华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部太古宙基底的新信息

本文根据华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部出露的各种岩石中发现的继承性锆石的测年数据,报道了太古宙基底和岩浆事件的新信息,并简要地论述其地质意义。华北陆块东北缘、东南缘、北缘、西北缘共6个地区的深部都存在新太古代和中、古太古代岩浆事件的新信息;南缘深部也存在古太古代岩浆事件的新信息。在华北陆块早前寒武纪同位素年龄直方图(以太古宙岩浆事件为主)上,最高峰值位于2.45-2.6 Ga区间,而以2.5-2.55 Ga最为突出,显示该区间岩浆事件最为强烈,可能代表一次重要的碰撞事件。此外还见有2.7 Ga,2.8 -2.85 Ga,2.95-3.0 Ga,3.1-3.15 Ga,3.3-3.4 Ga,3.45-3.5 Ga,3.6 Ga和3.8 Ga等较高峰值,反映了岩浆事件不同活动阶段的演化趋势。扬子陆块北缘地表和深部有与华北陆块相似的太古宙古老基底信息。扬子陆块中部的长江中下游地区、东南缘相当于江南古陆的地区以及扬子陆块西南缘地区在地壳深部均保留有新太古代和/或古太古代岩浆锆石的年龄信息。秦岭-大别造山带从东到西,多处(主要是深部)也发现有新-中太古代残余岩浆锆石的年龄信息。     

扬子陆块北缘地壳的钕同位素组成及其构造意义

本文报道了扬子陆块北缘主要地体的变质岩和沉积岩钕同位索组成。根据这些数据和陈江峰等已发表的皖南变质岩和沉积岩钕同位素数据可以初步获得一扬子陆块东段钕同位素地球化学图。该图表明，在晋宁运动期，扬子陆块的南北陆缘区均为构造岩浆活动带，南大别地体为北缘活动带之一部，佛子岭群是华北陆块南缘的复理石建造，其基底为较年青的火山．沉积建造．构造背景与弧后盆或弧前类似。大别山超高压片麻岩的原岩为具有非常古老(太古宙)物源区的沉积岩。     

大别造山带北缘中生代地层中榴辉岩砾石地球化学特征及构造意义

大别造山带北缘中生代地层凤凰台组和毛坦厂组中榴辉岩砾石的主元素、稀土元素以及微量元素具有如下特征，主元素中K2O富集(1．2l％)，高∑REE(278μg／g)，高(La／Yb)N(14．4)和大离子亲石元素(LILE，如Rb、Ba、K和Th等)富集。LILE明显富集，显著的Nb-Ta负异常槽，以及与原始地幔、N型大洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)相比，一些高场强元素(HFSE)相对于REE亏损，这些都支持榴辉岩砾石原岩的岛弧环境成因。在Th-Hf-Ta判别图上，榴辉岩砾石原岩属于火山弧玄武岩。推测原岩物质成分来源于地幔楔，在俯冲过程中并可能被海底沉积物所混染，所以富集了LILE。因此，榴辉岩砾石原岩可能形成于火山岛弧构造背景，同时也表明大别碰撞造山带在三叠纪陆-陆碰撞之前存在古岛弧发育阶段。根据地球化学特征特别是与稀土元素的比较，榴辉岩砾石与目前在大别造山带发现的榴辉岩有明显差别，因此后者可能不是前者的源区岩石。     

