蛇纹石(Mg# 90),析出磁铁矿;(Ⅲ)蛇纹石进一步蚀变成绿泥石。热力学模拟及多组分矿物相平衡图表明,在蛇纹石化过程中,昂吾地区超基性岩中的辉石脱硅致使反应体系SiO_2活度升高,限制了磁铁矿的生成。同时也发现,在利蛇纹石稳定存在的温度区间内(100～300℃),本研究的蛇纹石化体系温度倾向高值区,不利于磁铁矿的析出。进而探讨了原岩成分、反应体系SiO_2活度及温度等因素对蛇纹石化过程中磁铁矿析出的影响。本研究有助于理解班-怒带内超基性岩的蛇纹石化过程及磁铁矿化机制。     

酒泉某蛇纹石质卵石的研究

甘肃省的酒泉玉有着悠久的开发历史,以"葡萄美酒夜光杯"闻名于世。本文的研究对象是甘肃酒泉某河滩卵石,在查阅甘肃地质资料和文献的基础上,通过对样品的手标本和偏光显微镜下观察,利用折射仪、电子天平等对标本的基本宝石学性质进行测试,并结合化学分析、红外吸收光谱、X粉晶衍射测试手段对卵石的矿物组成进行了进一步分析,得出所研究标本的岩石类型是蛇纹石化大理岩,部分可能为蛇纹石化超基性岩,为该宝玉石资源的开发利用提供了一定的理论指导和参考。     

山东蒙阴金伯利岩中蛇纹石化橄榄石的微组构特征及其地质意义

为探究山东蒙阴金伯利岩中蛇纹石化橄榄石的微组构特征、蚀变环境、元素迁移规律及其对金伯利岩表生演化的指示意义,对该区金伯利岩中部分蛇纹石化的橄榄石和完全蚀变的橄榄石进行了 XRD、EPMA和LA-ICP-MS分析测试.结果表明,蛇纹石中少部分Mg被Fe、Al、Ca、Ni、Mn取代,其中Fe含量仅次于Mg;从蚀变橄榄石的中...     

缅甸含硬玉的蛇纹石化橄榄岩及其围岩的岩石学研究

以缅甸帕敢地区含硬玉岩的蛇纹石化橄榄岩及其围岩－未细分的变质岩为研究对象，较详细地研究了各类岩石的岩相学，岩石化学及主要矿物的组成，认为该区超基性岩为含铬铁矿的蛇纹石化纯橄岩，它的围岩由含多硅白母蓝闪石片岩，石榴斜长角闪岩，大理岩及透辉石大理岩，石英岩等构成。通过其中典型的变质反应分析与计算，认为围岩的变质程度分别为蓝闪石片岩相和的高角闪岩相，其中蓝闪石片岩相的压力大于0．8－1．0GPa，斜长角闪岩相的温度为582度，通过对比分析世界上不同产地硬玉岩的特征，认为硬玉岩，尤其是优质者，产出环境如下：（1）容矿岩体属超基性岩，以含铬铁矿的纯橄岩为最佳；（2）围岩中存在低温高压变质岩，即蓝闪石片岩－榴辉岩类；（3）位于与俯冲带有关大地构造单元内。     

蛇纹石化碱性橄榄石玄武岩、水和氢氧化钠溶液的高温高压实验研究

蛇纹石化碱性橄榄石玄武岩、水和氢氧化钠溶液的高温高压实验研究宋茂双（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词高温高压碱性玄武岩Ｐ波速度熔融－结晶蛇纹石脱水温度作者测量了高温高压下蛇纹石化碱性橄榄玄武岩的Ｐ波速度、蛇纹石脱水温度和Ｈ２Ｏ及Ｎａ...     

