Response of littoral chironomid communities and organic matter to late glacial lake—level,vegetation and climate changes at Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany,Italy)

This study focuses on the response of lacustrine littoral chironomid communities to late glacial changes in limnological, environmental and climate conditions in the Mediterranean context. Late glacial chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry were analysed in a sediment core from the littoral zone of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy), where the lake-level fluctuations and the vegetation history have been previously reconstructed. Comparison of the chironomid stratigraphy to other proxies (pollen assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry, lake-level) and regional climate reconstruction suggested the predominant influence of lake-level changes on the littoral chironomid fauna. The main lowering events that occurred during the Oldest and the Younger Dryas were followed by higher proportions of taxa typical of littoral habitats. A complementary study of organic matter suggested the indirect impact of lake-level on the chironomids through changes in humic status and habitat characteristics, such as the type of substrate and aquatic macrophyte development. Several chironomid taxa, such as Glyptotendipes, Microtendipes and Cricotopus type patens, were identified as possible indicators of low lake-level in the late glacial records. Nevertheless, this study suggested that parallel analyses of organic matter and chironomid assemblages may be needed to circumvent misinterpretation of littoral chironomid assemblage stratigraphy. There was a weak response of the chironomid assemblages to small lake-level lowerings that corresponded to the Older Dryas and Preboreal oscillations. A higher level of determination, e.g. to the species group level, may be necessary to increase the sensibility of the indicators to lake-level changes.     

Sedimentary indicators of lake-level changes in the humid temperate zone: a critical review

Evidence for lake-level changes derived from stratigraphic sequences in cores from littoral zones is reviewed in the context of lake sedimentation processes. These are illustrated with published case-studies which have used multiple-core data. Possible approaches for choosing optimum sites are examined. Sedimentation controls which may change over time are also considered; these include, wind strength and frequency, wind exposure, water depth and underwater slopes, sediment type and littoral vegetation. A final section discusses how lake-level studies can be optimised so that results can be used with confidence in paleoclimatic and paleohydrological reconstructions. Sedimentary data showing shifts in littoral vegetation along shallow underwater gradients in sheltered margins, and transitions between sediment compositions linked to specific hydrological conditions give the strongest lines of evidence.     

Reconstructing fluctuations of a shallow East African lake during the past 1800 yrs from sediment stratigraphy in a submerged crater basin

The sedimentology of an 8.22-m long core of late-Holocene deposits in the submerged Crescent Island Crater basin of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, is used to reconstruct decade-scale fluctuations in lake-surface elevation during the past 1800 yrs. Lake-depth inference for the past 1000 yrs is semi-quantitative, based on (1) relationships between lake level and bottom dynamics predicted by wave theory, and (2) historical validation of the effects of lake-level fluctuation and hydrologic closure on sediment composition in Crescent Island Crater and nearby Lake Oloidien. In these shallow fluctuating lakes, organic-carbon variation in a lithological sequence from clayey mud to algal gyttja is positively correlated with lake depth at the time of deposition, because the focusing of oxidized littoral sediments which dilute autochthonous organic matter before burial is reduced during highstands. The lake-level reconstruction for Lake Naivasha agrees with other adequately dated lake-level records from equatorial East Africa in its implication of dry climatic conditions during the Mediaeval Warm Period and generally wet conditions during the Little Ice Age. Crescent Island Crater survived widespread aridity in the early-19th century as a fresh weedy pond, while the main basin of Lake Naivasha and many other shallow East African lakes fell dry and truncated their sediment archive of Little Ice Age climatic variability.     

