数值流形方法及在川滇地区地壳运动研究中的应用(英文)

The numerical manifold method （NMM） can calculate the movements and deformations of structures or materials. Both the finite element method （FEM） for continua and the discontinuous deformation analysis （DDA） for block systems are special cases of NMM. NMM has separate mathematical covers and physical meshes： the mathematical covers define only fine or rough approximations; as the real material boundary, the physical mesh defines the integration fields. The mathematical covers are triangle units; the physical mesh includes the fault boundaries, joints, blocks and interfaces of different crust zones on the basis of a geological tectonic background. Aiming at the complex problem of continuous and discontinuous deformation across the Chinese continent, the numerical manifold method （NMM） is brought in to study crustal movement of the Stchuan-Yunnan area. Based on the GPS velocity field in the Sichuan-Yunnan area, a crustal strain and stress field is simulated and analyzed. Moreover, results show that the NMM is a more suitable method than DDA in simulating the movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan area. Finally, a kind of mechanism of crustal motion in the Sichuan-Yunnan area is discussed in the paper.     

Crustal Movement Patterns of China Continent Measured by GPS

This paper uses multiquadric equations interpolation to establish a widely covered and valuable speed field model of China, with which the horizontal crustal movement patterns are obtained. The present-day vertical crustal movement velocity image of China is also expressed by GPS observations, from which we can know the vertical crustal movement patterns.     

FY-3微波成像仪遥感图像地理定位方法研究

MWRI (MicroWave Radiation Imager) is one of the payloads on our next generation polar meteorological satellite FY-3. MWRI conically scans with a fixed incident angle on the earth surface. It is the first time for Chinese remote sensor to use this scan mode. In this work, we present a geolocation method for FY-3 MWRI’s remote sensing image based on its special scan geometry. The integrated coordinate systems and the specific relationships with these coordinate systems are defined. A spatial relationship model between the remote sensing data and the earth-based coordinate system is established. This method also includes an algorithm of satellite orbit computation, which is used to get the satellite’s instantaneous velocity vector from its position. This method has been applied to MWRI’s remote sensing image geolocation. The results show that the accuracy of this method can achieve 1 pixel. The 33 GCPs (Ground Control Points) which are in the regiones of FY-3 MWRI’s observation have been collected and used to analyze the precision of the geolocation. By statistical analysis, the error along-track is about 1.5km, and the error along-scan is about 3.0km. It is obvious that this method fulfills the requirement of precision for FY-3 MWRI whose space resolution exceeds 5km.     

Determination of the absolute rate of sea level by using GPS reference station and tide gauge data

The absolute rate of mean sea level of Xiamen area is derived from the data of Xiamen tide gauge station and Xiamen GPS fiducial station of crustal movement observation network of China（CMONC）. The height variation is discussed deeply in this paper, h is shown that height has periodic variations. So the rate of vertical land movement can not be precisely obtained only from several GPS campaigns. It is pointed out that the vertical crustal movement of tide gauge station should be monitored by using long-term continuous GPS observations.     

Geo-environment in the Sustainable Development of Chinese Cities

Urban geo-environment mainly concerns those regards in and around a city,such as the movement of earth crust and earth surface,conditions of hydrology,geology,geography and meteorology.The relevant studies on geo-disaster reduction and the influences resulted from human activities on the geo-environment are included as well.It is stressed in the paper that geo-environmental protection and management are of significance to the sustainable development for Chinese cities.     

粗糙集理论进行遥感图像监督分类的样本质量评价的研究(英文)

In the supervised classification process of remotely sensed imagery, the quantity of samples is one of the important factors affecting the accuracy of the image classification as well as the keys used to evaluate the image classification. In general, the samples are acquired on the basis of prior knowledge, experience and higher resolution images. With the same size of samples and the same sampling model, several sets of training sample data can be obtained. In such sets, which set reflects perfect spectral characteristics and ensure the accuracy of the classification can be known only after the accuracy of the classification has been assessed. So, before classification, it would be a meaningful research to measure and assess the quality of samples for guiding and optimizing the consequent classification process. Then, based on the rough set, a new measuring index for the sample quality is proposed. The experiment data is the Landsat TM imagery of the Chinese Yellow River Delta on August 8th, 1999. The experiment compares the Bhattacharrya distance matrices and purity index zl and △x based on rough set theory of 5 sample data and also analyzes its effect on sample quality.     