The production of iron oxide during peridotite serpentinization: Influence of pyroxene

Serpentinization produces molecular hydrogen(H2)that can support communities of microorganisms in hydrothermal fields;H2 results from the oxidation of ferrous iron in olivine and pyroxene into ferric iron,and consequently iron oxide(magnetite or hematite)forms.However,the mechanisms that control H2 and iron oxide formation are poorly constrained.In this study,we performed serpentinization experiments at 311℃ and 3.0 kbar on olivine(with 5% pyroxene),orthopyroxene,and peridotite.The results show that serpentine and iron oxide formed when olivine and orthopyroxene individually reacted with a saline starting solution.Olivine-derived serpentine had a significantly lower FeO content(6.57±1.30 wt.%)than primary olivine(9.86 wt.%),whereas orthopyroxene-derived serpentine had a comparable FeO content(6.26±0.58 wt.%)to that of primary orthopyroxene(6.24 wt.%).In experiments on peridotite,olivine was replaced by serpentine and iron oxide.However,pyroxene transformed solely to serpentine.After 20 days,olivine-derived serpentine had a FeO content of 8.18±1.56 wt.%,which was significantly higher than that of serpentine produced in olivine-only experiments.By contrast,serpentine after orthopyroxene had a slightly higher FeO content(6.53±1.01 wt.%)than primary orthopyroxene.Clinopyroxene-derived serpentine contained a significantly higher FeO content than its parent mineral.After 120 days,the FeO content of olivine-derived serpentine decreased significantly(5.71±0.35 wt.%),whereas the FeO content of orthopyroxene-derived serpentine increased(6.85±0.63 wt.%)over the same period.This suggests that iron oxide preferentially formed after olivine serpentinization.Pyroxene in peridotite gained some Fe from olivine during the serpentinization process,which may have led to a decrease in iron oxide production.The correlation between FeO content and SiO_2 or AI_2 O_3 content in olivine-and orthopyroxene-derived serpentine indicates that aluminum and silica greatly control the production of iron oxide.Based on our results and data from natural serpentinites reported by other workers,we propose that aluminum may be more influential at the early stages of peridotite serpentinization when the production of iron oxide is very low,whereas silica may have a greater control on iron oxide production during the late stages instead.     

蛇纹石化和俯冲带蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中流体活动性元素的行为

蛇纹石是大洋岩石圈和俯冲带内水和流体活动性元素最重要的载体之一。研究蛇纹石化和蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中流体活动性元素的行为是认识俯冲带元素地球化学循环的关键。蛇纹岩是指主要由蛇纹石类矿物构成的岩石,包括利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。蛇纹石化过程中会造成流体活动性元素(B、Li、As、Sb、Pb、Cs、U、Sr和Ba等)的显著富集,并且由于原岩性质、流体成分和氧逸度等条件的不同,大洋岩石圈蛇纹岩和弧前蛇纹岩的特征也略有不同。例如,弧前蛇纹岩具有相对高的As、Sb、B和相对低的U,这反映了俯冲沉积物来源流体的贡献。在俯冲带蛇纹岩的变质脱水过程中,利蛇纹石向叶蛇纹石的转变伴随着矿物内超过50%F和Cl的释放,以及一些流体活动性元素(如B和Li)的迁出;此外,蛇纹石分解形成的变质橄榄石中的流体包裹体指示,蛇纹石脱水分解所产生的流体具有高于原始地幔几个数量级的Cl、Cs、Pb、As、Sb、Ba、Rb、B、Sr、Li和U含量。由于利蛇纹石中的Fe~(3+)含量较叶蛇纹石高,这种矿物相转变过程中也伴随着俯冲通道内的一系列氧化还原过程,从而影响流体性质和新形成的叶蛇纹石的成分。蛇纹岩与岛弧岩浆在流体活动性元素富集规律上的相似性说明蛇纹岩在俯冲带元素循环中扮演着重要的角色。此外,蛇纹石矿物相转变过程中F、Cl、B等元素的释放,可能对于斑岩型金矿、蛇绿岩中的金矿和某些蛇纹岩作为赋矿围岩的硼矿的形成起到重要的作用。     