新疆夏尔希里自然保护区表土孢粉与植被的关系

新疆夏尔希里自然保护区保持着较为原始的生态环境,是研究植被与环境变化的理想区域。通过在保护区内从海拔1 042~2 426 m的山地草原化荒漠带、山地干草原带和山地森林带采集的33个表土孢粉样品,结合对每个样点做的植被样方调查,根据孢粉数据进行有序聚类分析和冗余分析,探讨了表土孢粉组合特征与植被之间的对应关系。结果表明:3个孢粉组合带的特征与各垂直带植被总体上有较好的对应;藜科和麻黄属花粉含量与样方植物盖度无明显相关性,这两类孢粉呈现超代表性分布特征,应该是随气流从低海拔地带传播到山地高海拔地带的区域外花粉;桦属花粉和豆科花粉与对应的桦木林及锦鸡儿灌丛植被群落有较好的对应;A/C比值和孢粉总浓度大小在区分森林带与草原化荒漠植被带时有明显的指示意义;蕨类植物孢子与降水量和海拔高度正相关,豆科植物花粉与温度正相关。由于山地地形因素引起的土壤、水分及光照度差异,在相同海拔高度的阳坡与阴坡形成的森林植被和中山草甸植被交替的过渡植被,因此孢粉组合中出现较多的花粉混合,进而降低了云杉和桦属花粉与植被盖度的相关性,这类木本花粉与植被之间的数量关系较为复杂。该现象在植物生态学分析中具有普遍性,但对表土孢粉数据在植被与气候定量重建中的应用具有较大的影响。在运用山地表土孢粉数据进行植被与气候定量重建时,需要结合植被样方资料和沉积环境特征对表土孢粉数据进行校正和筛选。     

新疆博尔塔拉河表土孢粉组合与植被关系研究

博尔塔拉河流域位于中哈边境,其植被和土壤具有十分明显的垂直分布和区域性差异,根据该流域一条自西向东沿着海拔高度从210 m 到3 235 m 长约200多km的样带上所采集的人为干扰较少的49 个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了博尔塔拉河流域植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区孢粉谱从上至下可划分为6个带,分别对应高山草甸带、亚高山草甸草原带、森林灌丛带、灌丛草原带、荒漠草原带、荒漠植被带。值得注意的是第6个孢粉带因含有具湿地特征的隐域性植被类型花粉组分,故又分成2个亚带,即荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ₁和荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ₂。森林灌丛植被带上限的云杉花粉含量明显比该带下限的含量高,表明云杉花粉的传播在沟谷地区受山谷风的影响较大。与此同时,将孢粉数据与气象数据相结合,分析结果得出比较有代表性的云杉属(Picea)、桦属(Betula)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、麻黄属(Ephedra)等花粉,与降水量和温度的关系较为密切。     

Postglacial development of a marl and peat complex on the Precambrian Shield of northwestern Ontario

This paper presents the first paleolimnological study of the postglacial development of a marl and peat complex on the Canadian Precambrian Shield. Ring Lake (48° 46 N, 85° 51 W), situated within the carbonate glacial drift area of northwestern Ontario, originated about 9000 BP in a basin exposed by the retreating waters of proglacial Lake Superior. The development of Ring Lake was interpreted from pollen and diatom analysis of one sediment core from the littoral zone and another core from near the lake centre.The sequence of postglacial vegetation development parallels published accounts of forest history in northern Ontario. The predominant diatom throughout the littoral core was the alkaliphilous Cymbella diluviana. The central core was dominated by circumneutral and alkaliphilous species of Achnanthes Navicula, Fragilaria, and Cymbella, except in recent samples where acidophilous species of Anomoeoneis were common.Diatom-inferred (DI) pH shows that the early lake was alkaline because of drainage from base-rich tills. The presence of marl in the littoral core indicates deposition of calcareous materials until the site dried out during the Hypsithermal period. There is evidence that beaver activity around 5000 BP caused a temporary change in lake hydrology. A decline in DI pH over much of the postglacial reflects gradual exhaustion of carbonates in the drainage area. An increase in acidophilous diatoms in samples representing the past 3500 y is consistent with gradual acidification of the system and development of a littoral peatland in a cooler neoglacial climate.     