秦岭—桐柏—大别造山带深部构造及其与南北两侧陆块关系之探讨

秦岭－桐柏－大别,向西乃至昆仑山、祁连山绵延1000多千米,属统一的而又包含多期不同动力学机制与成因的多种构造叠加组合。通过对数条重力,航磁、地震测深、磁大地电流剖面等资料解释,认为华北陆块,秦岭（包括桐柏－大别）,扬子陆块之地壳均为上,中,下三层结构,华北陆块下部以高角度向南向秦岭俯冲,上部则向秦岭仰冲,扬子陆块总体向北向秦岭低角度俯冲,扬子陆块多呈楔形镶入秦岭地壳中部,使秦岭带南侧呈向南开口的“锷鱼咀”式构造特点,上、下部为秦岭上,下地壳,而中部则为扬子陆块物质成份。秦岭分北秦岭,中秦岭、南秦岭。北秦岭为一复杂构造带,形成向北反转的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造。南秦岭自北向南产生低角度叠瓦状逆冲断裂。近南北向通渭－武都、南阳－襄樊两条深断裂带将秦岭分成了西秦岭、东秦岭、桐柏山－大别山三段。     

秦岭—大别造山带北缘新生代的构造特征及动力学探讨

秦岭－大别造山带北缘新生代的推覆构造带位于宜阳、鲁山、确山、六安一线,由SW→NE依次逆冲叠置。滑脱面主要发育在上古生界软弱岩层或差异岩性的接触面上。在推覆构造的南侧、发育有东西向串珠状分布的变质核杂岩、NE向延伸的垒－堑构造组合、北宽南窄的楔形新 生代盆地和正断层等。地球物理资料表明,宜阳、鲁山、确山、六安一为向南倾斜的地球物理异常带。北部的华北地壳与南部的秦岭－大别地壳在视电阻率、地震反射波组、地震波速、流变学分层、地壳类型和岩石圈结构等方面,均有明显的差别。秦岭－大别造山带北缘新生代不同性质、有规律展布的构造,是中生代末期以来,华北板块相对于秦岭－大别造山带作巨型陆内俯冲的结果。     

大别造山带构造归属：海西期以来地幔化学成分特征证据

通过对海西湘以来幔源岩石化学成分（特别是高度不相容元素对比值和具有相似性质的元素对比值）研究并与相邻构造单元（扬子板块北缘，华北板块南缘，北秦岭带，南秦岭带）地幔特征对比表明，大别造山带中海西期春秋庙－王母观辉长岩，碰撞后晚燕山早期镁铁－超镁铁质岩体（包括南，北大别造山带）以及产于大别造山带南部和扬子地块北缘的晚燕山晚期碱性玄武岩源区地，均具有富Sc,Cu,贫MgO，低Zr/Hf和高Rb/Sr,Ba/Sr,Ba/La,Nb/Ta,Yb/Hf等特征，源区地幔的这些特点与元古宙以来扬子地幔特征相似，而与华北地幔特征存在显著区别，反映大别造山带发育在扬子地幔上，根据大量的地质学，构造地质学，岩石学，地球物理及地球化学等研究结果，指出桐柏－商城－磨子潭－晓天断裂带是秦岭造山带中商丹断裂带的东延，综合研究证实大别造山带主体属南秦岭的组成部分。     

秦岭-大别造山带北缘新生代的构造特征及动力学探讨

秦岭-大别造山带北缘新生代的推覆构造带位于宜阳、鲁山、确山、六安一线,由SW→NE依次逆冲叠置.滑脱面主要发育在上古生界软弱岩层或差异岩性的接触面上.在推覆构造的南侧,发育有东西向串珠状分布的变质核杂岩、NE向延伸的垒-堑构造组合、北宽南窄的楔形新生代盆地和正断层等.地球物理资料表明,宜阳、鲁山、确山、六安一线为向南倾斜的地球物理异常带.北部的华北地壳与南部的秦岭-大别地壳在视电阻率、地震反射波组、地震波速、流变学分层、地壳类型和岩石圈结构等方面,均有明显的差别.秦岭-大别造山带北缘新生代不同性质、有规律展布的构造,是中生代末期以来,华北板块相对于秦岭-大别造山带作巨型陆内俯冲的结果.     