Influence of Adoptment of Geocentric 3D Coordinate System on Chinese Existent Maps

If a geocentric 3D coordinate system is adopted in China to replace 2D non-geocentric coordinate system, the coordinates of the surface points will be changed accordingly. The influences on the current maps of China, especially the topographic maps, are discussed due to the replacement of the coordinate systems. Taking the replacement of Xi‘an 80 coordinate system by GRS80 for a numerical example, this paper analyzes the changes of latitude, longitude, Gauss plane coordinates of the surface points, as well as the orientation and the length changes between the points on the map, including the changes of map border lines and sheet corner points.     

Pattern detection in airborne LiDAR data using Laplacian of Gaussian filter

Methods for feature detection in laser scanning data have been studied for decades ever since the emergence of the technology.However,it is still one of the unsolved problems in LiDAR data processing due to difficulty of texture and structure information extraction in unevenly sampled points.The paper analyzes the characteristics of Laplacian of Gaussian(LoG) Filter and its potential use for structure detection in LiDAR data.A feature detection method based on LoG filtering is presented and ex-perimented on the unstructured points.The method filters the elevation value(namely,z coordinate value) of each point by convo-lution using LoG kernel within its local area and derives patterns suggesting the existence of certain types of ground ob-jects/features.The experiments are carried on a point cloud dataset acquired from a neighborhood area.The results demonstrate patterns detected at different scales and the relationship between standard deviation that defines LoG kernel and neighborhood size,which specifies the local area that is analyzed.     

Hypergraph—based Object—oriented Model and Hypergraph Theory for GIS

This paper discusses the features and relevant theories of GIS spatial data model based on hypergraph,etc.The integrated concept model based on hypergraph and object-oriented model(HOOM) is proposed by the authors.The principal contribution of this paper is that we study the K-section and other theories of hypergraph.An application example using HOOM is given at the end of the paper.     

Geodetic Height Determination in 2005 Qomolangma Survey

Determining the geodetic height of Mount Qomolangma was one of the very important missions in the 2005 Qomolangma height survey. There were three GPS networks in the survey: regional GPS crustal deformation network, geodetic GPS control network, and GPS measurement on the mountain summit. Data collection and processing were introduced. The final data processing strategy and reasonable geodetic height were fairly determined based on careful data analysis.     

基于GNSS的CGCS2000数据处理技术综述

2000国家大地坐标系（CGCS2000）发布后的推广使用不仅涉及大量参心坐标系下的成果转换,同时也涉及基于全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）手段获得的点位坐标的归算。获取GNSS观测数据和将其归算到CGCS2000采用的策略方法不同,如参考站选择原则不同,整网平差前的分区方案不同以及采用不同的方法将位置从当前历元改正到CGCS2000等,将会使最终的CGCS2000系下的坐标差异较大,最大可达到分米级。造成这种结果的原因在于GNSS数据处理的多个环节中依赖数据处理软件操作者的理解,存在人为的选择,换言之,GNSS数据处理缺乏科学的规则为依据。鉴于此,采用一种统计方法,即监督聚类作为参考站选择规则;采用间距分区法进行区域划分;并用板块运动归算方法将当前历元位置改正到CGCS2000。其中基于间距分区方案的站坐标解算精度优于区域划分方案,三维方向的坐标精度优于2 mm。通过以上方案设计,X、Y、Z方向上的速度从0.92、0.72、0.97 mm/a分别降至0.19、0.45、0.32 mm/a,优化和改进了CGCS2000框架维持精度。     

基于速度场模型的区域CGCS2000坐标实时转换

从WGS84到CGCS2000的坐标转换,涉及坐标框架转换和历元转换两个问题.如何提高大区域坐标转换精度,是一直以来的研究热点,针对大区域坐标转换精度较低的问题,考虑历元转换,提出融合速度场改正信息的坐标转换方法.该方法对建立速度场改正模型进行了研究,分析比较了各模型的精度和可靠性,在此基础上选择一种模型用于实现CGC...     

不同定位模式下CGCS2000坐标确定及精度分析

阐述了ITRF参考框架向CGCS 2000坐标变换的基本原理,分析了速度场对转换精度的影响。通过比较不同定位模式下CGCS 2000坐标计算结果,证明了采用相对定位和绝对定位进行CGCS 2000坐标定位的可行性。试验结果表明:精密单点定位通过坐标转换可以达到与相对定位同等精度的CGCS 2000坐标;在转换过程中,测站速度的精度直接影响了CGCS 2000坐标的精度,在我国范围内可使用陆态网络提供的速度场模型进行转换。     