3 万年来亚洲降水与大气环流变化重建和模拟综述

区域性的湖泊水位能反映有效降水及气候变化,已成为重建第四纪降水和水量平衡最重要的指标。亚洲分布着几乎全球各种成因类型的湖泊,第四纪湖泊演化在全球第四纪研究中占有重要地位。多年来通过对地貌学、沉积学、生物地球化学和考古学的研究重建了各个区域的湖泊水位变化,并据此建立了湖泊演变数据库,作为研究第四纪亚洲区域气候变化的重要基础。本文介绍湖泊水位气候理论的发展历程,回顾晚第四纪亚洲湖泊水位研究的历史;分析晚第四纪亚洲从西到东不同区域湖泊水位变化历史和地域特征,并根据晚第四纪冰期和间冰期的两个特征期湖泊空间变化特征,从古气候模拟的角度探讨了气候驱动机制下湖泊水位变化的成因。     

近50 a来民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带气候变化及沙尘天气特征

 根据近50 a民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带气象和风沙观测资料,对过渡带温度、降水、蒸发量、相对湿度、风沙活动等气候要素进行了系统的分析。结果表明,近50 a过渡带平均增温率为0.009 ℃·a-1,20世纪80年代后增温显著,增温率高达0.025 ℃·a-1,增温主要发生于冬、春两季; 降水呈波动上升趋势且年际稳定性增强,近8 a与60年代相比,增加幅度达27.45%,增加主要发生于春、秋两季; 蒸发量减少,相对湿度线性增加; 受气候变化,沙尘暴在近50 a持续减少,而扬沙和浮尘天气与人为干扰关系密切,存在波动和反弹; 气候变化对过渡带退化植被的恢复与重建以及沙漠化的逆转将起到正面作用。     

基于SPEI和SDI指数的云南红河流域气象水文干旱演变分析

本文基于红河流域43个气象站1961-2012年逐月降水、气温数据以及干支流2个水文站1956-2013年逐月流量数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和径流干旱指数(SDI)分析流域气象水文干旱的演变特征,并探讨水文干旱对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：①1961-2012年期间,流域总体上表现出干旱化的趋势,季节变化上春季有变湿的趋势,而夏、秋、冬三季有变干的趋势,但趋势并不显著。干旱频率季节空间分布差异较大,春旱和冬旱发生频率较高。从干旱范围来看,春旱范围呈缩小的趋势,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱范围表现出不同程度的增大趋势;②1956-2013年期间,流域水文干旱表现出加剧的趋势,其中1958-1963、1975-1982、1987-1993、2003-2006和2009-2013年为水文干旱多发期,近10年来频率明显增加;③流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1~8个月,气象和水文干旱事件的干旱历时、严重程度和强度之间具有紧密的相关性,流域气象干旱是水文干旱的主要驱动力。     

A late Holocene record of land-use history,soil erosion,lake trophy and lake-level fluctuations at Bjäresjösjön (south Sweden)

Land-use history, soil erosion, lake trophy and lake-level fluctuations during the last 3000 years were reconstructed through a multidisciplinary palaeolimnological study (pollen, plant macrofossils, diatoms, physical and chemical analysis, magnetic measurements and radiometric methods) of a small eutrophic lake in southern Sweden (Bjäresjösjön, Scania). There are striking responses in diatom, chemical, sediment yield and magnetic records to land-use changes documented by pollen analysis or historical sources, and to lake-level changes identified from sedimentary changes. Our multidisciplinary approach assists interpretation of the processes controlling long-term changes and separation of the effects of different factors (land-use changes, lake-level fluctuations) on individual biostratigraphical records. Climate has controlled processes in the lake indirectly, through lake-level fluctuations, from the Late Bronze Age to the Viking Age (700 BC-AD 800). Since the Viking Age, land-use controlled most of the changes observed in the lake's development and soil erosion processes. Major changes in lake development occurred during the last 200 years, due to a drastic increase in soil erosion and water eutrophication during a period of agricultural modernization.     

Wetland-DNDC模型模拟密云水库消落带甲烷排放（英文）

淡水生态系统消落带是甲烷排放研究的热点区域,但相关数据的积累十分薄弱。本研究利用静态箱法和过程模型(Wetland-DNDC),研究了密云水库消落带CH_4排放通量。在消落带的三个水位梯度:即永久淹水深水区、永久淹水浅水区和季节性淹没区,选取九种典型植被进行CH_4排放通量的野外监测和模型模拟。结果表明:在三个水位梯度上,Wetland-DNDC模拟值与实测值拟合度分别为0.89、0.81和0.49(p0.001)。Wetland-DNDC模型抓住了水位波动、土壤温度和土壤有机质含量等因子对消落带CH_4排放的影响规律,成功地在时间、空间和数量级上对消落带CH_4排放通量进行了模拟,为评估水库温室气体排放提供了新方法。在密云水库生长季模拟的消落带CH_4总排放量为15.1 g CH4·m~(-2),在数量级上,与国内其他类型湿地消落带CH_4排放具有可比性。据此推算Wetland-DNDC模型适用于水库或湖泊消落带区域甲烷排放的模拟,对植被模块进行改进可以进一步提高模型模拟的准确性。     

