原油物性演化规律新发现及其对页岩油勘探的启示

针对烃源岩生成的原油物性随热演化如何变化的问题,本文基于对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组和吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组下段源储紧邻自生自储页岩油物性、地化特征、成藏特征及原油物性与烃源岩热演化关系的分析,综合烃源岩生烃热模拟实验结果与国内外相关文献资料,首次确认了咸化湖相烃源岩生成的原油物性与烃源岩热演化程度之间的变化规律。认为页岩油源岩生成的原油密度和黏度具有随热演化程度增强先增加而后降低的规律,其中生油高峰附近生成的原油非烃相对含量、密度和黏度最高。该认识不仅是对已有的石油地质学中原油物性随热演化规律认识的进一步厘定和修正,而且对页岩油甜点段、甜点区的选择以及页岩油原位转化等都有极为重要和现实的指导作用。     

Numerical analysis of the transport and restoration schemes of aqueous oil in soils

 On the basis of field investigations and tests, the authors developed a coupling model of water and solute movement to quantitatively analyse the effects of climate condition, irrigation mode, chemical reactions and restoration schemes on aqueous oil (effective oil) distribution using the finite difference method. It is concluded from this study that the effect of strong adsorptive forces between aqueous oil and the soil matrix is the distribution of aqueous oil in the plough layer rather than its migration to groundwater. In addition, restoration schemes involving clean-wastewater mixing irrigation and crop-type adjustment may greatly reduce the aqueous oil concentrations, but clean surface water or groundwater irrigation must be used for complete restoration of the contaminated soils. Received: 26 April 2000 · Accepted: 21 August 2000     

筋土界面参数测试方法合理选择研究

筋土界面相互作用机理和方式随加筋土结构不同以及同一加筋土结构的位置不同而有所区别,相应参数的测试方法也应不同。根据国内外筋土界面参数测试方法的最新研究成果,结合工程实践发展需要和筋土界面相互作用关系特点,建立了筋土界面参数测试方法选择原则,为工程设计和研究工作中合理选择界面参数测试方法提供了科学的参考依据。     

生态酯类材料砂土改良及工程护坡应用

为提高砂土边坡的稳定性并实现生态护坡,采用生态酯类材料——纳米水性黏合剂对砂土进行改良,通过凝胶渗透色谱法和热重法分别对纳米水性黏合剂的相对分子质量及分布、热稳定性等进行了测试与分析;通过设计并开展不同纳米水性黏合剂掺入量条件下砂土的无侧限抗压强度试验和直接剪切试验,研究了砂土的强度改良效果与规律;通过崩解试验和边坡冲刷模型试验,研究了砂土的遇水稳定性和坡面抗冲刷能力的改良效果与规律,并进一步分析了砂土改良及生态护坡机制。结果表明,纳米水性黏合剂能提高砂土的强度、水稳定性及坡面抗冲刷能力。随黏合剂掺入量的增加,砂土的无侧限抗压强度和黏聚力增大,黏聚力的增加幅度可达46%～77%,而内摩擦角变化较小;砂土的崩解系数和峰值崩解速率减小,最大崩解速率出现的时间越发滞后;坡面冲刷率降低约68%～86%。边坡防护工程实际应用效果表明,纳米水性黏合剂的固土效果好,作用时间长,促进植被生长,实现了边坡的长效生态防护。     

油砂力学及热学性质的试验研究

通过对取自新疆克拉玛依风城油田重油储层的油砂进行室温和高温三轴固结排水压缩试验,研究了油砂基本力学和热学性质。研究结果表明：在常温试验条件下,油砂的偏应力-应变曲线可分为弹性阶段、塑性阶段和软化阶段,高温试验条件下则首先会出现压密阶段,不同围压下的体积应变变化规律显著不同;油砂的弹性模量和泊松比均与固结压力有较好的线性关系;高温对油砂的峰值强度、残余强度、泊松比和弹性模量影响很小;油砂的内摩擦角为34°,大小与粗粒土相近,凝聚力为0.47 MPa;油砂的热膨胀系数随围压的增大而增大,环向膨胀系数远大于轴向膨胀系数;围压?3 =5 MPa时存在临界温度,使得油砂的变形在低于或高于临界温度时表现出不同的特点,当温度小于临界温度时,试件的环向变形、轴向变形、体积变形均随温度的升高线性膨胀;当温度大于临界温度时,试件的环向变形、轴向变形、体积变形均随温度的升高线性收缩。最后将风城油砂的性质与加拿大Athabasca和Cold Lake两处的油砂进行了对比,发现3个地区的油砂在强度、变形等方面有很多相似之处,这对风城重油资源的开采具有重要的指导意义。     