大别造山带白马尖花岗岩体的钕，锶同位素地球化学研究

大别造山带白马尖花岗岩体属燕山期侵入岩，为中生代大别山区岩浆活动的产物，为碰撞后花岗岩，锶，钕，同位素数据及稀土元素数据表明，白马尖花岗岩体为壳幔混合型，1．2－1．7Ga的钕模式年龄为其源岩的平均地壳存留年龄，北大别花岗岩类岩石的物质来源并不一致。     

大别造山带北缘中生代冲积体系对源区构造的沉积响应

大别山北缘中生界的沉积学研究表明,三尖铺组向上变细的巨旋回记录了从河川径流到碎屑流、超浓缩洪流到远端河道以及越岸沉积,显示源区在早侏罗世（205－180Ma)之前快速抬升之后经历了相对平静阶段。凤凰台组向上变粗的扇砾岩巨层序记录了碎屑流－超浓缩洪流沉积,反映了在侏罗纪末（135Ma)到早白垩世源区剧烈的持续上升和剥蚀,导致向盆地远端砾岩的进积作用。早白垩世晚期,黑石渡组巨旋回下部的碎屑流沉积是近源堆积,上部发育湖相浊积岩,反映源区的构造演变为转换拉张。晚白垩世、盆地边缘与源区一道抬升,遭受剥蚀。     

大别造山带南坡晚白垩世玄武岩源区地幔特征

大别造山带南坡中生代断陷盆地中出露大量晚白垩世碱性玄武岩类。因岩浆受结晶分异和陆壳混染影响微弱,其成分基本可代表本区原生玄武岩浆。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,本区玄武岩具有地壳富集组分Pb、K、Rb、Ba等的正异常和Nb、P、Hf等高场强元素的负异常。同位素和微量元素特征显示,玄武岩浆来自亏损地幔(DM)和富集地幔(EM+EM)混合源区。玄武岩源区地幔中Pb的富集和Nb、P、Hf等的亏损基本可由中国东部亏损地幔与榴辉岩的混合获得,由此揭示富集地幔端元组成特征可能与晚白垩世前造山带根部榴辉岩拆沉并参与地幔再循环有关。     

Tectonic Subdivision of Dabie Orogenic Belt,Central China：Evidence from Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Late Mesozoic Basalts

It has long been debated that the Dabie orogenic belt belongs to the North China or Yangtze craton. In recent years, eastern China has been suggested, based on the Pb isotopic compositions of Phanerozoic ore and Mesozoic granitoid K-feldspar (revealing the crust Pb) in combination with Meso-Cenozoic basalts (revealing the mantle Pb), being divided into the North China and Yangtze Pb isotopic provinces, where the crust and mantle of the Yangtze craton are characterized by more radiogenic Pb. In this sense, previous researchers suggested that the pro-EW-trending Dabie crogenic belt with less radiogenic Pb in the crust was part of the North China craton. In this paper, however, the Late Cretaceous basalts in the central and southern parts of the Dabie orogenic belt are characterized by some more radiogenic Pb (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.936−18.349,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.500−15.688,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.399−38.775) and a unique U-Th-Pb trace element system similar to those of the Yangtze craton, showing that the Mesozoic mantle is of the Yangtze type. In addition, the decoupled Pb isotopic compositions between crust and mantle were considerably derived from their rheological inhomogeneity, implying a complicated evolution of the Dabie orogenic belt. The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49794043) and the Open Laboratory of Constitution, Interaction and Dynamics of the Crust-Mantle System, China.     