干旱强度及发生时间对华北平原五省冬小麦产量影响

本文利用2001-2016年时间分辨率为8 d的MOD09A1和MOD16A2的数据集,构建了基于NDVI和ET/PET的干旱指数(DSI),分析华北平原五省不同程度的干旱在时间和空间上的分布情况,探究不同程度的干旱作用于冬小麦不同生长阶段对农作物产量产生的影响。研究表明:①年际分布上,2001-2002年干旱最为严重,其余年份干旱显著减缓,年内分布上,干旱主要集中发生在春季和秋季,夏季次之,冬季最少;②空间分布上,河北北部、河南南部、安徽及江苏的中部和北部、山东东部是干旱多发区;③干旱对冬小麦产量的影响研究表明,越冬期发生初旱对产量起促进作用,而在乳熟成熟阶段发生初旱则会导致农作物减产;轻旱发生在乳熟期会对冬小麦产量产生显著影响,而中旱发生在开花、乳熟成熟期都会对产量产生显著影响,随干旱程度加重,干旱对作物产量产生显著负作用的生长期越长;此外,在播种时若出现水分短缺也会对冬小麦的产量产生影响,尤其是发生重旱和特旱。研究不同强度干旱发生在不同生长阶段对冬小麦产量的影响,对研究区的灌溉时间规划以及保墒增产具有重要理论与现实意义。     

The plant-macrofossil record of past lake-level changes

Plant-macrofossil analysis is one of the most useful biostratigraphical methods for the reconstruction of former lake-level changes. The distribution of submerged, floating-leaved and emergent lake-shore vegetation is mainly dependant on water depth, but water chemistry and nutrient status must also be taken into account when interpreting water-level changes. Lake-level studies should be based on the investigation of several littoral cores along a transect perpendicular to the lake-shore. Multiple cores are essential for separating genuine lake-level changes from other processes influencing the plant-macrofossil record. Physical analyses of sediment stratigraphy provide important additional information to the plant-fossil record, because natural infilling processes and erosion from the catchment must be distinguished from climatic events causing a change in the water level. Here we review several important concepts, including suitability of lakes for lake-level study, the degree of detail required in the analysis, and macrofossil records of lake-level changes, and illustrate those concepts by examples from southern Sweden and Minnesota. We discuss how to reconcile alternative hypotheses for the stratigraphic changes seen in the macrofossil assemblages.     

Vegetation and climate of the last glacial-interglacial cycle in Southern Illinois,USA

Raymond Basin and Bald Knob Basin, Montgomery County, Illinois, formed as kettles during Illinoian time. Fossil pollen from these basins provides information on vegetation and climate during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. The pollen profile at Raymond Basin contains an expanded Sangamonian section and an early Wisconsinan section, but both are missing the late Wisconsinan. The ages for the following pollen zones are estimated by correlation with the deep-sea ¹⁸O record.In the late Illinoian,Picea-Pinus pollen zone 1, dating from about 150–130 ka, represents an apparently closed boreal coniferous forest indicating a cold late-glacial climate. The Sangamonian includes three major pollen zones ranging from about 130–75 ka. The early Sangamonian is represented byQuercus-Ulmus-Carya-Fagus dominance in zone 2, indicating vegetation comparable to the modern deciduous forest and climate that was warm and moist. The middle Sangamonian in zone 3, which is characterized byAmbrosia-Poaceae-Cupressaceae-Quercus pollen, suggests a savanna vegetation and a warm, dry climate. The late Sangamonian is subdivided into aQuercus-Ulmus-Carya subzone (4a) that indicates a mesic forest and greater precipitation; aQuercus-Ambrosia subzone (4b) that suggests drier climate and savanna conditions; and aQuercus-Liquidambar-Carya subzone (4c), containing the southeastern forest element,Liquidambar, suggesting the peak in warmth and moisture. The early Wisconsinan is represented by a transitionalPicea-Chenopodiineae zone (5). This unusual assemblage suggests a cool prairie-like vegetation, perhaps with scatteredPicea trees at the end of that depositional interval. The Middle Wisconsinan is marked by the return of high percentages ofPicea andPinus pollen in zone 6. The latest pollen zone (7) is dominated by Chenopodiineae pollen and is absent at Raymond Basin. It is most likely Holocene in age, and probably represents prairie conditions and warm, dry climate.Apparent surface-temperature and apparent effective-moisture curves were derived from the first detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) axis of the pollen data. The first axis correlates well with the normalized deep-sea ¹⁸O curve of sea surface temperature, and the second is controlled mainly by precipitation. The interglacial vegetation differs from that predicted by models driven by orbitally-induced insolation curves.This is the 9th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994; at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