Effect of secondary oil migration distance on composition of acidic NSO compounds in crude oils determined by negative-ion electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The acidic and neutral NSO compounds in a series of Duvernay-sourced oils in Canada, which are believed to have migrated extensively over relatively long distances such as along the Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trends, were characterized by negative-ion electrospray (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Heteroatomic compounds were characterized according to their class (number of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur heteroatoms), degree of aromaticity [rings plus double bonds (DBE)] and carbon number distribution. The N₁, N₁O₁, N₁O₂, N₁S₁, O₁ and O₂ classes were identified in Duvernay-sourced oils. With increasing migration distance, the relative abundance of O₂, N₁O₁ and N₁O₂ showed a significant decrease, while the O₁ class increased from < 10% to nearly 30% of the total. With increasing migration along the Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trend, pyrrolic nitrogen compounds (N₁ class) shows an enrichment of alkylcarbazoles (DBE = 9) relative to alkylbenzocarbazoles (DBE = 12), and of higher homologous relative to the lower homologous. O₁ compounds show a relative enrichment of those with low DBE values. Additionally, the N₁O₁ and N₁S₁ compounds show a relative enrichment of those with high DBE values, and of higher homologues compared to the lower homologues, indicating great potential for developing new migration indices.     

高温冻结粉土力学特性试验研究

为了探讨高温冻结粉土的力学特性,进行了一系列常规三轴压缩和三轴压缩加卸载试验。结果表明：（1）随着围压的增大,应力应变曲线先表现为应变软化,后应变硬化,最后又应变软化。（2）体积应变曲线均表现为先体缩后体胀,且围压越大,体胀越弱。（3）通过引入改进的双曲线模型,能较好地模拟应变软化和硬化特性。在q-p平面内建立了一个新的强度准则,并利用修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,探讨了黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的变化规律。根据试验结果,确定了不同围压及不同加卸载循环次数下高温冻结粉土的回弹模量及其损伤变化规律。最后,建立了塑性体积变形和塑性剪切变形之间的关系式和表达式,进一步探讨了高温冻结粉土的剪胀特性。     

循环荷载对粉质黏土力学性质的影响

通过等压固结静、动三轴试验,研究了渤海湾粉质黏土在循环荷载作用下的动力性质和循环荷载后不排水静力性质。试验结果表明,循环应力幅值比越大,平均轴向应变和轴向应变幅值越大;循环应力幅值比达到0.4时,平均轴向应变和轴向应变幅值随着循环周数增加迅速增大;循环应力幅值比相同,固结应力越大,轴向应变幅值越大,而平均轴向应变越小。在较大的循环应力幅值比下,平均孔压比值和孔压幅值比值随着循环周数的增大会达到稳定;循环应力幅值比越大平均孔压比值和孔压幅值比值均越大;相同循环应力幅值,固结应力越大平均孔压比值越小,而固结应力对孔压幅值比值影响较小。循环荷载的作用会导致循环荷载后不排水剪在q-p’平面上有效应力路径和孔压发展表现出超固结土的性质。     

非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究

红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。     

油页岩及其脱油残渣的矿物学研究

利用吉林农安和桦甸、广东茂名、海南长昌以及黑龙江达连河等5个产地的油页岩样品进行脱油残渣的烧制和不同条件下的成瓷条件实验,通过XRD、XRF分析及烧失率的变化,初步获得了5个产地油页岩的化学成分、矿物含量、废渣成分及烧瓷后的矿物成分等.结果表明:不同油页岩中黏土矿物的种类差异在不同程度上会影响油页岩的含油率.     

