黄河流域夏季旱涝变化及气候物理因素的影响

利用1951—2008年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,探讨了黄河流域夏季降水气候分布范围,在此基础上研究了黄河流域夏季降水旱涝的年代际变化特点。结果表明：20世纪90年代以前,黄河流域夏季旱涝变化为9—11 a和2—3 a周期,20世纪90年代后周期变化不明显。对导致黄河流域夏季旱涝的气候物理因素分析表明,东亚高度场负距平异常直接造成中国黄河流域的夏季偏旱,而亚洲高度距平场东高西低的配置造成中国黄河流域偏涝;夏季南亚季风、东亚季风在中国黄河流域的辐合是流域降水偏多的关键。在同期OLR距平场,涝年黄河流域处在大的负距平中,对流强盛有利于水汽的辐合。影响大气的主要下垫面要素海温场,赤道东太平洋海温指数与夏季中国黄河流域降水同期呈负相关关系。中国黄河流域旱年赤道东太平洋海温多为正位相,对应中国黄河流域涝年赤道东太平洋海温多为负位相。提出了一个寻找旱涝成因方法并为预测旱涝变化提供参考。     

A New Precipitation Index for the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Drought and Flooding in the Reaches of the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers and Related Characteristics of Atmospheric Circulation

Characteristics of the spatiotemporal distributions of precipitation anomalies in the reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River (YHR) were studied using EOF method. Four main precipitation pat-terns for the YHR in summer identified by the first two modes: a region-wide flood over the entire YHR (RWF); a region-wide drought over the entire YHR (RWD); a flood in the south with a drought in the northern region of the Yangtze River (FS-DN); and a drought in the south with a flood in the northern region of the Yangtze River (DS-FN). Based on the first two modes and the actual precipitation departure percentage, a new precipitation index is defined in this paper. The typical flood/drought years associated with the various rainfall patterns defined by this precipitation index are more representative and closer to reality compared to some existing precipitation indexes which just use the area-mean precipitation or the EOF time components individually. The characteristics of atmospheric circulation in summer corresponding to the four main precipitation patterns over the YHR in summer show the features of atmospheric circulation differ in different precipitation pattern years. Although the different patterns share a common main influential circulation system, such as the blocking high over northeastern Asia, the low trough of westerly flows in the mid latitudes, the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), and the high ridge over the Tibet Plateau, the difference in location and intensity of these systems can lead to different distributions of precipitation anomalies.     

黄河流域夏季旱涝变化及气候物理因素的影响

利用1951-2008年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,探讨了黄河流域夏季降水气候分布范围,在此基础上研究了黄河流域夏季降水旱涝的年代际变化特点。结果表明：20世纪90年代以前,黄河流域夏季旱涝变化为9-11 a和2-3 a周期,20世纪90年代后周期变化不明显。对导致黄河流域夏季旱涝的气候物理因素分析表明,东亚高度场负距平异常直接造成中国黄河流域的夏季偏旱,而亚洲高度距平场东高西低的配置造成黄河流域偏涝;夏季南亚季风、东亚季风在黄河流域的辐合是流域降水偏多的关键。在同期OLR距平场,涝年黄河流域处在大的负距平中,对流强盛有利于水汽的辐合。影响大气的主要下垫面要素海温场,赤道东太平洋海温指数与夏季黄河流域降水同期呈负相关关系。流域旱年赤道东太平洋海温多为正位相,对应流域涝年赤道东太平洋海温多为负位相。本研究提出了一个寻找旱涝成因方法并为预测旱涝提供了科学参考。     

