Effect of Blast-Induced Vibration from New Railway Tunnel on Existing Adjacent Railway Tunnel in Xinjiang, China

The vibrations of existing service tunnels induced by blast-excavation of adjacent tunnels have attracted much attention from both academics and engineers during recent decades in China. The blasting vibration velocity (BVV) is the most widely used controlling index for in situ monitoring and safety assessment of existing lining structures. Although numerous in situ tests and simulations had been carried out to investigate blast-induced vibrations of existing tunnels due to excavation of new tunnels (mostly by bench excavation method), research on the overall dynamical response of existing service tunnels in terms of not only BVV but also stress/strain seemed limited for new tunnels excavated by the full-section blasting method. In this paper, the impacts of blast-induced vibrations from a new tunnel on an existing railway tunnel in Xinjiang, China were comprehensively investigated by using laboratory tests, in situ monitoring and numerical simulations. The measured data from laboratory tests and in situ monitoring were used to determine the parameters needed for numerical simulations, and were compared with the calculated results. Based on the results from in situ monitoring and numerical simulations, which were consistent with each other, the original blasting design and corresponding parameters were adjusted to reduce the maximum BVV, which proved to be effective and safe. The effect of both the static stress before blasting vibrations and the dynamic stress induced by blasting on the total stresses in the existing tunnel lining is also discussed. The methods and related results presented could be applied in projects with similar ground and distance between old and new tunnels if the new tunnel is to be excavated by the full-section blasting method.     

花岗岩地区地铁隧道爆破振动传播规律研究

青岛为典型花岗岩地区,地铁隧道开挖采用钻爆法。本文首先采用现场实测与统计分析的方法分析了青岛地铁3号线3个工点的隧道爆破监测数据,较为系统地研究了钻爆法施工条件下地表及邻近构筑物的最大振速、主频分布与爆破参数的相关关系,采用线性回归法拟合出包含上述因素的经验公式。采用数值模拟手段,模拟爆破条件下地表及临近建筑物的振动的响应,并将模拟结果与实测数据进行对比,研究主要结论如下:(1)最大振速随比例距离基本呈指数的形式衰减,随着比例距离的增加,最大振速值逐渐减小; (2)爆破引起的振动主频随比例距离分布较为随机,无法建立两者之间的数学模型,主频多在20～70Hz范围内; (3)建筑物内部中三矢量方向上的最大振速均随着楼层的增高呈一定的增加趋势,建筑物外部的地表振速要大于内部质点的速度。     

Environmental impacts of bench blasting at Hisarcik Boron open pit mine in Turkey

This paper presents the results of ground vibration measurements carried out in Hisarcik Boron open pit mine located on the west side of central Anatolia near Kütahya province in Turkey. Within the scope of this study to predict peak particle velocity (PPV) level for this site, ground vibration components were measured for 304 shots during bench blasting. In blasting operations, ANFO (blasting agent), gelatin dynamite (priming), and delay electric detonators (firing) were used as explosives. Parameters of scaled distance (charge quantity per delay and the distance between the source and the station) were recorded carefully and the ground vibration components were measured for all blast events using two different types of vibration monitors (one White Mini-Seis and one Instantel Minimate Plus Model). The absolute distances between shot points and monitor stations were determined using GPS. The equation of square root scaled distance extensively used in the literature was taken into consideration for the prediction of PPV. Then, the data pairs of scaled distance and particle velocity obtained from the 565 event records were analyzed statistically. At the end of statistical evaluation of the data pairs, an empirical relation which gives 50% prediction line with a reasonable correlation coefficient was established between PPV and scaled distance.     

爆破振动速度测试精细分析

为确定爆破震动衰减规律,通常采用最大振动速度、最大单段药量、布点到爆区中心的距离这3个变量回归计算萨道夫斯基振动速度公式系数。为精细分析爆破振动衰减规律,用单段延时串联起爆网路,结合测试速度图谱的不同时刻最大值、对应单段药量、布点到不同孔位距离,依据一元线性回归原理计算出振动速度公式系数,为爆破振动测试提供了一种精细分析方法。     