广西区域现今地壳运动与应变的GPS监测分析

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件分析了1998-2010年间多期GPS观测数据,获得了ITRF2005框架下广西区域现今地壳运动三维速度场和应变场参数,并对区域形变场和现今构造运动动力学机制进行了初步讨论。GPS监测结果显示:广西区域现今地壳运动随华南块体作南东东方向的逆时针构造运动,ITRF2005框架下水平方向平均速率为33.49 mm/a,优势方向为N 109.3° E;垂直方向平均速率为+1.30 mm/a,整体趋势是自桂东向桂西方向垂向速率逐步增加。现今应变状态以N 127.3°±4.8° E挤压为主,最大主压应变率-2.7±0.5×10^-9/a;兼有N 37.3°±4.8° E方向的拉张作用,最大主张应变率1.8±0.2×10^-9/a。本文研究结果为描述广西区域现今地壳运动提供了一个更加精细的三维速度场。     

顾及有色噪声影响的CGCS2000下我国CORS站速度估计

研究基于计算获取的CGCS2000(中国大地坐标系统2000)下我国国家CORS(全球导航卫星系统连续运行参考站)网1999年至2009年坐标时间序列,首先采用主成分空间滤波方法(PCA)提取CGCS2000框架下国家CORS网坐标时间序列中公共误差(common mode errors,CME)的时空特性;其次,采用功率谱分析方法分析空间滤波后的国家CORS站坐标残差时间序列的噪声性质,采用最大似然法定量估计坐标残差时间序列中的有色噪声分量;最后,采用加权最小二乘法评定顾及不同噪声影响的CGCS2000框架下的国家CORS网年速度估值和实际精度.研究结果表明:采用空间滤波可提高CGCS2000框架下国家CORS网成果的精确性和可靠性,空间滤波后北、东和高方向的平均坐标重复性相对于滤波前分别减小了26%、22%和46%,滤波后国家CORS站高度方向平均振幅减少近64%.在CGCS2000框架下我国CORS站坐标时间序列中白噪声不是噪声的主要成分,白噪声、闪烁噪声和随机漫步噪声的噪声性质是国家CORS站坐标时间序列的基本特征;我国CORS站有色噪声在水平方向和高度方向表现出一定的规律性,顾及有色噪声的速度误差估值比只考虑白噪声的速度误差估值一般大2～6倍,速度估值偏差一般在2%～10%.     

利用局域复测GPS网研究中国大陆块体现今地壳运动速度场

利用1992年以来我国进行的6项不同规模高精度GPS地壳监测网的资料，采用统一的数据处理策略，重新进行了数据处理，并统一进行了平差，归算到相同的ITRF97坐标框架基准之下，获得了中国前覆最广、测站最多的一个较为完整的、框架统一的GPS地壳运动图像和速度场，并对结果作了初步的地学解释。     

郑州市ZZCORS系统坐标联测数据的处理与分析

利用地壳运动观测网络工程的基准站为框架点,解算了七个ZZCORS站和九个GPS等级控制点的CGCS2000地心坐标,并对计算结果的精度进行了分析。     

格网法和参数法应用于CGCS 2000转换的比较

在省域基础测绘成果向2000国家大地坐标系转换中,针对区域地情的选择十分关键,本文介绍了甘肃基础测绘向2000国家大地坐标系转换的基本思路、方法和实现技术。     

CGCS2000板块模型构建

基于中国地壳运动观测网络2001—2010年跨度长达10年的观测数据,采用基准优选、变异点数据分段处理等策略,计算获得ITRF2005框架下高精度速度场。同时针对国际上现有的NNR NUVEL1A、APKIM2005、PB2002等板块模型在中国区域适应性差,基于中国地质构造特性及实际速度场解算结果,构建了中国20个二级板块模型CPM-CGCS2000。采用本文提出的用板块模型参数将站点归算至CGCS2000的方法对板块模型进行外部检核,并用此方法验证所建的二级块体模型,精度可达2～3 cm。与国际上现有比较成熟的速度场模型———ITRF2005、APKIM2005、PB2002、NUVEL1A及国内文献[1—2]的板块模型进行的比较表明,CPM-CGCS2000板块模型实际精度优于目前现有的模型。     

由GPS网融合得到的中国大陆及周边地区的地壳水平运动

提出将不同GPS网融合为一体的方法，实现中国大陆及周边地区高精度GPS网的融合，获得中国大陆及周边地区ITRF2000水平运动的速度场。在此基础上，得到了中国大陆及周边地区相对于具有整体旋转的欧亚板块的速度场和相对于具有整体旋转和均匀应变的欧亚板块的速度场。分析了中国大陆及周边地区速度场的基本特征，并探讨了该地区水平运动与变形的动力源。