长江流域大范围旱涝与南亚高压的关系

利用１９５８～１９９９年月平均气象资料，分析了４２　ａ以来长江流域大范围旱涝的时空分布特征， 发现长江流域降水具有非常明显的年代际变化，年代际的转折发生于２０世纪７０年代末，６０年 代的持续干旱和９０年代的多发性洪涝形成鲜明对比。依照降水标准差大小，从４２　ａ降水资料 中划分出６个严重涝年和５个严重旱年。合成分析表明旱涝年大气环流和全球海温均有明显差 异，涝年高 低层副热带高压偏南偏强，全球海温呈大范围正距平，旱年则相反。文中对比分析了南亚 高压和海温两个异常因子与夏季长江流域降水的关系，发现南亚高压强度指数与长江流域降 水有显著相关，二者的年代际变化趋势非常一致，２０世纪７０年代末当南亚高压由弱变强，长 江流域由相对干旱转为相对多雨。而赤道太平洋ＳＳＴＡ与长江流域降水的关系不甚确定。超前 ／滞后相关分析表明，前期冬春季１００　ｈＰａ副热带高压强度与夏季长江流域降水呈显著的正相 关，前期冬春季赤道东太平洋ＳＳＴＡ与长江流域降水也呈正相关，但相关不显著。分析结果表 明，由于中国特殊的地理环境、地形和海陆分布特征，将南亚高压作为一个异常强信号并加 以关注，对中国短期气候尤其是灾害性气候的预测具有重要意义。     

20世纪我国东部地区的降水及极端旱涝事件变化规律

根据我国东部地区（110°E以东）160个观测站100多a的降水资料对我国东部地区包括华北地区、长江流域和华南地区等100多a的降水变化趋势和降水极端偏多和极端偏少年份的分布进行了分析;并通过计算z指数,实现旱涝面积转化,分析我国东部100多a来的旱、涝范围变化和极端旱、涝年份的分布。结果表明：我国东部地区100多a的降水极端偏多年份随时间分布比较均匀,其间隔在20～40a间。降水极端偏少年份在减少。降水量的变化存在着大约40—50a的震荡周期。夏季降水增加明显,秋季降水下降明显。长江流域的年降水量和我国东部年降水量趋势保持较好的一致性,说明长江流域的降水对我国东部降水的贡献显著,华南区域的降水起次要作用。我国东部近100a来雨涝范围和干旱范围都没有表现出明显的增、减趋势,但存在着明显的年际和年代际振动。我国东部干旱覆盖面积最大的时间主要集中在1930年代以前,1969年以后变化趋势不明显。东北和华北极端干旱年份大都出现在1940年以前,长江流域和华南的极端干旱年份则随时间分布比较均匀。     

2004年我国天气气候特点

2004年，全国平均年降水量较常年偏少，且时空分布不均。春李至初夏，东北西部、内蒙古东部地区出现近50年来最严重的干旱；秋季，华南、长江中下游地区发生大范围的严重干旱。汛期，我国大江大河未发生大的流域性洪涝灾害，但局地性强降雨造成的暴雨洪涝和滑坡、泥石流等灾害比较频繁，四川、重庆、云南、河南、湖北、湖南等省市损失较重。全国年平均气温较常年明显偏高，但阶段性起伏变化较大，冬、春、秋季部分地区遭受低温冻害或雪灾，夏季南方出现持续高温天气。年内，有8个台风(热带风暴)登陆我国，其中台风“云娜”给浙江造成严重损失。雷雨大风、冰雹、雷击等局地强对流天气发生频繁。春季北方沙尘天气较上年同期增多。综合分析，2004年我国气候总体正常，气象灾害偏轻，属于偏好年景。     

长江黄河流域上中下游汛期重旱涝的气候特征

为了揭示长江，黄河流域汛期（6-8月）重旱涝的气候特征，首先采用墨西哥帽小波对长江，黄河流域1951-1999年汛期的降雨资料作分析，得到了两流域汛期降雨量的年际变化趋势；其次将长江流域划分为三段（上游、中游、下游段），黄河流域分为两段（上中游、下游段），以各游段逐月的平均降水量（R）为基准，计算降雨量距平面分率，从而得到逐游段，逐月49年来的重旱涝的时序资料；最后分析该时序资料，得到两流域上中下游汛期重旱涝的时空分布，其结果深化了我们对重旱涝的认识。     

