用稳定高效的反Q滤波技术提高地震资料分辨率

地震波在地下传播时受到衰减影响,衰减会导致地震波场高频能量的损失和相位畸变.反Q滤波可补偿大地衰减效应.已有的反Q滤波方法存在下列不足:频率域的算法由于算子长度较长,所以计算效率较低;时间域的算法,或者对地震记录上到时较晚的同相轴进行了过度的补偿,或者为防止过度补偿后来的振幅而在最大增益处进行限制,导致振幅的多解性,而且还会影响滤波器的相位效应.本文给出一种通过直接求解时间域的Q模型方程来进行反Q滤波的算法.由于采用带状矩阵解算器,所以具有较高的计算效率,理论数据和实际地震资料的试算结果证明,本方法对地震波的吸收衰减进行了出色的补偿,提高了地震资料的分辨率.     

地震波频散效应与反Q滤波相位补偿

本文以Futterman提出的地震波振幅衰减和相速度频散表达式为基础,从井震匹配的角度出发,推导了不进行反Q滤波、仅反Q滤波振幅补偿、仅反Q滤波相位补偿,以及反Q滤波相位与振幅同时补偿四种情况下,地震波速度频散与相速度及地震记录振幅谱间的表达式,并从理论上说明了反Q滤波相位补偿的必要性.通过相同观测系统,炸药震源和可控震源分别激发采集的零偏移距VSP资料实例,验证了本文所推导的速度频散表达式的合理性;通过井震标定实例,进一步说明了反Q滤波相位补偿,可有效消除地震子波速度频散,提升地面地震资料与零偏移距VSP走廊叠加剖面的匹配度,最终提高地震资料成果的可信度.     

基于等效加权模型的单步延拓反Q滤波方法研究及应用

通过建立等效加权模型并进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,减弱目前常规Q值模型对反Q滤波效果的限制,达到进一步提高地震记录分辨率的目的.目前,常规Q值模型包括常Q模型和层状模型,常Q模型与复杂的地下情况相差较大,导致地震波能量衰减补偿效果较差;而基于层状模型进行反Q滤波则会导致噪声逐层放大,降低地震记录信噪比.基于等效加权模型进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,可以有效补偿地震波振幅衰减并校正相位畸变,在保持信噪比的同时提高地震记录分辨率.通过模型测试,基于等效加权模型进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,可以在有效压制噪声的同时增强能量衰减补偿效果;实际资料应用的结果表明:该方法不仅能有效补偿深层能量衰减,并且能较好的压制环境噪声,在提高地震资料分辨率的同时保持了信噪比.     

各向同性介质中射线理论与有限差分地震波场模拟方法比较研究

地震波场数值模拟不仅是研究复杂地区地震资料采集、处理和解释的有效辅助手段,而且是研究地球深部精细构造和地球深部探测的有效工具.射线理论和波动方程理论是地震波场数值模拟的理论基础.射线理论主要刻画地震波在介质中传播的走时场、地震射线等运动学属性;波动方程理论通过求解波动方程来描述地震波在介质中传播的弹性动力学响应(能量衰减、相位特征、偏振属性、以及全波形等).基于波动方程理论的波场数值模拟由于能够引入丰富的波场信息,使得人们对不同介质中地震波的传播过程有了较全面的了解.本文以二维层状均匀介质模型为例,通过射线追踪法和交错网格有限差分法模拟得到的波场快照图、单炮地震记录剖面、合成理论地震图的分析比较,不但对地震波在各向同性层状均匀介质中的传播规律和特点有了深刻的理解和认识,同时又可以相互验证两种不同方法的正确性和有效性.     

一种稳定的VSP反Q滤波方法

VSP-垂直地震剖面法勘探技术能够提供准确的速度参数、层位标定、井孔周围的构造、岩性及储层的分布范围,为利用地面地震反射信息进行构造精细解释、储层横向预测和油藏描述提供可靠的资料依据.但是地震波在地下介质中传播会产生吸收衰减,降低VSP资料的信噪比和分辨率.本文提出了一种针对VSP资料的稳定的反Q滤波方法.先分离波场,然后对下行波和上行波分别进行反Q滤波补偿.用模型数据和实际VSP资料进行试算,都取得了很好的效果.     

