＂Digital Region＂ in the Context of the ＂Grid Computing＂

This paper is to construct a “digital local, regional, region“ information framework based on the technology of “SIG“ and its significance and application to the regional sustainable development evaluation system. First, the concept of the “grid computing“ and “SIG“ is interpreted and discussed, then the relationship between the “grid computing“ and “digital region“ is analyzed, and the framework of the “digital region“ is put forward. Finally, the significance and application of “grid computing“ to the “region sustainable development evaluation system“ are discussed.     

Algorithm for generating dem based on cone

Digital elevation model (DEM) has a variety of applications in GIS and CAD.It is the basic model for generating three-dimensional terrain feature.Generally speaking,there are two methods for building DEM.One is based upon the digital terrain model of discrete points,and is characterized by fast speed and low precision.The other is based upon triangular digital terrain model,and slow speed and high precision are the features of the method.Combining the advantages of the two methods,an algorithm for generating DEM with discrete points is presented in this paper.When interpolating elevation,this method can create a triangle which includes interpolating point and the elevation of the interpolating point can be obtained from the triangle.The method has the advantage of fast speed,high precision and less memory.     

Determination of Geoid over South China Sea and Philippine Sea from Multi-satellite Altimetry Data

A new computational procedure for derivation of marine geoid on a 2.5′×2.5′grid in a non-tidal system over the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea from multi-satellite altimeter sea surface heights is discussed. Single-and dual-satellite crossovers were performed, and components of deflections of the vertical were determined at the crossover positions using Sand-well's computational theory, and gridded onto a 2.5′×2.5′resolution grid by employing the Shepard's interpolation procedure. 2.5′×2.5′grid of EGM96-derived components of deflections of the vertical and geoid heights were then used as reference global geopotential model quantities in a remove-restore procedure to implement the Molodensky-like formula via 1D-FFT technique to predict the geoid heights over the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea from the gridded altimeter-derived components of deflec-tions of the vertical. Statistical comparisons between the altimeter-and the EGM96- derived geoid heights showed that there was a root-mean-square agreement of ±0.35 m between them in a region of less tectonically active geological structures. However, over areas of tectonically active structures such as the Philippine trench, differences of about -19.9 m were obtained.     

Entropy error model of planar geometry features in GIS

Positional error of line segments is usually described byusing “g-band”,however,its band width is in relation to the confidence level choice.In fact,given different confidence levels,a series of concentric bands can be obtained.To overcome the effect of confidence level on the error indicator,by introducing the union entropy theory,we propose an entropy error ellipse index of point,then extend it to line segment and polygon.and establish an entropy error band of line segment and an entropy error do-nut of polygon.The research shows that the entropy error index can be determined uniquely and is not influenced by confidence level,and that they are suitable for positional uncertainty of planar geometry features.     

Constrained Edge Dynamic Deleting in CD-TIN Based on Influence Domain Retriangulation of Virtual Point

Constrained Delaunay triangulated irregular network is one kind of dynamic data structures used in geosciences. The research on point and edges insertion in CD-TIN is the basis of its application. Comparing with the algorithms of points and constrained edge insertion, there are very a few researches on constrained edge deletion in CD-TIN. Based on the analysis of the polymorphism of constrained edge, virtual points are used to describe the intersection of constrained edges. A new algorithm is presented, called as influence domain retriangulating for virtual point (IDRVP), to delete constrained edges with virtual points. The algorithm is complete in topology. Finally, the algorithm is tested by some applications cases.     

Image relaxation matching based on feature points for DSM generation

In photogrammetry and remote sensing, image matching is a basic and crucial process for automatic DEM generation. In this paper we presented a image relaxation matching method based on feature points. This method can be considered as an extention of regular grid point based matching. It avoids the shortcome of grid point based matching. For example, with this method, we can avoid low or even no texture area where errors frequently appear in cross correlaton matching. In the mean while, it makes full use of some mature techniques such as probability relaxation, image pyramid and the like which have already been successfully used in grid point matching process. Application of the technique to DEM generaton in different regions proved that it is more reasonable and reliable.     