江南南部—华南北部前汛期严重旱涝诊断分析

利用江南南部—华南北部区域18个站45年（1951～1995年）4～6月降水资料计算了Z指数,确定出该区域严重涝年（1954、1962、1968、1973、1975年）和严重旱年（1958、1963、1967、1985、1991年）。分析了严重旱涝的频数分布和空间分布的特征,以及印度洋和太平洋整个赤道地区的SSTA、OLR距平场的分布。结果表明旱涝年SSTA、OLR距平场均有明显的差异。     

青藏高原冬季积雪异常和长江中下游主汛期旱涝及其与环流关系的研究

在对青藏高原冬季异常积雪资料进行了综合分析的基础上 ,用 3种方法对长江中下游的旱涝指标进行了综合评定 ,计算了高原积雪日数和深度资料与长江中下游 6～ 8月降水量之间的相关系数 ,结果表明 ,青藏高原冬季积雪异常与长江中下游流域的旱涝呈正相关关系 ,最大正相关区主要位于江南北部。通过对冬季北半球 50 0 h Pa高度场、OLR、SSTA资料的合成分析以及对夏季风指数的联系揭示表明 ,高原多雪和少雪所反映出的环流特征显著不同。讨论了异常积雪 -大气 -海洋 -雨带相互之间的可能联系 ,给出了一个初步与青藏高原冬季积雪相联系的长江中下游旱涝物理过程概念模型 ,进而为短期气候监测、预测提供参数线索。     

中国南方旱涝时空分布特征分析

用1955-2001年我国南方81个测站全年逐月降水量资料,利用Z指数确定单站旱涝等级.结果表明,春季华中地区和两广交界处更易发生干旱,湖南与华南沿海地区降水偏多,出现洪涝的几率较大;夏秋两季106～115 °E,23～32 °N区域和四川西北部地区出现干旱的频率较高,洪涝频率较高地区主要集中在长江流域,同时四川南部、云南中部、华南沿海出现大涝的频率较高;冬季南方大部分地区发生旱涝的频率较小,干旱多发区主要集中在云南中部以及江苏、安徽两省,西南部出现降水偏多的频率较高.通过对降水资料的EOF分析发现,我国南方春季降水主要为南旱北涝、南涝北旱两种分布型.夏季降水区域主要分为长江流域与华南沿海地区、云南两个区域,而秋、冬季南方降水分布比较均匀,表现为南方一致旱或涝.     

我国东南部夏季干旱指数研究

根据中国东南部夏季降水与气温显著负相关的特点, 选用合适的干旱指数分析了旱涝的时空变率.得到的4个空间型较之降水分型结构简单, 又综合反映气候异常状态.时间演变没有显著的长期倾向.干旱指数场与850 hPa U、V等场奇异值分解 (SVD) 分析得到, 南海至菲律宾西风偏强, 中国东部南风分量偏强, 副高南 (北) 侧东 (西) 风偏强时, 长江中下游偏旱, 反之则偏涝.     

高层大气三维热力结构异常及其遥相关特征对江淮流域旱涝的影响

文中分析了江淮流域旱涝过程与南北半球经向波列遥相关特征,结果表明,前期赤道地区高层大气的三维热力结构异常与中国江淮流域夏季旱涝异常存在显著相关。进一步研究发现,江淮流域夏季旱、涝年与前期春季低纬高层大气热力结构呈显著的反位相特征,且两者垂直方向均呈跨越南北半球经向波列结构特征,该波列扰动源可追溯到南极冰盖强信号因子。采用EP通量诊断分析可进一步揭示出与江淮流域旱涝过程相关的经向波列传播及高层大气波射线折射特征。     