一种改进的广义稳定反Q滤波方法

由于地层的黏弹性和非均质性,地震波在传播过程中振幅衰减,相位畸变,导致地震资料分辨率和信噪比降低.反Q滤波是补偿地层衰减的一种常用方法.常规的反Q滤波方法的振幅补偿算子只与时间、频率有关,其振幅补偿频带范围、强度固定不变,不能够根据地震记录的自身特点灵活地进行振幅补偿.基于此,本文在广义稳定反Q滤波法的基础上,提出了一种改进的广义稳定反Q滤波方法.新方法提出了一种新的稳定因子,并通过参数p对振幅补偿算子进行了优化.其振幅补偿算子与地震资料信噪比、走时、频率、品质因子相适应,可以更加精确地对振幅进行补偿.理论数据测试和实际地震资料应用均表明,新方法在振幅补偿和噪声压制上优于广义稳定反Q滤波法,其处理后的地震资料振幅恢复保真度、分辨率和信噪比更高,对储层预测和精细解释工作具有重要意义.     

零偏VSP反演Q值CFS方法及影响因素研究

当地震波在地层中传播时,能量的衰减是传播介质非弹性性质的反映.这种介质所固有的衰减特性通常用品质因子(Quality Factor, Q)来描述.本文基于地震波在传播过程中主频降低的衰减特性,利用质心频率偏移法(Centroid Frequency Shift,简称 CFS)对零偏VSP正演模型进行Q值计算,分析薄层、上下行波场、频带宽度、反演波速、震源位置等因素的影响.模型结果显示:CFS法比频谱比法、振幅衰减法能更加准确识别薄层界面,可准确反演出厚度10m的地层;上行波场的加入降低反演结果准确度,尤其对高Q值层;当有效波频带增宽时,高频部分衰减明显,Q值反演结果接近理论值;反演波速误差对反演准确性影响很大.最后,利用CFS对实际井旁地面地震资料进行Q值反演,反Q滤波后其主频由25Hz提高到35Hz,分辨率得到改善,证明了CFS方法的实用性.     

基于多射线联合反演的速度无关叠前地震数据Q值估计

描述地震波衰减特征的品质因子Q对地震数据处理和油藏描述非常重要,在地震勘探领域,Q值一般通过垂直地震剖面(VSP)数据或地面地震数据得到.由于叠前地面地震数据具有复杂的射线路径且存在噪声、调谐干涉效应等影响,从叠前地震数据中准确估计Q值相对困难.本文以地震波射线传播为基础,根据同相轴局部斜率和射线参数的映射关系,将多射线波形频谱同时带入谱比法联合反演估计Q值,提出了基于多射线联合反演的速度无关叠前Q值估计方法.该方法通过局部斜率属性避开了速度对Q值估计的影响,局部斜率携带地震波传播的速度信息,具有相同局部斜率的地震反射波具有相同的传播射线参数.同相轴局部斜率是地震数据域的属性,而速度是模型域的参数,在估计Q值中采用数据域的属性参数可以直接应用于数据的联合反演,而不需要通过速度对其做进一步的转化,从而提高了Q值估计的精度.同时,本方法采用预测映射(predictive mapping)技术将非零炮检距反射信息映射到零炮检距处,从而获得零偏移距走时对应的Q值.模拟和实际算例验证了本文方法的有效性.     

