The application of energy principles to the determination of the sliding resistance of rock joints

Summary Energy principles have previously been applied to the analysis of rock joints in order to determine the shear strength of dilatant joints (Ladanyi and Archambault, 1970). This work was based on the analysis of regular triangular asperities and assumed that the asperities were rigid. In recognition of the difficulty of measuring a representative asperity angle in natural, complex rock joints, Ladanyi and Archambault extended their results to natural joints by assuming the equality of joint dilation rate and the effective joint asperity angle. It is shown that the assumption of this equality is not universally valid, and that it may lead to an underestimation of joint shear strength. Further, the effective friction angle for joints in an elastic rock mass, for joints comprising asperities of varying inclination, for post-peak shear displacements and for joints in degradable rock are all analysed using extensions of Ladanyi and Archambault's approach.     

Comparison between Empirical Estimation by JRC-JCS Model and Direct Shear Test for Joint Shear Strength

In order to study the reliability of the empirical estimation of joint shear strength by the JRC(joint roughness coefficient)-JCS(joint compressive strength) model,natural rock joints of dif-ferent lithologic characteristics and different sizes were selected as samples,and their shear strengths under dry and saturated conditions were measured by direct shear test and compared to those esti-mated by the JRC-JCS model.Comparison results show that for natural rock joints with joint surfaces closely matched,the...     

节理倾角对黄土力学特性影响试验研究

黄土节理种类多样、角度多变,是影响黄土力学性质的重要因素。为研究节理对黄土力学性质影响,开展含预制节理黄土试样单轴与三轴压缩强度试验,分析了非贯通节理对试样剪切破坏模式影响,探讨了节理倾角对黄土强度与变形特性影响规律。结果表明:节理试样剪切破坏均为压剪破坏,破坏模式可分为节理面与破裂面贯通型和节理面与破裂面斜交型,压力作用下非贯通节理尖端翼裂纹和次生裂纹不断萌生,易劣化扩展形成剪切破裂面;节理存在弱化了试样抗变形能力,单轴压缩条件下试样应力-应变曲线均呈应变软化型,预制节理降低屈服阶段变形模量,减小试样剪切破坏位移,加速试样剪切破坏;节理存在显著降低黄土强度,峰值强度与残余强度均随节理倾角呈现先减小后增大变化趋势,但变化幅度随围压增大而降低,黏聚力随节理倾角变化最为敏感,节理倾角60°时试样强度指标最低;预制节理倾角与黄土试样剪切破裂角越接近,节理面越易劣化贯通为剪切破裂面,试样抗变形能力越差,强度性质劣化越显著,试样越容易剪切破坏。研究成果为揭示黄土节理界面劣化对黄土边坡促滑机制提供参考。     

砂土充填大理岩节理的剪切强度经验公式

为研究砂土充填对节理抗剪强度的影响,利用GCTS（RDS?200型）岩石剪切测试系统对4种不同摩擦系数砂土充填的粉晶大理岩节理进行了直剪试验。结果表明：相同法向应力下,未充填节理的峰值剪切应力大于充填节理的峰值剪切应力,说明砂土的存在降低了节理的剪切强度;由节理面三维形貌参数最大谷深 表征节理面粗糙程度,得到了未充填节理的峰值剪切强度公式,公式预测值与试验值基本吻合;得到了用充填砂土摩擦系数表达的充填节理峰值剪切强度公式,公式预测值与试验值较为吻合。研究结论对充填节理岩体稳定性评价具有一定指导意义。     

