基于等效残差积探测粗差的方差-协方差分量估计

已有方差-协方差分量估计(VCE)的粗差探测是对残差检验,而VCE的本质是利用残差的二阶量来估计它的二阶中心矩,因此更合理的方法应该对残差二阶量检验.由最小二乘残差估值导出了一组服从标准正态分布的等效残差;然后从等效残差的VCE基本方程出发,分别采用χ2统计量和正态积Np统计量检验等效残差的平方及其乘积.结果表明,采用...     

等价条件平差模型的方差-协方差分量最小二乘估计方法

提出等价条件闭合差的方差-协方差分量最小二乘估计方法,简称LSV-ECM法。首先,利用等价条件平差模型建立了基于等价条件闭合差二次型的方差-协方差分量估计方程,由矩阵半拉直算子将其变换为线性Gauss-Markov形式,进而通过最小二乘准则导出了具有模型通用性、形式简洁性且满足无偏性和最优性的方差-协方差分量估计公式。其次,证明了LSV-ECM方法与残差型VCE方法的等价性,并在此基础上通过计算复杂度定量分析了所提方法的计算高效性。最后,通过边角网平差和中国区域GNSS站坐标时序建模及其结果分析,验证了所提新方法的正确性和计算高效性。     

方差-协方差分量估计的概括平差因子法

针对现有方差-协方差分量估计(variance-covariance component estimation,VCE)理论存在的问题,通过引入间接平差的平差因子概念,定义并研究了基于概括平差模型的概括平差因子、概括闭合差及其方差阵,进而利用二次期望公式提出了基于概括平差因子的VCE新方法。该方法适用于概括平差模型所归纳的4种函数模型形式,并通过概括平差因子揭示了平差函数模型与VCE是否存在解析估计形式的关系。实例计算结果表明,现有迭代型VCE方法改变了LS估计量的统计性质,而VCE新方法解析估计具有LS统计性质,且无需初值。     

Helmert型方差—协方差分量估计的通用公式

本文在概括函数模型和它的通用公式的基础上,导出了一个适用于所有平差方法的方差—协方差分量估计的通用公式,并由此给出方差分量估计的通用公式和简化的通用公式。     

Lq估计的渐近方差-协方差矩阵及其特点

针对由独立同分布误差膨胀而成的独立不等精度误差,根据未知参数的M估计的Bahadur型线性表达式,本文导出了由观测量、残差向量、参数估计量和观测量平差向量组成的基本向量的Bahadur型表达式.进一步地,根据方差传播定律导出了M估计的基本向量的渐近方差-协方差矩阵,该矩阵由3个多余参数决定,第三多余参数由本文定义.对Lq范估计,分别计算了误差分别为正态分布和q范分布时的3个多余参数,以及相应的基本向量的方差协方差矩阵.对最小二乘估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量的平差向量统计独立,相应的协方差矩阵为零,这一性质与误差分布无关.对正态分布的Lq估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量平差向量的协方差不为零;而对q范分布的Lq估计,即是相应的极大似然估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量平差向量的协方差为零.文中所得公式和结论可用于统计分析.     

基于等价条件闭合差的VCE通用解析法

分析指出了现有方差-协方差分量估计(VCE)方法在计算效率与?2统计量统计性质两方面的固有缺陷。利用零空间算子消去概括平差模型中的参数向量,建立了等价条件平差模型。由此定义了等价条件闭合差(ECC),并导出了以ECC表示的?2统计量计算式。进而,基于等价条件闭合差与新构造的可逆方差分量模型提出了方差-协方差分量估计的通用解析法,简称为VCE-ECC法。同时,给出了对应四种基本平差模型的VCE-ECC法简化计算式。实例与仿真结果表明：VCE-ECC法与现有VCE方法的方差-协方差分量估计值在统计意义上无明显差异,并有效地克服了现有VCE方法的固有缺陷。     

采用方差-协方差分量估计GPS时间序列噪声特性

本文采用方差-协方差分量估计分析GPS残差时间序列噪声特性。介绍了该方法如何运用于GPS时间序列分析,详细的推导了函数模型,建立了数据处理流程。对比传统的极大似然估计,该方法可以定量计算各噪声分量的大小,并且具有计算速度快,数学模型严谨等优点。     

基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计

在多类观测数据联合平差中,存在某类观测值的验前协方差阵正确而其他类不正确的情况,传统Helmert方差分量估计在求解此类问题时没有对正确的验前协方差阵加以区别,从而造成正确的随机模型经估计后同样也被调整。针对上述情况,首先分析了Helmert方差分量估计迭代收敛结果的实质,然后提出了随机模型基准的概念,并推导了基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计公式。经计算表明,新公式完全可行,可以用于解决实际问题。     

基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计

在多类观测数据联合平差中,存在某类观测值的验前协方差阵正确而其他类不正确的情况,传统Helmert方差分量估计在求解此类问题时没有对正确的验前协方差阵加以区别,从而造成正确的随机模型经估计后同样也被调整.针对上述情况,首先分析了Helmert方差分量估计迭代收敛结果的实质,然后提出了随机模型基准的概念,并推导了基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计公式.经计算表明,新公式完全可行,可以用于解决实际问题.     