非饱和重塑黄土基质吸力变化特征与物理性质的关系

本文以兰州重塑黄土为对象,通过室内试验分析6组非饱和重塑黄土土-水特征曲线分段特征值与主要物性指标的统计关系,探讨了非饱和重塑黄土物理性质对其基质吸力变化特征的影响。结果表明,对于非饱和重塑黄土,分段特征含水量、特征饱和度、特征基质吸力与干密度关系密切,与颗粒级配关系较弱。随干密度增加,过渡区特征饱和度、残余饱和度线性增加,饱和含水量、过渡区特征含水量线性降低,残余基质吸力及过渡区特征基质吸力分别为线性及非线性增加。过渡区特征饱和度、残余饱和度与土体中粘粒含量线性正相关,与粉粒含量负相关。饱和含水量与粉粒含量线性正相关,残余基质吸力与其线性负相关。重塑黄土的微观结构显示这些关系受制于土体的孔隙结构和颗粒间的相互关系。     

膨胀土判别与分类方法探讨

膨胀土的胀缩等级评判是进行膨胀土处治的首要任务,开展膨胀土的判别与分类方法探讨具有重要意义。对现有膨胀土判别与分类方法进行了评价,对反映和表征膨胀土胀缩机理和特性的指标进行了深入探讨,提出了以能充分反映和表征膨胀土胀缩机理和特性的液限、塑性指数、自由膨胀率、小于0.005 mm颗粒含量、胀缩总率等5个指标作为膨胀土的判别指标,建立了一种新的膨胀土判别与分类方法,并通过试验进行了验证。新的膨胀土判别与分类方法具有准确度高、易操作的优点。     

银额盆地居延海坳陷原油物理化学特征与油源探讨

居延海坳陷的吉格达、天草、路井等次级凹陷原油物理、化学特征分析表明,原油物理特征以轻质-挥发性原油为主,个别井产凝析油,具有低粘度、中凝固点的特点。原油化学特征具有饱和烃含量高（78.06%~92.95%）,全油碳同位素轻（δ13CPDB为-33.7‰~-32.0‰）,轻烃/重烃（∑nC21-/∑nC22+）显著大于1（1.28~2.94）等特点。原油物理、化学特征指示其母质以低等水生生物为主,热演化程度为成熟-高成熟。在对钻井揭示的烃源岩及邻区地表剖面烃源岩分析的基础上,以吉格达凹陷蒙额参3井晚石炭世侵入岩和中—下二叠统2个产层为代表,开展了油-源生物标志化合物及碳同位素分布对比。结果表明,原油与上石炭统—下二叠统干泉组上段烃源岩具有良好的亲缘关系,与白垩系烃源岩无关,原油母岩为石炭系—二叠系烃源岩。依据原油指示的母岩演化程度显著高于钻井揭示的烃源岩演化程度,认为区内油气存在深层（干泉组下段）烃源岩的贡献。综合分析认为,居延海坳陷已揭示的油气藏为石炭系—二叠系含油系统,应将其作为主要勘探目的层。     

碱渣与粉煤灰拌合物的岩土工程及环境特性研究

碱渣是氨碱法生产纯碱时产生的工业废料,仅天津碱厂历年堆积的碱渣占地已达数平方公里。碱渣与其它材料（如粉煤灰等）拌和可制成工程土,代替一般工程土作为道路基础或大面积填垫材料的途经。对碱渣制工程土的化学成分,岩土工程性质和对环境的影响进行了研究,对碱渣土回填场地的地基承载能力和长期稳定性进行了测试。研究成果可以使这种工程土得到合理利用,从而减轻工业废料-碱渣的堆积和污染问题     

Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination on Microbial Biomass and Community Structure in Soils

Theeco environmentalpollutioncausedbyminingdevelopmentisaworldwideproblem ,whichhasarousedever increasingattentionofscientists.Inadditiontovegetationdestructionanderosionofcultivatedlanddirectlycausedbyminingdevelopment,scientistshaveplacedmorefocusontheenvironmentalproblemsinducedbythereleaseofharmfulsubstances ( particularlyheavymetals) .Especiallyundersurfaceconditions,thepiled upminewastes (minetailings)undergoweatheringundertheactionofaseriesofgeochemicalfactorssuchasthemineralogyofmineta…     