根据多卫星高度计海面高数据推算南中国海及菲律宾海域重力异常

t Gravity anomalies on a2.5 ×2.5 arc-minute grid in a non-tidal system were derived over the South China and Philippine Seas from multi-satellite altimetry data. North and east components of deflections of the vertical were computed from altimeter-derived sea surface heights at crossover locations, and gridded onto a 2.5 × 2.5 arc-minute resolution grid. EGM96-derived components of deflections of the vertical and gravity anomalies gridded into 2.5 × 2.5 arc-minute resolutions were then used as reference global geopotential model quantities in a remove-restore procedure to implement the Inverse Vening Meinesz formula via the 1D-FFT technique to predict the gravity anomalies over the South China and Philippine Seas from the gridded altimeter-derived components of deflections of the vertical. Statistical comparisons between the altimeter-derived and the shipboard gravity anomalies showed that there is a root-mean-square agreement of 5.7 mgals between them.     

A vector-based method for the extraction of catchment from grid DEMs

The methodology of catchment extraction especially from regular grid digital elevation models (DEMs) is briefly reviewed. Then an efficient algorithm, which combines vector process and traditional neighbourhood raster process, is designed for extracting the catchments and subcatchments from depressionless DEMs. The catchment area of each river in the grid DEM data is identified and delineated, then is divided into subcatchments as required. Compared to traditional processes, this method for identifying catchments focuses on the boundaries instead of the area inside the catchments and avoids the boundary intersection phenomena. Last, the algorithm is tested with a set of DEMs of different sizes, and the result proves that the computation efficiency and accuracy are better than existent methods.     

The decision of the optimal parameters in Markov random fields of images by genetic algorithm

This paper introduces the principle of genetic algorithm and the basic method of solving Markov random field parameters.Focusing on the shortcomings in present methods,a new method based on genetic algorithms is proposed to solve the parameters in the Markov random field.The detailed procedure is discussed.On the basis of the parameters solved by genetic algorithms,some experim ents on classification of aerial images are given.Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and the classification results are satisfactory.     

基于SAR干涉点目标分析技术的城市地表形变监测

通过深入研究干涉点目标的相位模型,提出基于空间搜索的邻近点目标干涉相位差解缠方法,用以计算点目标的地形残差和线性形变,以及分离点目标大气延迟相位和非线性形变相位的时空域滤波方法,解决干涉点目标分析中的关键问题.最后,以苏州地区地表沉降监测为应用试验,利用形成的SAR干涉点目标形变信息提取技术,获取苏州市区1992-2002年间的地表沉降信息.研究结果与已有文献记录保持比较好的一致性,证明SAR干涉点目标技术完全可以发展成为应用于城市地表形变监测的实用化技术.

Abstract：

Interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) is one of the latest developments in radar interferometric processing. It is achieved by analysis of the interferometric phases of some individual point targets, which are discrete and present temporarily stable backscattering characteristics, in long temporal series of interferometric SAR images. This paper analyzes the interferometric phase model of point targets, and then addresses two key issues within IPTA process. Firstly, a spatial searching method is proposed to unwrap the interferometric phase difference between two neighboring point targets. The height residual error and linear deformation rate of each point target can then be calculated, when a global reference point with known height correction and deformation history is chosen. Secondly, a spatial-temporal filtering scheme is proposed to further separate the atmosphere phase and nonlinear deformation phase from the residual interferometric phase. Finally, an experiment of the developed IPTA methodology is conducted over Suzhou urban area. Totally 38 ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 3 546 point targets in the time span of 1992-2002 are generated. The IPTA-derivecl deformation shows very good agreement with the published result, which demonstrates that the IPTA technique can be developed into an operational tool to map the ground subsidence over urban area.     

利用数值投影变换构建全球六边形离散格网

本文针对全球离散格网构建过程中从平面格网到球面格网的关键步骤进行讨论,提出了一种新型的评价球面离散格网几何属性最优化的目标函数,使用遗传算法优化,得到了球面上有限层次内最优化条件下的直接剖分格网。利用有限层次内最优化格网提供的控制点数据,结合数值投影变换理论,成功地构建了几何属性更加均匀的全球六边形离散格网系统。实验表明,相对于现有Snyder等积投影建立的全球格网,在格网单元的均匀度上更优;在运算效率方面,速度大约是Snyder投影的2.5-3倍。     

基于球面六边形网格系统的空间信息处理方法

利用球面离散网格系统管理全球海量空间信息是一种受到普遍关注的新途径。文中提出的方法首先采用施奈德等积多面体投影将平面多分辨率六边形网格映射到球面构成网格系统;然后通过边界点四元组将球面六边形网格之间的空间关系转化为球面三角四叉树处理,利用扩展的QTM编码方案在3轴离散网格坐标系下实现了经纬度和单元地址码之间的转换;最后提出了单元分析和检索算法。实验结果表明,这种数据处理方法直接对单元地址编码进行操作,具有较高的效率。     

一种通用球面等积离散网格生成算法

球面离散网格模型是管理海量数据的有效途径,如何构建球面网格是这类模型的基础问题.文中利用Snyder等积多面体投影建立了平面与球面的对应关系,设计了球面等积三角形和四边形离散网格的生成算法.结合实验分析了两种网格的最大/最小边长比和单元周长均方差两项指标,结果表明全部网格的指标均收敛,适合用作多分辨率地理空间信息的管理.     