云南地区S波非弹性衰减Qem值研究/

地震波衰减性质的研究是地震学研究的重要课题.地震台站(地震仪)记录到的地震波,包含了地震震源效应、地震波的传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应.在使用地震波资料研究震源性质时,必须要扣除地震波传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应的影响.地震波传播的路径效应(地震波衰减),除了随距离存在几何衰减外,还有一个重要的影响因素--即介质的非弹性衰减,用介质品质因子Q值来度量.Q值是地球介质的基本物理参数之一,是对地震进行定量和研究震源性质(如震源参数的测定等)所必需的重要参数,在震源物理和工程地震研究中具有重要应用价值.     

小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征

黏弹性衰减因子Q的可靠估计可通过Q反褶积来提高地震资料的分辨率并有助于振幅分析. 本文从小波理论出发,结合地震波在黏弹性介质中的传播方程,推导出小波尺度域地震波能量衰减公式. 能量衰减公式具有下列性质：（1）Q值越大,能量衰减得越慢;Q值越小,能量衰减越严重;（2）尺度越小,信号中保留的能量越少;（3）对于脉冲源来说在理想的无衰减介质(即Q趋近于∞)中传播时,信号在不同尺度内的能量相同. 利用尺度能量公式,可从反射地震资料中直接估计品质因子Q（即衰减因子）,也可以提取不同尺度的能量衰减剖面作为储层描述的属性参数,用来进行岩性识别和指示气藏,与经典的谱比法相比,避免了谱比法所面临的双时窗问题以及进行谱估计的窗选择问题. 理论模型试验表明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

基于分数阶拉普拉斯算子解耦的黏声介质地震正演模拟与逆时偏移

时间域常Q黏声波方程,由于含分数阶时间导数项,数值求解需要大量内存,计算效率低,不利于地震偏移的实施.通过一系列近似,可将该方程简化为介质频散效应和衰减效应解耦的分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏声波方程,数值求解内存需求少,计算效率高.本文采用交错网格有限差分逼近时间导数,改进的伪谱法计算空间导数,PML吸收边界去除边界反射,对该方程进行数值离散和地震正演模拟,开展地震数据的黏声介质逆时偏移,实现波场逆时延拓过程中同时完成频散校正和衰减补偿.改善深层构造的成像精度,数值结果表明,基于分数阶拉普拉斯算子解耦的黏声介质地震正演模拟与逆时偏移可大幅度提高地震模拟计算效率,偏移剖面明显优于常规声波偏移剖面,极大改善深层构造的成像品质.     

黏弹性VTI介质频率空间域准P波正演模拟

有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,时间域有限差分计算方法因按时间片递推计算,每个时间片的舍入误差会累积到下一片中,当时间片较多,最终会导致累积误差太大.而频率域计算是按频率片对空间网格进行整体求解方程组,其计算误差分配到了每个网格点上,并且各个频率片之间是独立计算的,因此不存在累计误差,而且在频率-空间域更易于...     

Wavefield extrapolation and prestack depth migration in anelastic inhomogeneous media

Wavefield depth extrapolation and prestack depth migration in complex anelastic media are studied. Kjartansson's frequency‐independent Q law is used to describe the absorption of seismic energy. The macromodel used is analogous to the macromodel used for current migration schemes except that an additional frequency‐independent Q macromodel needs to be provided. Absorption in the forward one‐way propagator is introduced by assuming a complex phase velocity, and the inverse one‐way propagator is obtained using the reciprocity theorem for one‐way wavefields in dissipative media. The stability of the inverse propagator is achieved by limiting the angle of propagation of wavefields. A table‐driven explicit operator scheme for imaging complex 2D anelastic media is presented. High‐accuracy, short convolution operators are designed by the weighted least‐squares method, and two kinds of imaging conditions are proposed. Numerical examples of depth extrapolation in laterally varying media, the migration of a spatial impulse with dispersion as well as shot record depth migration demonstrate the potential of the proposed explicit forward operator, the explicit inverse operator and the prestack depth migration scheme, respectively.     

Complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer for frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media

Seismic anisotropy has an important influence on seismic data processing and interpretation. Although the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation has a problem of solving the large scale linear sparse matrix due to the computational limitations, it has some advantages over the time-domain seismic wavefield simulation including efficient inversion using only a limited number of frequency components and easy implementation of multiple sources. To accurately simulate seismic wave propagation in the frequency domain, we also need to choose the absorbing boundary conditions to absorb artificial reflections from edges of the model as we do in the time domain. Compared with the classical boundary conditions including the perfectly matched layer and complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer, the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer has been proven to effectively suppress the unwanted reflections at grazing incidence and solve the instability problem in the time-domain seismic numerical modelling in anisotropic elastic media. In this paper, we propose to extend the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition to the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic elastic media. To test the validity of our proposed algorithm, we compare the results (snapshots and seismograms) of the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation with those of the time-domain modelling. The model studies indicate that the complex frequency-shifted multi-axial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is stable in the frequency-domain seismic wavefield simulation in anisotropic media, and provides better absorbing performance than the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer boundary condition.     

VTI介质qP波方程高精度有限差分算子

波动方程有限差分法是一种使用广泛的地震波数值模拟方法.但是有限差分法本身固有存在着数值频散问题,会降低地震波场模拟的精度与分辨率.为了克服常规有限差分算子的数值频散,本文针对VTI介质地震波数值模拟问题,构造了频率-空间域qP波波动方程高精度有限差分优化算子,根据最优化理论中高斯-牛顿法确定了高精度有限差分算子的优化系数.利用常规差分算子和高精度优化差分算子对归一化相速度的频散关系精度进行了对比分析,并对均匀各向同性介质和均匀VTI介质中的qP波地震波场进行了有限差分数值模拟,通过频散关系精度分析和波场数值模拟结果表明：有限差分优化算子具有较高的波场数值模拟精度,有效压制了传统有限差分算子数值模拟中的数值频散现象,提高了有限差分算子精度,为VTI介质频率-空间域qP波正演模拟奠定了基础.     

基于Kjartansson模型的反Q滤波

利用Ｋｊａｒｔａｎｓｓｏｎ提出的数学模型，建立包含有衰减和频散的正演模型。从这个模型出发，推导出适合于处理非平稳地震记录的反Ｑ滤波。用该方法不仅能补偿振幅的衰减，而且还能消除频散。通过对实际资料的处理，其结果是令人满意的。最后，给出了在最佳意义下的反Ｑ滤波方法。     

Perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for the second-order acoustic wave equation solved by the rapid expansion method

We derive a governing second-order acoustic wave equation in the time domain with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for general inhomogeneous media. Besides, a new scheme to solve the perfectly matched layer equation for absorbing reflections from the model boundaries based on the rapid expansion method is proposed. The suggested scheme can be easily applied to a wide class of wave equations and numerical methods for seismic modelling. The absorbing boundary condition method is formulated based on the split perfectly matched layer method and we employ the rapid expansion method to solve the derived new perfectly matched layer equation. The use of the rapid expansion method allows us to extrapolate wavefields with a time step larger than the ones commonly used by traditional finite-difference schemes in a stable way and free of dispersion noise. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme, numerical modelling examples are also presented. The numerical results obtained with the put forward perfectly matched layer scheme are compared with results from traditional attenuation absorbing boundary conditions and enlarged models as well. The analysis of the numerical results indicates that the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme is significantly effective and more efficient in absorbing spurious reflections from the model boundaries.     

横向各向同性介质中地震波速度分析及其意义

在地震学有关领域中，地下介质的薄互层特性与裂隙的定向人布在长波长假设下会产生等效的地震各向异性特性，地震波速度随传播方向和深度发生的变化引起了广大地球物理工作者的广泛兴趣，因为速度拾取的正确与否，会直接影响到油气勘探中动校、偏移、ＡＶＯ和时深转换的结果。本文着重讨论了传统速度分析的局限性，分析了薄互层引起的横向各向同性介质中速度分析的现状和结果，实例讨论了各向异性效应对偏移处理的影响，表明各向异性     

THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA

In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research.