Friction and degradation of rock joint surfaces under shear loads

The morpho‐mechanical behaviour of one artificial granite joint with hammered surfaces, one artificial regularly undulated joint and one natural schist joint was studied. The hammered granite joints underwent 5 cycles of direct shear under 3 normal stress levels ranging between 0.3 and 4 MPa. The regularly undulated joint underwent 10 cycles of shear under 6 normal stress levels ranging between 0.5 and 5 MPa and the natural schist replicas underwent a monotonics shear under 5 normal stress levels ranging between 0.4 and 2.4 MPa. These direct shear tests were performed using a new computer‐controlled 3D‐shear apparatus. To characterize the morphology evolution of the sheared joints, a laser sensor profilometer was used to perform surface data measurements prior to and after each shear test. Based on a new characterization of joint surface roughness viewed as a combination of primary and secondary roughness and termed by the joint surface roughness, SR_s, one parameter termed ‘joint surface degradation’, D_w, has been defined to quantify the degradation of the sheared joints. Examinations of SR_s and D_w prior to and after shearing indicate that the hammered surfaces are more damaged than the two other surfaces. The peak strength of hammered joint with zero‐dilatancy, therefore, significantly differs from the classical formulation of dilatant joint strength. An attempt has been made to model the peak strength of hammered joint surfaces and dilatant joints with regard to their surface degradation in the course of shearing and two peak strength criteria are proposed. Input parameters are initial morphology and initial surface roughness. For the hammered surfaces, the degradation mechanism is dominant over the phenomenon of dilatancy, whereas for a dilatant joint both mechanisms are present. A comparison between the proposed models and the experimental results indicates a relatively good agreement. In particular, compared to the well‐known shear strength criteria of Ladanyi and Archambault or Saeb, these classical criteria significantly underestimate and overestimate the observed peak strength, respectively, under low and high normal stress levels. In addition and based on our experimental investigations, we put forward a model to predict the evolution of joint morphology and the degree of degradation during the course of shearing. Degradations of the artificial undulated joint and the natural schist joint enable us to verify the proposed model with a relatively good agreement. Finally, the model of Ladanyi and Archambault dealing with the proportion of total joint area sheared through asperities, a_s, once again, tends to underestimate the observed degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同边界条件下剪切速率对类岩石节理剪切力学特性的影响

为研究不同边界条件下剪切速率对岩石节理剪切力学特性的影响,采用RDS-200型岩石节理剪切试验系统对人工浇筑的具有相同节理形貌的不规则水泥节理试样进行了常法向应力和常法向刚度2种边界条件下5种剪切速率的直剪试验。结果表明：（1）常法向应力边界条件下,随剪切速率增大,相同法向应力下的类岩石节理峰前剪切刚度减速增大,峰值剪切强度和残余剪切强度呈对数降低;随剪切速率增大,类岩石节理黏聚力减速增大,内摩擦角呈对数降低。（2）常法向刚度边界条件下,随剪切速率增大,相同法向应力的类岩石节理峰前剪切刚度减速增大,峰值剪切强度呈对数降低,较高法向应力下的残余剪切强度先增大后减小;随剪切速率增大,类岩石节理黏聚力呈对数降低,内摩擦角减速增大。（3）与常法向应力边界条件相比,常法向刚度条件下,节理黏聚力平均增加了115.85%,内摩擦角平均降低了8.44%;相同初始法向应力和剪切速率下,峰前剪切刚度、峰值剪切强度和残余剪切强度分别平均增加了11.96%、19.47%和32.32%,峰值法向位移平均降低了40.12%。该研究结论可为不同剪切速率下地表和地下工程岩体节理的剪切失稳评价提供一定参考。     

The Influence of Shearing Velocity on Shear Behavior of Artificial Joints

In this paper, the effects of shear velocity on the shearing behavior of artificial joints have been studied at different normal stress levels. Here, artificial joints with planar and rough surfaces were prepared with the plaster (simulating soft rock joints) and concrete (medium-hard rock joints) materials. The rough joints had triangular shaped asperities with 10° and 20° inclination angles. Direct shear tests were performed on these joints under various shear velocities in the range of 0.3–30 mm/min. The planar plaster–plaster and planer concrete–concrete joints were sheared at three levels of normal stress under constant normal load boundary condition. Also, the rough plaster–plaster and concrete–concrete joints were sheared at one level of normal stress under constant normal stiffness boundary condition. The results of the shear tests show that the shearing parameters of joints, such as shear strength, shear stiffness and friction angle, are related to the shear velocity. Shear strength of planar and rough plaster–plaster joints were decreased when the shear velocity was increased. Shear strength of concrete joints, except for rough joints with 10° inclination, increased with increasing shear velocity. Regardless of the normal stress level, shear stiffness of both planar plaster–plaster and concrete–concrete joints were decreased when the shear velocity was increased.     

Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints

Barton, N., 1973. Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints. Eng. Geol., 7: 287–332.

The surface roughness of rock joints depends on their mode of origin, and on the mineralogy of the rock. Amongst the roughest joints will be those that formed in intrusive rocks in a tensile brittle manner, and amongst the smoothest the planar cleavage surface in slates. The range of friction angles exhibited by this spectrum will vary from about 75° or 80° down to 20° or 25°, the maximum values being very dependent on the normal stress, due to the strongly curved nature of the peak strength envelopes for rough unfilled joints.

Direct shear tests performed on model tension fractures have provided a very realistic picture of the behaviour of unfilled joints at the roughest end of the joint spectrum. The peak shear strength of rough—undulating joints such as tension surfaces can now be predicted with acceptable accuracy from a knowledge of only one parameter, namely the effective joint wall compressive strength or JCS value. For an unweathered joint this will be simply the unconfined compression strength of the unweathered rock. However in most cases joint walls will be weathered to some degree. Methods of estimating the strength of the weathered rock are discussed. The predicted values of shear strength compare favourably with experimental results reported in the literature, both for weathered and unweathered rough joints.

The shear strength of unfilled joints of intermediate roughness presents a problem since at present there is insufficient detailed reporting of test results. In an effort to remedy this situation, a simple roughness classification method has been devised which has a sliding scale of roughness. The curvature of the proposed strength envelopes reduces as the roughness coefficient reduces, and also varies with the strength of the weathered joint wall or unweathered rock, whichever is relevant. Values of the Coulomb parameters c and Φ fitted to the curves between the commonly used normal stress range of 5–20 kg/cm² appear to agree quite closely with experimental results.

The presence of water is found in practice to reduce the shear strength of rough unfilled joints but hardly to affect the strength of planar surfaces. This surprising experimental result is also predicted by the proposed criterion for peak strength. The shear strength depends on the compressive strength which is itself reduced by the presence of water. The sliding scale of roughness incorporates a reduced contribution from the compressive strength as the joint roughness reduces. Based on the same model, it is possible to draw an interesting analogy between the effects of weathering, saturation, time to failure, and scale, on the shear strength of non-planar joints. Increasing these parameters causes a reduction in the compressive strength of the rock, and hence a reduction in the peak shear strength. Rough—undulating joints are most affected and smooth—nearly planar joints least of all.     

JRC-JCS模型抗剪强度估算的平均斜率法

结构面对工程岩体的稳定性有着决定性的影响,结构面的抗剪强度参数是分析岩体稳定的关键的参数。本文回顾了结构面抗剪强度估算的JRC-JCS模型及其估算方法,提出了可快速估算结构面抗剪强度参数的平均斜率法,并通过对比分析阐明平均斜率法的优越性。     

Rock joint modeling using a visco-plastic multilaminate model at constant normal load condition

Rock joints play an important role in the behavior of rock masses under normal and shear loading conditions. Numerical simulation of the behavior of jointed rock masses is not an easy task due to complexities involved in the problem such as joint roughness, joint shear strength, hardening and softening phenomenon and mesh dependency. In this study for modeling purposes, a visco-plastic multilaminate model considering hardening and softening effects has been employed. For providing the necessary data for numerical simulation, a series of laboratory experiments have been carried out on regular tooth-shape asperities made by gypsum, under constant normal load conditions. Shear stress–shear displacement and normal displacement–shear displacement of artificial joint specimens are simulated using the proposed numerical model at constant normal load condition (CNL). The results indicate the capability of the model for simulating rock joints behavior in both strength and deformation field. Although the numerical model has been developed for simulating the behavior of artificial joints, the concept of the method can also be used for natural rock joints.     