DLG空间要素网格综合法研究

通过将网格法用于DLG空间要素综合的数学计算过程的研究,提出DLG要素综合的一种新方法——网格综合法。通过对点、线、面要素网格综合法的系统分析,重点论述线、面典型空间要素的网格综合法的理论和方法,并提出数学模型,为空间要素自动地综合提出一种有效的技术途径,这在各级地理信息空间数据采集和建库中具有重要意义。     

基于二十面体剖分格网的球面实体表达与Voronoi图生成

在分析当前球面空间数据结构的基础上，讨论了利用Snyder等积投影在二十面体上建立球面空间基础剖分方式的思路，然后在初始投影面上采用六边形格网进行层次细分，获得多分辨率的全球铺盖。提出了基于六边形格网的三叶节点管理与瓦片编码的基本思路，确立了球面不同实体的六边形格网表达模式。在此基础上，提出了基于球面六边形铺盖的Voronoi图生成算法，实验验证了算法的正确性与效率。     

DLG空间要素网格综合法研究

通过将网格法用于DLG空间要素综合的数学计算过程的研究,提出DLG要素综合的一种新方法——网格综合法。通过对点、线、面要素网格综合法的系统分析,重点论述线、面典型空间要素的网格综合法的理论和方法,并提出数学模型,为空间要素自动地综合提出一种有效的技术途径,这在各级地理信息空间数据采集和建库中具有重要意义。     

全球多分辨率六边形网格剖分及地址编码规则

首先介绍全球网格系统的应用需求,讨论采用正多面体剖分的基本要素。在此基础上,提出一种新型的便于存储,具有多分辨率层次索引、管理能力的六边形剖分全球网格系统的设计思路、产生步骤和生成算法。分析现有六边形索引机制的缺陷,给出一种新的球面六边形网格层次结构,在该结构的基础上设计网格的层次化编码方式,成功建立网格的编码空间,详细探讨经纬度坐标与网格地址编码的转换问题,给出并实现基于递归层次离散网格坐标系统的互换算法,严格保证计算的准确性和可靠性。该结构能够无缝地表达和处理不同分辨率的全球网格空间数据。     

基于Fuller投影的六边形球面离散格网生成算法

随着云计算、航天遥感、地理信息、导航等技术的发展,用于空间信息剖分组织的全球多分辨率离散格网模型得到了长足发展。针对已有研究成果和当前研究现状,选取性能优异的六边形作为基本格网单元,Fuller多面体投影作为投影类型,提出了一种基于正八面体构建新型六边形球面离散格网的方法。全文系统地论述了此新型离散格网的生成算法并给出了相应实验结果,最后与基于Snyder等积多面体投影的格网进行比较,得出其特点和应用前景。     

基于WGS-84椭球面的退化四叉树经纬线格网剖分

针对数字地球的发展和解决全球问题的需求,给出了一种基于WGS-84椭球面的全球离散格网剖分方法——退化四叉树经纬线格网;分析了格网剖分的特点,明确了格网单元行列定义和经纬度坐标;计算出不同剖分层次格网单元面积、边长的变化情况并与基于正球面的剖分进行了对比。结果表明该格网系统具有粒度相对均匀性、层次嵌套性、方向一致性、地理条带性和对称性、广泛数据兼容性等许多优良特征,对构建全球地理信息系统具有一定的实用价值。     

基于六边形网格的球面Voronoi图生成算法

利用二十面体施奈德等积多面体投影构建了球面多分辨率六边形层次网格;通过边界四元组将六边形单元分解到四元三角形及其子单元中处理;利用改进的四元三角网编码方案建立了网格的数字空间、单元层次编码模型和不同实体在球面上的表达方法.在此基础上,提出了球面Voronoi图的生成算法.实验结果表明该算法与现有算法相比具有更高精度.