上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究

钻爆法是隧道开挖中一种主要的施工方法,爆破开挖不可避免会对围岩产生扰动。以新建走马岗隧道上穿东深供水走马岗引水隧洞工程为背景,开展上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究。选取与交叉段岩性一致的爆破施工开挖区域进行爆破振动监测,得到了现场爆破施工方案条件下走马岗隧道爆破振动规律。对实测数据进行回归分析,计算得出走马岗地区爆破质点峰值振动速度（PPV）的Sadovsk公式,反演得到控制爆破振动的最大掏槽药量及安全距离,制定出交叉段施工的安全控制范围以及相应的爆破方案。通过数值模拟进行了验证并付于交叉段现场施工。现场监测数据表明,提出的振速控制标准及爆破方案符合安全要求,保证了在建隧道的顺利开挖以及既有隧道的安全运行。研究成果可为类似工程爆破开挖及振动控制提供参考。     

小波降噪与粒子群优化综合回归爆破震动参数

爆破震动测试得到的数据常常具有较大的离散性,采用剔除错误数据和小波降噪对爆破震动检测数据进行预处理,以标准残差平方和作为爆破振动实测数据与萨道夫斯基公式拟合值偏差大小的判断依据,应用小波降噪对实测数据进行处理的方法,优化了粒子群算法对萨道夫斯基公式中的k和 的回归分析。研究结果表明,小波降噪和粒子群优化算法结合使用,能够较真实地反映爆破震动测试的真实情况,从而提高了对爆破震动测试模拟的精度。研究结果对爆破振动测试理论和工程实践具有一定的参考价值。     

近距离交叉隧洞爆破对既有隧道的振动影响

结合南山下隧洞下穿温福客运专线钱仓山隧道工程,实时监测近距离交叉隧洞爆破施工对既有隧道的振动影响。实测结果表明,（1）迎爆面位置影响既有隧道断面的爆破振动速度分布;震源距离测点大于30 m时,距离是爆破振动的主要影响因素;震源距离测点小于30 m时,主要影响因素则为装药量与距离。（2）岩体越坚硬完整,爆破振动波传播衰减越慢。采用导洞先行预留光面爆破、导洞爆破掏槽眼和周边眼及底板眼分开起爆、控制最大段装药量等措施,可有效地降低爆破振动影响,控制其对钱仓山隧道的影响,对类似工程有借鉴作用。     

复杂城市环境下边坡预裂爆破应用与效果检验

城市名胜风景区内某建筑工程基坑开挖遇山体石方,需进行岩石边坡爆破施工。为了降低爆破振动危害和保护边坡开挖轮廓面的预期效果,采用了预裂爆破技术。经过合理设计,提出了预裂爆破方案,并按照方案精心施工,同时对周边重点建（构）筑物的爆破振速进行监测。结果表明：各监测点振动速度远小于安全允许范围,宏观爆破效果良好,为后期开挖爆破提供了良好的开挖条件,该预裂爆破技术对类似工程具有一定指导意义和参照价值。     

引水隧洞下穿铁路隧道近接施工振动影响研究

结合云南省盐津县白水江三级电站引水隧洞下穿内-昆铁路手扒岩隧道的工程实际,采用数值模拟计算及现场测试对既有铁路隧道受下穿引水隧洞施工产生的振动影响进行研究。结果表明,经验公式的计算结果作为预测及警示是偏于安 全、可行的,数值模拟分析结果比经验公式更接近工程实际;引水隧洞的掌子面距铁路隧道前后4D（D为引水隧洞开挖洞径）范围内施工时,需对铁路隧道交叉点处的振动速度进行监测,重点是竖直方向的振动速度;引水隧洞在铁路隧道正下方爆破施工时,爆破施工所采用的最大段装药量不得大于2.5 kg,以满足振动速度控制标准;施工过程中进行的爆破振动监测并根据监测结果及时调整爆破参数,是此类地下近接工程成功修建的有力保障。     

模型试验的分离相似设计方法——以锚索格构加固边坡模型试验为例

提出了模型试验的分离相似设计方法,以锚索、格构梁加固边坡振动台试验为例进行介绍。将传统量纲分析法中描述振动台试验各个相关参数之间关系的函数关系式定义为1级特征方程。根据边坡、锚索、格构和地震波特性的不同,将1级特征方程进行分离处理,得到分别用于边坡、锚索、格构和地震波相似设计的2级特征方程。根据每个2级特征方程中参数的重要程度不同,将关键设计参数从2级特征方程中分离出来,组成3级特征方程。根据3级、2级和1级特征方程可以分别推导得到针对边坡、锚索、格构梁和地震波各自的关键参数、相关参数和无关参数相似比,选择关键参数相似比作为模型设计的主要依据,并对试验模型进行了相似设计。解决了按照传统量纲分析法要求,模型试验无法同时满足所有参数相似比要求的问题。     