Pb Isotope Mapping in the Tongbai-Dabie Orogenic Belt, Central China

Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt in Central China is a part of the collisional belt between the Yangtze and North China cratons. It represents one of the most extensive ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） and high-pressure （HP） metamorphic rocks in the world. The Pb isotope mapping in this area is a significant method to constrain the crustal structure and tectonic evolution and to identify the tectonic boundaries within the vertical tectonic stack. Based on the Pb isotope compositions of the Dabie complex （DBC）, the Tongbai complex （TBC）, UHP and HP metamorphic rocks and associated foliated granites, the lower metamorphosed rocks from North Huaiyang （NHY） tectonic belt, and Cretaceous granites in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt, we determined the Pb isotope geochemical map of the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt. The Pb isotope map shows that the Pb isotope compositions are similar within each geological body or lithotectonic unit, but the Pb isotope compositions of different lithotectonic units show systematic variations in the Tongbai-Dabie orogenic belt. The NHY tectonic belt contrasts strongly with the Tongbai-Dabie UHP.HP metamorphic belt in Pb isotope compositions. It is suggested that the line along the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault, the north limit of the Tongbai-Dabie UHP and HP metamorphic rocks, represents an important tectonic boundary. Within the Tongbai-Dabie HP -UHP metamorphic belt, to the south of Xiaotian-Mozitan fault, the vertical variations of Pb isotope compositions in different lithotectonic units and the spatial relationship among different major lithotectonic units have been constrained.     

Relationship between the TanLu Fault and Dabie Orogenic Belt in Eastern China

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Cobalt Deposits in the Central China Orogenic Belt

Cobalt mostly occurs as an associated metal in Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, skarn Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits and volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) or sedex deposits. There are different types of cobalt deposits in the Central China orogenic belt. In the Tamu-Kalangu Mississippi-valley type Pb-Zn deposits, many cobalt-nickel sulphide minerals were found. The cobalt content of the ore is 0.064%-0.46% in sedex-type Kendekeke Fe-Pb-Zn-Au deposits, and cobalt sulphide veins with Co contents of 4%-9% have also been found. About 28000 tons of cobalt reserves were delineated in the Dur'ngoi Cu-Co-Zn deposit of VHMS type in the A'nyemaqen Mountains. It is considered that the exploration potential for cobalt is attractive in this district, especially in sedex-type deposits and Co-rich sulphide veins in sedex-type Fe, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits and their surroundings.     

大别造山带的流体系统与成矿作用

大别山是大别造山带的主体部分，流体活动贯穿于俯冲－碰撞－折返整个造山过程。印支期俯冲－碰撞阶段的流体，以具高挥发份、高盐度为特点，流体中保留有原岩在地表时的天水－岩石以及超高压变质过程中的地幔流体－岩石同位素交换的信息。燕山期折返隆升阶段的流体是大量天水与深部流体发生混合的产物，流体中盐度降低，但水－岩相互作用增强。大别造山带的流体系统可称为“天水与深部流体混合系统”，并可分为流体富集区、流体贫乏区和流体排泄区三个部分。成矿作用主要发生在流体富集区。     

大别造山带地壳的元素丰度

大别造山带具板片叠覆式构造形态。区域地壳具3个结构层,中地壳存在地震低速层和电性低阻层。地壳总体成分为花岗闪长岩质,深部地壳成分为中性。地壳稀土总量偏高、轻重稀土分馏程度高,铁族元素偏低、亲石元素富集。造山带内部横向不均一性明显,而地壳纵向演化分异程度低于一般大陆地壳。     

大别造山带西段构造单元

将大别造山带西段划分为7个二级构造单元 ,从北向南依次为：（1）马畈褶皱带;（2 ）凉亭混杂岩带;（3）牢山褶皱带;（4）苏家河滑覆席;（5）熊店-浒湾韧性剪切带; （6）卡房片麻岩穹窿和（7）彭店韧性剪切带。其中马畈褶皱带属华北板块南缘,凉亭混杂 岩带 可能代表碰撞缝合带位置。野外构造变形特征反映有4期依次发生的构造作用：（1）近南北 向 的褶皱作用;（2）从南向北的韧性推覆剪切作用;（3）右旋走滑韧性剪切作用;（4）垂 向隆升作用和与其有关的伸展滑脱作用。     

Crust-Mantle Interaction in Dabie Orogenic Belt, Central China： Geochemical Evidence from Late Cretaceous Basalts

