晓天一磨子潭韧性剪切带变形模拟及其对北大别穹隆构造演化的指示

现今出露在北大别穹隆北界上的晓天一磨子潭韧性剪切带是早白垩世造山后伸展活动的产物。野外观测、室内石英C轴组构与运动学涡度测量指示,这一NWW—SEE走向、倾向NNE的韧性剪切带,呈现为正左旋走滑运动,以简单剪切变形为主。该剪切带内现今所保留运动学特征及其在空间上的变化反映其形成后经历过旋转改造。以实测组构为约束的变形模拟揭示,该剪切带在早期伸展活动时为中地壳内上盘向280°方位运动的水平韧性剪切带,后在北大别穹隆上拱中被动地抬升而成为现今状态。北大别穹隆西强东弱的上隆幅度是晓天一磨子潭韧性剪切带被不均匀抬升和旋转的主要原因。该剪切带与北大别穹隆皆为早白垩世造山后重力垮塌中形成的,具有科迪勒拉型变质核杂岩特征。     

北大别造山后穹隆构造的形成过程与变形模拟

北大别穹隆是在早白垩世造山后伸展活动中形成的。其北界为北西西走向、倾向北北东、正左行平移的晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带,南界为北西走向、倾向南东、右行“逆冲”的五河-水吼韧性剪切带。通过对这两条剪切带的构造观测、运动学分析、石英C轴组构测量、变形温度分析及变形模拟,表明剪切带原先为中地壳同一近水平的韧性拆离剪切带。该拆离剪切带在原始近水平状态时的活动为上盘向280°方位的伸展运动。随后在大规模岩浆活动与北大别穹隆的隆升中,这一剪切带被动地抬升与剥露,而出露于现今的穹隆边界上。变形模拟显示,北大别穹隆构造现今为近EW轴向的背形,其上隆幅度西强东弱。北大别穹隆的形成过程表明为典型的造山带变质核杂岩。     

晓天-磨子潭剪切带的早白垩世活动及其对北大别穹隆演化的制约

晓天-磨子潭剪切带是大别造山带内北大别杂岩带与北淮阳浅变质岩带的地表分界线,其构造演化特征可以为北大别穹窿的形成演化提供重要制约.本次由此韧性剪切带内4个未变形岩体的锆石样品进行LA-ICP MS U-Pb年龄测定得知,该韧性剪切带形成于早白垩世130～120 Ma期间,为后造山伸展断层.构造分析表明,这条剪切带形成于北大别穹窿深处,为一条平缓韧性拆离剪切带.其形成指示北大别单元在早白垩世初的造山带重力垮塌中发生了深部地壳物质的韧性侧向流动,而该剪切带则是地壳物质韧性侧向流动的上部运动边界.在随后的大规模岩浆上升与浮力增加中,该剪切带与北大别穹窿一起发生隆升而变陡,并随着不均匀隆升而使剪切带出现现今的几何学特征.晓天-磨子潭剪切带的演化显示北大别穹窿是由大别造山带晚造山伸展过程中形成的变质核杂岩组成的.     

晓天—磨子潭断裂带构造变形分析及其对大别山构造变形的启示

晓天—磨子潭断裂带是大别造山带非常重要的韧性剪切带之一,叠加在北大别灰色片麻岩之上。通过其构造几何学、运动学的研究表明:晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带具有管壁状弯曲的几何学特征,运动学方式为沿NWW—SEE向近水平左旋剪切。地质温压计和变形矿物动态重结晶型式揭示了剪切带变形温度约618.2℃,地质压力约0.7GPa,相当于中下地壳环境。据此推测大别造山带曾上覆一管状背形韧性剪切层(大部分现已被剥蚀),晓天—磨子潭剪切带为其北界部分;造山带中下地壳物质曾发生近平行造山带走向的侧向流动。。     