昆明地区降水量时空分布特征

近年来由于降水异常所带来的干旱、城市内涝等气象灾害越来越受到人们的关注.采用回归方法对昆明12个大监站近43年来的降水量时空变化特征进行分析,发现昆明地区年降水量减少,春、夏、秋的降水也减少,但冬季降水略增加;年、四季降水有较为明显年代际变化趋势,且存在一个或多个突变点.降水量变化具有一定的区域分布特征,市区及以东以南地区夏季及年降水量偏少显著,春季降水西北部地区偏多其余偏少,秋季降水为一致减少型,冬季降水西南部减少其余大部持平或略增加.     

Holocene lake-level changes and their reflection in the paleolimnological records of two lakes in northern Estonia

Sediment cores from two neighbouring lakes (Viitna Linajärv and Viitna Pikkjärv) in northern Estonia were studied to determine lake-level fluctuations during the Holocene and their impact on biogeochemical cycling. Organic matter and pollen records dated by radiocarbon and radiolead indicated a water level rise in both lakes during the early Holocene (c. 10 000–8000 BP). A regression followed around 7500 BP and several transgressions occurred during the latter half of the Holocene, c. 6500 and 3000 BP. Human impact during the last centuries has caused short-term lake-level fluctuations and accelerated sediment accumulation in the lakes. The differences in water depth led to variations in sediment formation. During 10 000–8000 BP (Preboreal and Boreal chronozones) mineral-rich sediments with coloured interlayers deposited in L. Linajärv. These sediments indicate intensive erosion from the catchment and oxygen-rich lake, which favoured precipitation of iron oxides and carbonates. Fluctuations in water depth, leaching of nutrients from catchment soils and climatic changes increased the trophy of L. Linajärv around 6000 BP. The subsequent accumulation of gyttja, the absence of CaCO₃ and the decrease in both the C/N ratio and phosphorus content in the sediments also indicate anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion. The similarity in the development of L. Linajärv and L. Pikkjärv and their proximity made it possible to discern the impact of water depths changes on biogeochemical cycling in lakes.     

黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱特征及其相互关系研究

选择标准化降水指数（SPI）和植被状态指数（VCI）分别作为评价黄土高原气象干旱和农业干旱的指标,使用干旱频率和Sen斜率分析了黄土高原地区干旱的分布特征与变化趋势,并探讨了气象干旱与农业干旱的相关性。结果表明：① 黄土高原西部干旱频率总体上高于东部。气象干旱和农业干旱变化趋势在空间上表现有所不同,黄土高原西部、北部气象干旱呈不显著减缓趋势,东部和南部呈不显著加重趋势,但绝大部分地区的农业干旱呈减缓趋势,尤其是400 mm等降水量一线两侧区域。② 季节上,黄土高原夏季和秋季气象干旱频率较高,春季和冬季气象干旱频率相对较低。黄土高原农业干旱频率春季最高,夏季其次,VCI对农业干旱实时监测的适用性更强。③ 不同季节,农业干旱滞后气象干旱的时间长短不同,冬季滞后约2个月,春季滞后约1个月,夏季和秋季滞后少于1个月。黄土高原一熟制种植区的SPI-12值与VCI值具有较好的正相关性。研究结果可以为黄土高原的干旱监测和预警、干旱区划以及干旱灾害风险评估提供科学依据。     