基于小波分析的岩石节理剪切特性研究

岩体工程中,节理面的轮廓特征是决定节理岩体剪切特性的重要因素,既往研究发现节理的表面轮廓可分解为一阶大起伏和二阶小凸起,且两者在剪切特性中发挥不同的作用。为了定量分析两阶表面特征对节理剪切强度的影响,本文通过小波分析法分解节理表面,并利用二维颗粒流数值模拟结合直剪试验验证,研究了具有不同起伏角(4°、8°、12°、16°、20°)波形节理面的细观破坏模式以及波面参数对剪切特性的影响规律。结果表明,波长对剪切强度影响较小,而起伏角是决定节理剪切强度的关键因素,随着起伏角增大剪切强度和摩擦角线性增大; 直剪切过程中裂纹数量随法向应力的增大而增加,以拉伸裂纹为主; 一阶大起伏与二阶小凸起的波形起伏角和摩擦角正相关。以上研究成果为预测节理岩体强度提供了理论支撑,对保障边坡、隧道等岩体工程的安全稳定性具有参考价值。     

基于方向性粗糙度参数的节理峰值抗剪强度理论模型

节理裂隙控制着岩石工程的剪切滑移稳定性。现有的节理峰值抗剪强度模型多为经验模型,且较少考虑粗糙节理峰值抗剪强度的采样点距效应及各向异性。采用3D打印技术制备了5组吻合的粗糙光敏树脂节理模具,利用水泥砂浆复制了25组相同壁面强度的人工粗糙节理,开展了5种法向应力水平下节理直剪试验。基于改进的接触面积比-视倾角门槛值关系,建立了仅含一个方向性粗糙度参数的三维粗糙节理峰值抗剪强度理论模型。该理论模型除粗糙度参数外无需拟合其他参数。对比分析发现,新模型比文献中的经验模型预测精度更高。新模型预测效果受采样点距影响较小,且能有效地反映节理峰值抗剪强度的各向异性。     

Underestimation of roughness in rough rock joints

Numerous studies have been made to improve Barton's shear strength model for the quantification of rock joints. However, in these previous studies, the roughness and shear strength of the rock joint have been underestimated especially for relatively high undulated profiles (joint roughness coefficient (JRC) >14). The main factors of roughness underestimation in rough rock joints are investigated for the proper quantification of rock joint roughness. The aliasing effect and the roughness characteristics are analyzed by using artificial joint profiles and natural rock joint profiles. A 3D camera scanner is adopted to verify the main source of underestimation when using conventional measurement methods. Shear strength tests are carried out by using two types of shear apparatus to study the roughness mobilization characteristics, which may also affect the roughness underestimation. The results of joint roughness assessment, such as aliasing and undulation of waviness, show that the roughness can be underestimated in relatively rough joint profiles (JRC>14). At least two components of roughness parameters are needed to properly represent the joint roughness, for example, the amplitude and the inclination angle of joint asperity. Roughness mobilization is affected by both the normal stress and the asperity scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Failure Characteristics of Complicated Random Jointed Rock Mass Under Compressive-Shear Loading

Most natural rock masses contain a large number of random joints and fissures, and most of the rock masses at the rock engineering are commonly in both compression and shear stress environment. However, the research on the failure characteristics of complex random jointed rock mass under compressive-shear loading is still limited. To address this gap, this paper uses the particle flow code 2D to establish a discrete fractured rock mass model and carry out a series of numerical tests with different compressive-shear angles (α) and different joint geometric parameters. The effects of compressive-shear angle and joint geometric parameters on the strength and failure characteristics of fractured rock masses are studied. The results indicate that with the increase of α, the peak strength of the specimen decreases gradually, and the failure mode changes from the composite shear failure mode (Mode-I) to a plane shear failure mode (Mode-II) and then to intact shear failure mode (Mode-III). Specifically, the three failure modes occur in the specimens with α?=?15°, 30° or 45°, 60°, respectively. The existence of joints affects stress distribution on rock mass during the loading process. Furthermore, the stress at the joint tip is relatively concentrated, while on both sides of the joint is smaller. Three kinds of crack coalescence patterns are observed: tensile, shear, and tensile-shear mixed coalescence. The inclination angle of the rock bridge between adjacent joints affects the specific type of coalescence.