晓天-磨子潭剪切带的早白垩世活动及其对北大别穹窿演化的制约

晓天-磨子潭剪切带是大别造山带内北大别杂岩带与北淮阳浅变质岩带的地表分界线,其构造演化特征可以为北大别穹窿的形成演化提供重要制约。本次由此韧性剪切带内4个未变形岩体的锆石样品进行LA-ICPMSU-Pb年龄测定得知,该韧性剪切带形成于早白垩世130～120Ma期间,为后造山伸展断层。构造分析表明,这条剪切带形成于北大别穹窿深处,为一条平缓韧性拆离剪切带。其形成指示北大别单元在早白垩世初的造山带重力垮塌中发生了深部地壳物质的韧性侧向流动,而该剪切带则是地壳物质韧性侧向流动的上部运动边界。在随后的大规模岩浆上升与浮力增加中,该剪切带与北大别穹窿一起发生隆升而变陡,并随着不均匀隆升而使剪切带出现现今的几何学特征。晓天-磨子潭剪切带的演化显示北大别穹窿是由大别造山带晚造山伸展过程中形成的变质核杂岩组成的。     

晓天-磨子潭断裂后造山伸展活动的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年代学记录

晓天-磨子潭断裂是北大别杂岩带的北部边界,其早白垩世构造活动型式可以为北大别带穹隆演化过程提供制约.为了获得晓天-磨子潭断裂的活动时间,本次工作在详细的野外研究基础上,采集了一系列含黑云母、角闪石、白云母糜棱岩样品进行40Ar-39Ar年代学测试.采自佛子岭地区的XM31-2糜棱岩中角闪石获得了141.9 Ma的坪年龄,该样品变形温度接近于角闪石K-Ar体系的封闭温度,表明该年龄结果为最接近于变形年龄的冷却年龄,指示断裂带形成于141.9 Ma之前的晚侏罗世末或早白垩世初.断裂带糜棱岩中所记录的年龄结果表现出明显的东早西晚的规律,这指示北大别带内罗田穹隆的启动时间要晚于岳西穹隆.断裂带内东、西两段运动学上的差异指示其现今的几何学形态是经过后期构造运动改造而形成的.断裂带东段130 Ma的快速冷却事件的存在指示改造断裂带几何学形态的构造事件发生于130 Ma之后.     

桐柏杂岩南北边界剪切带的对比以及对桐柏造山带构造格局的制约

桐柏杂岩的南北边界的剪切带分别是殷店-马垅韧性剪切带和晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带,这两条韧性剪切带内都发育杆状构造,且杆状构造具有层状结构,层与层之间通过一种特殊的滑脱面结合。由于晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带相对于殷店-马垅剪切带位置明显更靠近商丹断裂带,早期商丹断裂带的活动在岩石中留下的变形痕迹导致了后期晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带的变形程度要略强于殷店-马垅剪切带。这两条剪切带都是以简单剪切为主的剪切带,变质条件也相似,都属于角闪岩相变质,处于中-下地壳流变层位置。U-Pb同位素测年结果显示,晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带的活动年龄为171~142Ma,殷店-马垅韧性剪切带的活动年龄为164~137Ma,两条剪切带的主活动期都在中-晚侏罗世,在早白垩世随着岩浆活动的峰期到来慢慢减弱停止。桐柏造山带在印支晚期碰撞挤压背景下的向东挤出不是一个整体的挤出,而是有层次的差异挤出,挤出的同时层与层之间会发生滑动,滑脱面类似滑动的润滑剂,酷似"管状流动"的构造。在晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带和殷店-马垅韧性剪切带的牵引作用下,整个桐柏造山带由西向东发生管状流动。     