基于方差分量估计的拟合推估及其在GIS误差纠正的应用

拟合推估解算必须首先求得信号向量的方差协方差矩阵,该协方差矩阵一般通过选定的协方差函数,并通过已测点数据进行拟合得到。显然观测噪声的先验方差协方差阵与拟合得到的随机信号的方差协方差矩阵必须相互协调,即观测噪声向量和信号向量的权矩阵所对应的方差因子应该一致,否则将对固定效应和随机效应参数的估计带来系统性的影响。应用方差分量估计来协调拟合推估模型中观测噪声和信号向量的随机模型,并分别从极大似然估计、MINQUE估计、赫尔默特方差分量估计三方面构建了拟合推估模型的方差分量解,最后利用新提出的理论与方法,对一幅实际的扫描地形图进行误差纠正,结果表明基于方差分量估计的拟合推估法能够提高扫描地形图的精度。     

Least-squares variance component estimation

Least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE) is a simple, flexible and attractive method for the estimation of unknown variance and covariance components. LS-VCE is simple because it is based on the well-known principle of LS; it is flexible because it works with a user-defined weight matrix; and it is attractive because it allows one to directly apply the existing body of knowledge of LS theory. In this contribution, we present the LS-VCE method for different scenarios and explore its various properties. The method is described for three classes of weight matrices: a general weight matrix, a weight matrix from the unit weight matrix class; and a weight matrix derived from the class of elliptically contoured distributions. We also compare the LS-VCE method with some of the existing VCE methods. Some of them are shown to be special cases of LS-VCE. We also show how the existing body of knowledge of LS theory can be used to one’s advantage for studying various aspects of VCE, such as the precision and estimability of VCE, the use of a-priori variance component information, and the problem of nonlinear VCE. Finally, we show how the mean and the variance of the fixed effect estimator of the linear model are affected by the results of LS-VCE. Various examples are given to illustrate the theory.     

无缝仿射基准转换模型的方差分量估计

以无缝仿射基准变换为例,研究了无缝基准转换模型的方差分量估计理论,导出无缝基准变换过程中两套坐标的方差分量估计公式。通过模拟试验分析表明,采用方差分量估计方法能正确地恢复出客观体现两套坐标误差的方差值,从而有效提高无缝基准转换精度。     

Variance component estimation uncertainty for unbalanced data: application to a continent-wide vertical datum

Variance component estimation (VCE) is used to update the stochastic model in least-squares adjustments, but the uncertainty associated with the VCE-derived weights is rarely considered. Unbalanced data is where there is an unequal number of observations in each heterogeneous data set comprising the variance component groups. As a case study using highly unbalanced data, we redefine a continent-wide vertical datum from a combined least-squares adjustment using iterative VCE and its uncertainties to update weights for each data set. These are: (1) a continent-wide levelling network, (2) a model of the ocean’s mean dynamic topography and mean sea level observations, and (3) GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights minus a gravimetric quasigeoid model. VCE uncertainty differs for each observation group in the highly unbalanced data, being dependent on the number of observations in each group. It also changes within each group after each VCE iteration, depending on the magnitude of change for each observation group’s variances. It is recommended that VCE uncertainty is computed for VCE updates to the weight matrix for unbalanced data so that the quality of the updates for each group can be properly assessed. This is particularly important if some groups contain relatively small numbers of observations. VCE uncertainty can also be used as a threshold for ceasing iterations, as it is shown—for this data set at least—that it is not necessary to continue time-consuming iterations to fully converge to unity.     

附有约束最小二乘配置的信号与观测误差的方差分量估计

介绍方差-协方差分量估计理论的研究和发展情况,讨论最小二乘配置模型信号与观测误差的方差分量估计问题。在实际应用中,考虑到未知参数间存在几何或物理约束,针对附有约束条件最小二乘配置的方差分量估计的问题,基于Helmert方差分量估计原理,导出相应的计算公式。模拟算例结果表明,利用约束条件能够改善方差分量的估计精度,验证方法的有效性。     

改进的Helmert方差分量估计方法在精密定轨中的应用

分析了Ｈｅｌｍｅｒｔ方差分量估计方法用于人造卫星精密定轨时出现负方差的原因,认为主要是由于观测资料信息不足而使法矩秩亏引起的,在此基础上,提出了利用等估参数先验信息来避免负方差的“改进的Ｈｅｌｍｅｒｔ方差分量估计方法”。试算表明,利用本文中的方法可以有效地消除负方差的产生。为了与现用的精密定轨软件相兼容,便于程序实现,将ＧｉｖｅｎｓＧｅｎｔｌｉｍａｎ正交变换方法用于方差分量估计,给出了详细的计算分     

Calibration of geoid error models via a combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, orthometric and gravimetric geoid height data

The well-known statistical tool of variance component estimation (VCE) is implemented in the combined least-squares (LS) adjustment of heterogeneous height data (ellipsoidal, orthometric and geoid), for the purpose of calibrating geoid error models. This general treatment of the stochastic model offers the flexibility of estimating more than one variance and/or covariance component to improve the covariance information. Specifically, the iterative minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (I-MINQUE) and the iterative almost unbiased estimation (I-AUE) schemes are implemented in case studies with observed height data from Switzerland and parts of Canada. The effect of correlation among measurements of the same height type and the role of the systematic effects and datum inconsistencies in the combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, geoid and orthometric heights on the estimated variance components are investigated in detail. Results give valuable insight into the usefulness of the VCE approach for calibrating geoid error models and the challenges encountered when implementing such a scheme in practice. In all cases, the estimated variance component corresponding to the geoid height data was less than or equal to 1, indicating an overall downscaling of the initial covariance (CV) matrix was necessary. It was also shown that overly optimistic CV matrices are obtained when diagonal-only cofactor matrices are implemented in the stochastic model for the observations. Finally, the divergence of the VCE solution and/or the computation of negative variance components provide insight into the selected parametric model effectiveness.