Biogeochemistry of iron oxidation in a circumneutral freshwater habitat

Iron(II) oxidation in natural waters at circumneutral pH, often regarded as an abiotic process, is frequently biologically mediated at iron-rich redox gradients. West Berry Creek, a small circumneutral tributary that flows through a mixed coniferous forest in Big Basin State Park, California, contains localized iron (hydr)oxide precipitates at points along its course where anoxic groundwater meets oxygenated creek water. These mixing zones establish redox gradients that may be exploited by microbes forming microbial mats that are intimately associated with iron (hydr)oxide precipitates. Water sampling revealed strong correlations between the concentrations of aqueous inorganic species, suggesting a rock-weathering source for most of these solutes. Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry techniques detected significant concentrations of organic exudates, including low molecular mass organic acids and siderophores, indicating that active biogeochemical cycling of iron is occurring in the creek. X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis showed the precipitates to be amorphous, or possibly poorly crystalline, iron-rich minerals. Clone libraries developed from 16S rDNA sequences extracted from microbial mat communities associated with the precipitates revealed the presence of microorganisms related to the neutrophilic iron oxidizing bacteria Gallionella and Sideroxydans. Sequences from these libraries also indicated the presence of significant populations of organisms related to bacteria in the genera Aquaspirillum, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Nitrospira. These geosymbiotic systems appear to be significant not only for the biogeochemical cycling of iron in the creek, but also for the cycling of organic species, inorganic nutrients, and trace metals.     

赵家沟铁矿矿体特征及找矿标志

铁矿是国民经济的重要经济资源,铁矿的勘查对国民的发展有重要的意义,本文针对赵家沟铁矿的研究,提出了铁矿的找矿标志。     

A chlorine isotope study of DSDP/ODP serpentinized ultramafic rocks: Insights into the serpentinization process

Eight DSDP/ODP cores were analyzed for major ion concentrations and δ³⁷Cl values of water-soluble chloride (δ³⁷Cl_WSC) and structurally bound chloride (δ³⁷Cl_SBC) in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. This diverse set of cores spans a wide range in age, temperature of serpentinization, tectonic setting, and geographic location of drilled serpentinized oceanic crust. Three of the cores were sampled at closely spaced intervals to investigate downhole variation in Cl concentration and chlorine isotope composition.The average total Cl content of all 86 samples is 0.26 ± 0.16 wt.% (0.19 ± 0.10 wt.% as water-soluble Cl (X_WSC) and 0.09 ± 0.09 wt.% as structurally bound Cl (X_SBC)). Structurally bound Cl concentration nearly doubles with depth in all cores; there is no consistent trend in water-soluble Cl content among the cores. Chlorine isotope fractionation between the structurally bound Cl⁻ site and the water-soluble Cl⁻ site varies from − 1.08‰ to + 1.16‰, averaging to + 0.21‰. Samples with negative fractionations may be related to reequilibration of the water-soluble chloride with seawater post-serpentinite formation. Six of the cores have positive bulk δ³⁷Cl values (+ 0.05‰ to + 0.36‰); the other two cores (173-1068A (Leg-Hole) and 84-570) have negative bulk δ³⁷Cl values (− 1.26‰ and − 0.54‰). The cores with negative δ³⁷Cl values also have variable Cl⁻ / SO₄² ratios, in contrast to all other cores. The isotopically positive cores (153-920D and 147-895E) show no isotopic variation with depth; the isotopically negative core (173-1068A) decreases by ∼1‰ with depth for both the water-soluble and structurally bound Cl fractions.Non-zero bulk δ³⁷Cl values indicate Cl in serpentinites was incorporated during original hydration and is not an artifact of seawater infiltration during drilling. Cores with positive δ³⁷Cl values are most likely explained by open system fractionation during hydrothermal alteration, with preferential incorporation of ³⁷Cl from seawater into the serpentinite and loss of residual light Cl back to the ocean. Fluid / rock ratios were probably low as evidenced by the presence of water-soluble salts. The two isotopically negative cores are characterized by a thick overlying sedimentary package that was in place prior to serpentinization. We believe the low δ³⁷Cl values of these cores are a result of hydration of ultramafic rock by infiltrating aqueous pore fluids from the overlying sediments. The resulting serpentinites inherit the characteristic negative δ³⁷Cl values of the pore waters. Chlorine stable isotopes can be used to identify the source of the serpentinizing fluid and ultimately discern chemical and tectonic processes involved in serpentinization.