It has been suggested that eclogites in the Dabie orogenic belt are exhumation prod-ucts, which had subducted into the deep-seated mantle and undergone ultra-high pressure meta-morphism during the Triassic. But no direct evidence supports this process except the calculated p-T conditions from mineral thermobarometem. The Late Cretaceous basalts studied in the pres-ent paper, however, have provided some geochemical evidence for crust-mantle interaction in the area. These basalts are distributed in Mesozoic faulted basins in central and southern Dabieorogenic belt. Since little obvious contamination from continental crust and differentiation-crys-tallization were observed, it is suggested, based on a study of trace elements, that the basaltsare alkaline and resultant from batch partial melting of the regional mantle rocks, and share thesame or similar geochemical features with respect to their magma source. In the spider diagram normalized by the primitive mantle, trace element geochemistry data show that their mantle sources are enriched in certain elements concentrated in the continental crust, such as Pb, K,Rb and Ba, and slightly depleted in some HFSE such as Hf, P and Nb. Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic com-positions further suggest the mantle is the mixture of depleted mantle (DM) and enriched one(EMI EMII). This interaction can .explain the trace element characteristics of basaltic mag-mas, i.e.,the enrichment of Pb and the depletion of Hf, P and Nb in basalts can be interpre-ted by the blending of the eclogites in DOB (enriched in Pb and depleted in Hf, P and Nd)with the East China depleted mantle (As compared to the primitive mantle, it is neither en-riched in Pb nor depleted in Hf, P and Nb). It is also indicated that the eclogites in the Dahieorogenic belt were surely derived from the exhumation materials, which had delaminated into thedeep-seated mantle. Moreover, the process subsequently resulted in compositional variation of the mantle (especially in trace elements and isotopes) , as revealed by the late mantle-derivedbasalts in the Dabie orogenic belt.     

大别造山带现今地壳结构-岩石组成研究

通过大别造山带岩石地震波速的高温高压实验测定值与地震测深断面观察值的对比，结合地表出露岩石对深部岩石组成的地球化学示踪，揭示了该造山带现今地壳各结构层的基本岩石组成：上地壳主要由长英质岩石组成，榴辉岩在其中仅占0～20％；中地壳(低速层)主体由长英质片麻岩和花岗岩组成；下地壳上部由80％镁铁质麻粒岩和20％长英质麻粒岩组成；下地壳下部由幔源底侵岩浆作用形成的镁铁质麻粒岩组成。下地壳和上地幔的泊松比为0.265～0．280，明显高于榴辉岩的泊松比，表明其中即使有榴辉岩存在，含量也应极少。各构造单元出露的白垩纪花岗岩具有相似的化学组成，其铅、钕与锶同位素组成均可与北大别的核杂岩相对比，表明花岗岩浆均应以深部核杂岩为源岩。因此，被白垩纪花岗岩侵入的南大别超高压变质岩单元和宿松高压变质岩单元深部均应由核杂岩组成，亦即超高压和高压变质岩应呈拆离的构造岩片覆盖于核杂岩之上。鉴于白垩纪花岗岩的钕模式年龄(tDM)均集中于古元古代(1．8～2．2Ga)，表明花岗岩的源区应限于核杂岩中构成原中地壳下部的古元古代结晶基底岩层。这为中地壳主要由长英质片麻岩组成提供了佐证。考虑到大量花岗岩浆的抽出，应留下更大体积的镁铁质岩残留体，后者在地壳流变增厚调整过程中可能因密度增大而下沉，也可能因地震波速增大而显示下地壳的特征，更可能由于这两方面的原因而使由镁铁质残留体组成的原中地壳下部转变成现今下地壳上部的组成。根据大别碰撞后基性火山岩和侵入岩的地球化学研究，还可证明组成大别下地壳的镁铁质岩更可能是1.1Ga前而非中生代形成的底侵岩层。实践表明，上述两方面研究的结合可较好揭示区域地壳结构一组成。