长江中下游夏季降水与热带对流的关系

本文利用1979～2001年中国160站月平均降水资料、NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料，包括OLR资料、500hPa高度场、海平面气压场及850hPa风场，借助相关分析、合成分析研究了长江中下游夏季降水与热带对流活动的关系。结果表明，热带对流活动与长江中下游夏季降水之间呈显著的正相关，即夏季热带对流活动强(弱)，长江中下游降水偏少(多)，易出现干旱(洪涝)。热带对流活动异常引起中、低纬度大气环流系统异常，中、低纬度大气环流系统异常向中、高纬度传播，引起中、高纬度大气环流系统异常，构成东亚地区大气环流异常，导致长江中下游地区夏季降水异常。     

Atmospheric moisture budget and floods in the Yangtze River basin, China

In this paper, we explored the trends of the atmospheric moisture budget, precipitation, and streamflow in summer during 1961 to 2005 and possible correlations between them by using the linear regression method in the Yangtze River basin, China. The results indicate that: (1) increasing tendencies can be detected in the atmospheric moisture budget, precipitation and streamflow in the Yangtze River basin; however, the significant increasing trends occur only in the atmospheric moisture budget and precipitation in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin; (2) both the ratio of summer moisture budget to annual moisture budget and the ratio of summer precipitation to annual precipitation exhibit a significant increasing trend in the Yangtze River basin. The ratio of summer streamflow to annual streamflow is in a significant increasing trend in Hankou station. Significant increasing summer precipitation can be taken as the major controlling factor responsible for the higher probability of flood hazard occurrences in the Yangtze River basin. The consecutively increasing summer precipitation is largely due to the consistently increasing moisture budget; (3) the zonal geopotential height anomaly between 1991 and 2005 and 1961 and 1990 is higher from the south to the north, which to a large degree, limits the northward propagation of the summer monsoon to north China. As a result, the summer moisture budget increases in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, which leads to more summer precipitation. This paper sheds light on the changing properties of precipitation and streamflow and possible underlying causes, which will be greatly helpful for better understanding of the changes of precipitation and streamflow in the Yangtze River basin.     

近50年长江中下游春季和梅雨期降水变化特征

利用1961—2009年长江中下游地区52个气象站逐日降水资料,研究了该地区春季降水与梅雨期降水的连续变化特征,划分了连续旱、连续涝、先旱后涝和先涝后旱4类连续性事件,并探讨其成因。结果表明:长江中下游地区春季降水量年际和年代际变化较为显著,其中连续旱和连续涝事件发生较多。前冬Ni?o3区的海温与春季和梅雨期降水量相关性超过0.05显著性水平,前冬青藏高原积雪深度与6月西太平洋季风指数与梅雨期降水量相关性均达到0.05显著性水平。当春季水汽丰富,同时春季与6月副热带高压中心位置持续偏西可能导致春季和梅雨期降水持续偏多;春季水汽丰富,但春季至6月副热带高压中心位置由偏西向偏东转变,可能造成先涝后旱;春季水汽偏少,且春季与6月副热带高压中心位置持续异常偏东,易造成持续干旱。2011年水汽突变可能是导致旱涝急转的直接原因,前冬的La Ni?a事件不利于春季降水而6月副热带高压位置异常西伸, 则容易引发旱涝急转。     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

Relationships Between Anomalies of Land-Sea Thermal Contrast in North Africa and Summer Flood and Drought Across the Jianghuai Region of China