冻融作用对饱和粉质黏土抗剪性能的影响

为研究季节冻土地区冻融作用对道路边坡土体抗剪性能的影响规律,在不同冻结和融化温度、不同冻融循环次数、开放和封闭体系条件下对冻融饱和原状粉黏土试样进行了不固结、不排水剪切试验。试验结果表明:饱和原状粉质黏土冻融后,黏聚力降低,内摩擦角增大,冻结温度越低,冻融作用对黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响越小,随着冻融循环次数的增加,5～7次冻结循环后二者的变化逐渐趋于稳定。水分补给会强化冻融作用对试验土抗剪性能的影响;融化温度对试验土的抗剪性能影响很小。     

Effect of heavy metal and alkali contamination on the swelling properties of kaolinite

One of the most important factors that determine engineering properties of soils are the type and the amount of clay present in soil. Kaolinite being a very common and non-swelling clay mineral in soil was chosen as the medium, and significance of the change in swelling property of kaolinite due to contaminant-clay interaction was investigated. The amount of change in swelling percentages of the kaolinite due to contamination with 10,000 ppm solutions of Pb(NO₃)₂ and Zn(NO₃)₂ was determined using oedometers. For uncontaminated kaolinite, the amount of swell was determined as 2.2%. For Pb-contaminated and Zn-contaminated kaolinite, these values reached to 5.8 and 5.3%, respectively. Besides heavy metals, kaolinite was also contaminated with 4 N NaOH. The biggest change in the amount of swelling was obtained from NaOH-contaminated kaolinite which is 13.9%. In addition to swelling percentages, swelling pressures were also determined. The swelling pressure of the uncontaminated kaolinite was found as 1.06 N/cm². For Zn and Pb-contaminated kaolinite, this value reached up to 2.0 and 2.6 N/cm². The NaOH-contaminated kaolinite has the greatest swelling pressure which was 230 N/cm².     

The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of stabilized expansive soils

Black cotton soil (BCS) deposits, stabilized with waste materials-wood-ash and organic matter (leaves, grass, etc.) exist in BCS areas of North Karnataka, India. These ash-modified soils (AMS) are apparently stabilized by hydrated lime produced by biochemical, dissolution, and hydration reactions. The influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of wood-ash-modified BCS and laboratory lime-treated BCS specimens are examined in this study. Such a study is required to assess the long-term behaviour of chemically stabilized soils in geotechnical applications. Cyclic wetting and drying caused the AMS specimens to become more porous and less saturated. Consequently, the cyclically wetted and dried (or desiccated) AMS specimens collapsed significantly at the experimental flooding pressures. The beneficial effects of lime-stabilization of the BCS specimens were also partially lost in cyclically wetting and drying them. The clay contents of the lime-treated BCS specimens increased on cyclic wetting and drying. The increased clay contents in turn, affected their Atterberg limits and swell–shrink potentials. Partial loss of inter-particle cementation, increased porosity, and reduced degree of saturation, also imparted small to moderate collapse potentials to the desiccated lime-treated BCS specimens.     

新生代构造与羌塘盆地油气保存

羌塘盆地为我国陆上油气资源潜力巨大的一个中生代海相残留盆地,地处青藏高原腹地,但高原的强烈隆升、新构造运动的频繁作用和中上侏罗统的大片裸露,以侏罗系为目的层的油气,能否保存至今令人怀疑。羌塘盆地油气保存条件的问题已成为石油地质条件评价中一个十分突出的焦点问题。笔者就已有的资料,通过对新生代构造活动、断裂活动影响和高原隆升等方面的初步分析,对羌塘盆地油气的保存条件进行初步的探讨。     

我国红黏土物理力学性能研究现状及展望

采用文献综述研究方法,梳理了红黏土研究成果并进行了评述,对红黏土的物理力学性质进行了归纳和总结,对红黏土的性能改良研究成果进行了汇总,指出红黏土的物理力学性能的差异性根源在于微观结构的个性差异存在,红黏土性能改良的困难在于红黏土的水敏性和热敏性,红黏土性能改良的关键在于控制其含水率。最后指出了研究不足在于普适性理论和知识体系没有构建,改良方法和技术探究应该加强,展望了红黏土性能改良的物理—化学—生物耦合作用的机理及复合技术开发和应用的研究。