Climate changes and human activities recorded in the sediments of Lake Estanya (NE Spain) during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age

A multi-proxy study of short sediment cores recovered in small, karstic Lake Estanya (42°02?? N, 0°32?? E, 670 m.a.s.l.) in the Pre-Pyrenean Ranges (NE Spain) provides a detailed record of the complex environmental, hydrological and anthropogenic interactions occurring in the area since medieval times. The integration of sedimentary facies, elemental and isotopic geochemistry, and biological proxies (diatoms, chironomids and pollen), together with a robust chronological control, provided by AMS radiocarbon dating and ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs radiometric techniques, enabled precise reconstruction of the main phases of environmental change, associated with the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the industrial era. Shallow lake levels and saline conditions with poor development of littoral environments prevailed during medieval times (1150?C1300 AD). Generally higher water levels and more dilute waters occurred during the LIA (1300?C1850 AD), although this period shows a complex internal paleohydrological structure and is contemporaneous with a gradual increase of farming activity. Maximum lake levels and flooding of the current littoral shelf occurred during the nineteenth century, coinciding with the maximum expansion of agriculture in the area and prior to the last cold phase of the LIA. Finally, declining lake levels during the twentieth century, coinciding with a decrease in human pressure, are associated with warmer climate conditions. A strong link with solar irradiance is suggested by the coherence between periods of more positive water balance and phases of reduced solar activity. Changes in winter precipitation and dominance of NAO negative phases would be responsible for wet LIA conditions in western Mediterranean regions. The main environmental stages recorded in Lake Estanya are consistent with Western Mediterranean continental records, and show similarities with both Central and NE Iberian reconstructions, reflecting a strong climatic control of the hydrological and anthropogenic changes during the last 800 years.     

Cladoceran and diatom evidence of lake-level fluctuations from a Finnish lake and the effect of acquatic-moss layers on microfossil assemblages

We studied Holocene lake-level fluctuations from a small lake, Iso Lehmälampi, southern Finland, utilizing cladoceran and diatom analyses. We report data from a sediment core (A) taken from the deepest part of the lake (8.1 m) where two layers of moss, mixed with gyttja, were found. These layers were formed in situ during the early Holocene (1. ca. 8100-7900, 2. ca. 7300 BP). Lake-level fluctuations were inferred also from another core C, which did not have moss layers. According to the ratio of planktonic/littoral Cladocera, the water level was high around 9000 BP and started to fall before 8000 BP. The lowering continued until 7000 BP and the moss layers were formed during this lowering. Water level was high again ca. 6000 BP and lowered towards ca. 4000 BP. The late Holocene is characterized by several rapid fluctuations of lake-level. The ratio of planktonic/littoral Cladocera and the diatom species composition in core A showed drastic changes between the moss layers and the non-moss gyttja sections of the core. We suggest that they reflect changes in sedimentary facies between the local moss environment and the pelagic bottom. Thus, cores which contain moss layers may lead to erroneous interpretations of lake-level fluctuations.     

Observations of sea ice influence on the littoral sediment exchange,North Zealand,Denmark

Nielsen, Niels: Observations of sea ice influence on the littoral sediment exchange, North Zealand, Denmark. Geografisk Tidsskrift 88:61–67. Copenhagen. 1988.

In 1985 and 1986 monthly surveys of sediment volumes were carried out on a sandy beach and its nearshore platform at the north coast of Zealand. Both winters in the research period had temperatures below average, and consequently abundant sea ice formations. ‘Ice winters’ in open Danish waters occur statistically about 1/3 of the winters. The appearance of sea ice resulted in marked loss of sediment from the whole littoral zone, but by far the largest net erosion could be detected on the nearshore plane. An important factor is assumed to be the interaction of waves with the icefoot and ice pile-ups. For the beach itself, ice-glazing of the beach surface and interstitial frost in the foreshore sediments caused wave erosion within and just off the swash zone due to variations of the percolation parameter. This dynamic was observed during both the freeze-up and thaw-up periods. On the backshore, wind-derived forms characterized the winter beach, but here the net sediment budget was less affected.