The flood and drought across the Yangtze and Huaihe River(Jianghuai)areas are frequent in summer,especially in June and July.Therefore,predicting the summer flood and drought in the Jianghuai region is always one of the key topics concerned by meteorologists in China.Previous studies focused more on the skin temperature anomalies in a local area,and paid less attention to the connections between the anomalies of land-sea thermal contrast in remote continents and the summer flood and drought in Jianghuai areas of China.By using the US NCEP/NCAR monthly mean reanalysis data and the rainfall data at 743 stations in China,based on the interdecadal variation characteristics of the flood and drought index(FDI)during 51 yr(1954-2004)in the Jianghuai region of China in summer,the North African areas have been selected as the key regions for the correlation analysis.The results show that the surface temperature anomalies in the key regions have good continuity in winter,and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)is perhaps one of the important factors that bring about the continuity of the anomalies.By a singular value decomposition(SVD)analysis between the skin temperature in the previous winter in North Africa and the summer rainfall in the Jianghuai region,it is found that when the North African continent is colder(warmer)and its northwestern sea is warmer(colder),the rainfall increases(decreases)in the Jianghuai region in summer generally.Further analysis finds that the anomaly of the surface temperature contrast between sea and land in North Africa has a good indication for the summer flood and drought in the Jianghuai areas of China.Therefore,a sea and land thermal contrast index(SLTCI)is defined to reflect the intensity of the large-scale land-sea thermal contrast.A positive correlation between the SLTCI in North Africa and the summer FDI in Jianghuai areas is identified,and it can well indicate the extreme flood and drought situations in the Jianghuai region of China.     

The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism

The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism from the observed data is discussed. It is discovered that in the developing stage of ENSO, the SST in the western tropical Pacific is colder in summer, the convective activities may be weak around the South China Sea and the Philippines. As a consequence, the subtropical high shifted southward. Therefore, a drought may be caused in the Indo-China peninsula and in the South China. Moreover, in midsummer the subtropical high is weak over the Yangtze River valley and Huaihe River valley, and the flood may be caused in the area from the Yangtze River valley to Huaihe River valley. On the contrary, in the decaying stage of ENSO, the convective activities may be strong around the Philippines, and the subtropical high shifted northward, a drought may be caused in the Yangtze River valley and Huaihe River valley.     

南亚高压与长江中下游夏季降水异常的关系

该文利用1951—2013年夏季全国160站降水资料与NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均高度场资料(水平分辨率为2. 5°×2. 5°),选取17个站点代表长江中下游流域,采用合成分析及相关分析等方法,研究了夏季降水量异常与同期及前期5月南亚高压的关系。结果表明,降水量异常偏多年夏季南亚高压中心位势高度明显偏大,位置较为偏西,前期5月南亚高压东西跨度较大,面积偏大;降水量异常偏少年份南亚高压中心位势高度偏小,前期5月中心位于中南半岛上空,面积偏小。夏季南亚高压东伸指数和5月份南亚高压脊线位置与长江中下游流域夏季降水相关性较好,对长江中下游流域夏季降水具有一定的预测作用。     

Regional trends in recent precipitation indices in China

Summary Regional characteristics of recent precipitation indices in China were analyzed from a daily rainfall dataset based on 494 stations during 1961 to 2000. Some indices such as precipitation percentiles, precipitation intensity, and precipitation persistence were used and their inter-decadal differences were shown in this study. Over the last 40 years, precipitation indices in China showed increasing and decreasing trends separated into three main regions. A decreasing trend of annual precipitation and summer precipitation was observed from the southern part of northeast China to the mid-low Yellow River valley and the upper Yangtze River valley. This region also showed a decreasing trend in precipitation intensity and a decreasing trend in the frequency of persistent wet days. On the other hand, increasing trends in precipitation intensity were found in the Xinjiang region (northwest China), the northern part of northeast China, and southeast China, mainly to the south of the mid-low Yangtze River. The indices of persistent wet days and strong rainfall have contributed to the increasing frequency of floods in southeast China and the Xinjiang region in the last two decades. Persistent dry days and weakening rainfall have resulted in the increasing frequency of drought along the Yellow River valley including North China. Regional precipitation characteristics and trends in precipitation indices indicate the climate state variations in the last four decades. A warm-wet climate state was found in northwest China and in the northern part of northeast China. A warm-dry climate state extends from the southern part of northeast China to the Yellow River valley, while a cool-wet summer was found in southeast China, particularly in the mid-low Yangtze River valley over the last two decades.