135~130 Ma: 大别山第二次“去根”时间？

大别杂岩主要由早白垩世侵入岩和三叠纪变质岩组成。它的四周是四条区域性韧性剪切带:郯城—庐江断裂,商城—麻城断裂,襄樊—广济断裂和晓天—磨子潭断裂。其中,晓天—磨子潭断裂和襄樊—广济断裂在早白垩世具有相反的走滑剪切方向:北侧的边界断裂(晓天—磨子潭断裂)是一个左行剪切断裂,而南侧的边界断裂(襄樊—广济断裂)是一个右行剪切断裂。在大别杂岩内部,早白垩世低角度剪切面理的倾伏向以SE向或NW向为主。这些晚期剪切面理上的拉伸线理的倾伏向同样为SE或NW向。大别杂岩总体具有朝SE向挤出和顶部相对朝NW向剪切的构造特征。这些表明晚中生代是该杂岩演化的重要阶段。该杂岩的边界断裂和内部构造特征指示其晚期抬升是沿造山带方向(SE—NW)以低角度方式进行的。这一过程直接导致高压-超高压变质岩和同构造岩浆岩被抬升至近地表。同时,年代学研究表明:大别杂岩(扬子板块东北缘地壳)在晚侏罗世—早白垩世经历大规模混合岩化的时间为145~135 Ma,同造山岩浆作用的时间为145~135 Ma,后造山火山-岩浆活动的时间为135~120 Ma。因此,该杂岩中三叠纪高压-超高压变质岩所记录的早白垩世抬升过程不是印支事件的后续,而是燕山期陆内造山及随后发生的伸展过程有关。尽管这一陆内造山事件的起始时间至今仍不确定,但大别山未变形岩体(130~120 Ma)的年代学研究结果和我们新测得的同构造伟晶岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄(130 Ma)为早白垩地壳变形提供了良好的上限制约。这样,大别山经历了三叠纪碰撞造山和伸展,晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆内造山-伸展二次过程。     

晓天—磨子潭断裂的运动学涡度、应变速率及其大地构造意义

晓天—磨子潭断裂作为北大别带与北淮阳带的地表分界线,是大别造山带内重要的折返边界之一。本次工作在详细的野外观察、糜棱岩化过程中温-压条件的计算、糜棱岩中石英C轴组构分析等一系列工作的基础上,计算晓天—磨子潭断裂内同造山糜棱岩化过程的运动学涡度和应变速率。变形温-压条件指示糜棱岩形成于30~40km的深部,明显大于早白垩世以来的剥蚀深度,指示断裂带糜棱岩化过程发生于同造山折返过程中。涡度分析表明,断裂带的涡度值大于0.9,指示其变形以简单剪切变形为主,并说明大别造山带同造山晚期折返的驱动力表现为浮力。显微构造与石英C轴组构分析均指示了一致的上盘向NW的运动方式。断裂带同造山糜棱岩化过程的应变速率为10-10s-1左右,表明造山带峰期变质之后的折返过程是非常快速的。     

大别山晚中生代剪切带特征及年代学制约

大别山的主要剪切带晚中生代时发生伸展拆离,整个构造体系以北大别变质杂岩为核心分为北部伸展构造体系和南部伸展构造体系。北部伸展体系中的晓天—磨子潭剪切带向北北东拆离;南部伸展体系中,水吼—五河剪切带和太湖—马庙剪切带向南南东拆离,而宿松—清水河剪切带则向南西拆离。系统的岩石有限应变测量分析显示:晓天—磨子潭剪切带的剪切位移量至少为56km,宿松—清水河剪切带的剪切距离至少为12km。在南部伸展体系中,福林参数K值从北到南的变化指示从纯剪切逐渐过渡到简单剪切,显示了北大别的岩浆侵入作用在南部伸展拆离体系中的主动作用。对大别山的4条剪切带中黑云母、白云母和角闪石的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar同位素年代学分析表明,存在两组变形年龄,较早的一组年龄(约190Ma±)可能代表了造山带形成过程中超高压变质岩冷却和折返的时间;较晚的一组年龄(约125Ma±)则可能代表了碰撞造山带作用之后的伸展拆离作用的时间。应变测量分析、年代学分析和铂族元素的特征均表明北大别杂岩中的岩浆侵入作用是大别山晚中生代伸展拆离作用的主要诱因。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.