     

Experimental Study of Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Joints Under Cyclic Loading

Summary Evaluation of the effects of small repetitive earthquakes on the strength parameters of rock joints in active seismic zones is of interest of the designers of underground constructions. In order to evaluate these effects, it is necessary to study the behaviour of rock joints under dynamic and cyclic loadings. This paper presents the results of a systematic study on the behaviour of artificial rock joints subjected to cyclic shearing. More than 30 identical replicas have been tested using triaxial compression devices under different conditions of monotonic and cyclic loading. At the first stage a few samples have been tested in monotonic loading modes under various confining pressures and rate of displacement. In the second series of tests, small cyclic loads were applied on the samples for increasing number of cycles, frequency levels and stress amplitudes. These were then followed by monotonic loading again. The variations of maximum and residual shear strengths for each test have been studied. The results show increase of shear strength as a result of the increase in confining pressure and they display decrease of shear strength due to the increase of rate of loading, number of cycles, frequency levels and stress amplitudes.     

节理抗剪强度综合评价的试验研究

选取不同吻合度自然节理试样,进行干燥状态和饱和状态的JRC-JCS模型和JRC-JMS模型试验研究。结果表明,在节理粗糙度系数的定向统计测量和尺寸效应分析,以及剪切过程衰减折减的基础上,运用JRC-JCS模型综合评价节理抗剪强度可靠性较好,考虑吻合度系数的JRC-JMC模型比JRC-JCS模型具更好的预测能力。     

非贯通节理岩体直剪试验研究进展

基于典型的直剪试验,国内外学者提出了非贯通节理岩体贯通破坏机理,并建立了相应的强度准则,如Jennings方法,即加权平均强度理论和强度准则、Lajtai岩桥破坏理论和强度准则、断裂力学的II型破坏理论和强度准则,拉剪复合破坏和强度准则。然而,非贯通节理岩体破坏机理目前还没有完全弄清楚,已建立的强度准则所包含的重要参数还需深入研究,如：如节理面的传压系数、传剪系数、弱化了的岩桥内摩擦力和内摩擦角等;非贯通节理岩体节理闭合和剪切的本构关系有待建立;不共面非贯通节理岩体全过程最大抗剪强度需进一步研究。伺服直剪试验机、静态应变测试仪、声发射仪、X射线测量等无损检测技术能够为进一步研究非贯通节理岩体的破坏机理,提出新的理论和建立新的强度准则提供强有力的技术支持。     

不同充填度岩石分形节理抗剪强度的数值模拟

在对岩石节理进行分形模拟的基础上,建立了岩石分形充填节理直剪试验数值分析模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究了充填度与岩石分形充填节理抗剪强度之间的关系。结果表明,随着充填度的增大,分形节理抗剪强度总体上呈非线性减小。当充填度小于1时,随着充填度的增大,分形节理抗剪强度迅速减小,节理抗剪强度受节理表面形态、充填物力学性质以及壁岩力学性质的共同影响;当充填度大于1时,节理抗剪强度主要受充填物力学性质的控制,强度参数接近于节理充填物的强度参数。      

分形节理岩体强度与变形尺度效应的试验研究

根据强度与变形尺度效应的研究需要,试验研究了脆性岩石相似模拟材料的配比,提出了预置材料产生模拟节理的方法,解决了随机分布节理试件的制作问题。采用分形分布节理模拟材料试件,研究了脆性岩体轴向抗压强度与变形的尺度效应,获得的规律与实际岩体尺度效应规律一致,并发现岩体变形的尺度效应并非完全由节理闭合和剪切破坏引起,在节理剪切破坏之前,主要是由节理的剪切变形增大引起的。     

自然与饱水条件下异性结构面的剪切特性研究

利用室内剪切试验装置,开展不同正应力、自然与饱水条件下岩体异性结构面的剪切试验,分析异性结构面的剪切变形和强度特性,利用JRC-JCS抗剪强度力学模型将试验结果与计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,（1）异性结构面的剪切变形曲线属于弹塑性残余变形类型。相比自然状态试件,饱水试件的弹性区减小,较早进入峰值区或塑性区;（2）异性结构面的剪切刚度均随法向力的增大而增大,但同一正应力下饱水试件的剪切刚度要小于自然状态的剪切刚度,在低法向力下尤为显著;（3）水对岩体异性结构面剪切强度参数有不同程度的弱化,尤其对内摩擦角 的劣化明显;（4）只要计算参数选取得当,并考虑实际岩体的受力及水等情况,JRC-JCS计算模型可以为实际工程岩体的结构面强度提供较为准确的参数。