采矿爆破振动波在岩溶区的传播影响因素分析

为研究不同情况下爆破振动强度衰变规律和振动对岩溶塌陷的影响,为当地矿山合理开采及减少地面塌陷灾害的发生提供可靠依据,对湖南水口山铅锌矿区进行现场爆破振动测试,并利用古丹铅锌矿实测数据作对比分析;试验矿区共布设4条测线,接收8组爆破振动数据。采用萨道夫斯基修正公式对采集的数据进行计算,以爆破产生的振动波频率及振动速度作为测试指标,对实测数据进行提取、处理,确定爆破振动波的频率及其在介质中的传播速度及地震波引发的质点振动峰值振速。试验结果表明:采矿活动是岩溶地面塌陷的主要影响因素;爆破振动波的频率衰减强度与其在岩土体中的传播距离和断层有关,振动波的传播速度受到岩土体性质、岩层结构特征、岩层走向等因素的影响。      

The analysis of ground vibrations induced by bench blasting at Akyol quarry and practical blasting charts

Ground vibrations arising from excavation with blasting is one of the fundamental problems in the mining industry. Therefore, the prediction of ground vibration components plays an important role in the minimization of environmental complaints. In this study, 582 events were recorded during limestone production at a quarry (Akyol Quarry) during a period of time. The blasting parameters of these shots were also carefully recorded. During the statistical analysis of the collected data, three predictor equations proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM), Ambraseys–Hendron and Langefors–Kihlstrom were used to establish a relationship between peak particle velocity and scaled distance described by these prediction equations. As a result of this analysis, the most powerful relationship was determined and proposed to be used in this site. And also, this equation was used in the derivation of the practical blasting charts specific to this site as a practical way of predicting the peak particle velocity and maximum charge amount per delay for future blasting.     

浅埋大跨隧道施工爆破监测与减震技术

以沪-蓉线庙垭分岔隧道工程为背景,研究了其浅埋大跨段掘进爆破的地表震动效应及大断面开挖减震控制技术,并结合爆破监测数据的回归分析,确立了地震波垂向衰减规律的数学模型。综合分析地表及洞内地震波的震动特性发现,地表质点振动主振频率主要集中在低频段;由于表土的滤波作用,主振频率随距离的增加而减小的趋势并不明显;洞内混凝土衬砌减弱了爆破对围岩的冲击,高频地震波衰减极快;开挖区上部的地表振速通常大于未开挖区的振速,浅埋大跨隧道爆破安全控制应以已开挖区顶部的地表振速为准。     

Response of Concrete and Masonry Dams to Ground Vibration due to Blasting

The safety and stability of concrete and masonry dams is a great concern when blasting has to be conducted close to these dams in order to construct small hydro-electric projects. There is a danger of ground vibration amplification to those residential-type buildings that are built close to these dams.

Responses of three concrete and masonry dams were measured directly by conducting a number of blasts and by monitoring vibration in the ground as well as on the dams. The amplitudes and frequencies of the motions were analysed and vibration attenuation relations were derived. These relations were used to compare the vibration levels on the dams with those in the ground.

Because of close-in construction blasts that produced high frequency ground vibrations, there was no amplification of the ground vibrations by these dams. The measured amplitudes of ground vibration were comparable to those of the dams.     

Prediction of ground vibration due to quarry blasting based on gene expression programming: a new model for peak particle velocity prediction

Blasting is a widely used technique for rock fragmentation in opencast mines and tunneling projects. Ground vibration is one of the most environmental effects produced by blasting operation. Therefore, the proper prediction of blast-induced ground vibrations is essential to identify safety area of blasting. This paper presents a predictive model based on gene expression programming (GEP) for estimating ground vibration produced by blasting operations conducted in a granite quarry, Malaysia. To achieve this aim, a total number of 102 blasting operations were investigated and relevant blasting parameters were measured. Furthermore, the most influential parameters on ground vibration, i.e., burden-to-spacing ratio, hole depth, stemming, powder factor, maximum charge per delay, and the distance from the blast face were considered and utilized to construct the GEP model. In order to show the capability of GEP model in estimating ground vibration, nonlinear multiple regression (NLMR) technique was also performed using the same datasets. The results demonstrated that the proposed model is able to predict blast-induced ground vibration more accurately than other developed technique. Coefficient of determination values of 0.914 and 0.874 for training and testing datasets of GEP model, respectively show superiority of this model in predicting ground vibration, while these values were obtained as 0.829 and 0.790 for NLMR model.     

汤渡河大坝爆破振动及混凝土声波检测

运用爆破振动测试与混凝土声波检测相结合的方法,对汤渡河水库大坝混凝土拆除爆破进行了有效的控制,在保证大坝安全的前提下,大大加快了施工进度,是一种行之有效的方法,对同类工程有较大的借鉴作用。     

爆破震动信号的多分辨小波分析

采用小波分析和快速傅立叶变换相结合的方法,对工程案例的爆破震动近、中远区的实测原始信号进行小小波分解和重构,得到重构后各子频带的时间信号及频谱,在此基础上通过Matlab语言编写程序研究爆破地震波沿各分区信号的频谱及能量分布特征。指出：爆破震动各分区的主频从大到小排序为：近区>中区>远区;随着比例距离的增加,低频带能量所占信号总能量的比例升高,高频带能量所占比例下降;频率越低的频带信号,持续时间越长;除主频所在频带外,在0～2.441 5 Hz频段（比较接近建筑物的自振频率）,爆破震动信号在水平方向占有不小的能量比例,故建筑物进行结构设计时考虑水平方向的抗震尤为重要。     

Allowed Quantity of Explosive Charge Depending on the Distance from the Blast

This paper analyses results of trial, construction and quarry blasting, carried out in sediment rock deposits, mainly limestone and dolomite. Based on results of seismic measurements and engineering geological observations in sedimentary formation, an empirical relationship was established between ground vibration and geological strength index (GSI). The charge weight of explosive that may be detonated per delay for any given distance of nearby structures from the blast is approximately determined by using the concept of the scaled distance (SD) along with the DIN 4150 standard.     

溪洛渡水电站出线竖井爆破振动效应研究

对溪洛渡水电站左岸出线竖井开挖爆破的振动速度进行了现场测试。运用萨道夫斯基公式对测试数据进行回归分析,得到了竖井爆破掘进中地震波传播衰减公式。利用该式预测距离井底高程差为18.2～24.5 m处范围内测点的振动速度,并与实测数据进行对比。结果显示,竖井爆破振动的传播存在高程放大效应,水平振速放大系数约为1.49～2.24,垂直振速放大系数约为1.78～2.73;通过考虑高程效应对萨道夫斯基公式进行了修正,得到考虑高程因子的衰减公式,线性关系显著,对存在高程放大效应的爆破振动预测具有借鉴意义。运用动力有限元分析方法对竖井结构在爆炸冲击波荷载作用下的结构响应进行数值模拟,数值模拟结果与现场测试结果的对比表明,当相对高差不大时,两者整体趋势比较吻合,距离井底0～15 m,振动速度快速衰减,振动速度峰值衰减幅度超过总体幅度的60%;距离井底超过30 m,衰减不超过总幅度的10%。采用岩石-混凝土强度破坏准则对竖井构筑物在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的稳定性进行了强度校核,为竖井后续施工安全提供了参考。     

改进三峰谷雨流计数法在爆破震动损伤评价中的应用

构筑物在爆破地震载荷作用下发生破坏是一个非常复杂的损伤累积过程。在进行爆破地震效应研究时,不仅要考虑几何距离、爆破条件以及地质条件对爆破振动强度的影响,也要关注结构本身的劣化过程。据此提出应用疲劳理论进行爆破地震效应分析的思路。首先,阐述了爆破震动应力谱测量的基本方法。其次,针对于三峰谷雨流计数模型的不足,提出了改进方案。改进后的计数模型融等值点压缩、峰谷值检测以及循环计数为一体,简化了计数过程,运用改进的计数模型分析了震动应力谱,得出了各种循环的频数分布规律。统计结果表明,单次爆破中绝大部分为小幅疲劳循环,而且拉压循环所占的比例比较大。