中国地球物理学研究面临的机遇、发展空间和时代的挑战

在21世纪的今天,中国正处于快速工业化、经济腾飞和科学技术突飞猛进的进程中,地球物理学面临巨大的机遇,展现出多维的发展空间,同时也面临着严峻的挑战.为此,国家战略需求和自主创新已成为中华民族能否独立于世界民族之林的最强音！在这前提下,地球物理学家就必须超越已有的框架,穿过地平线,全方位的研究、探索、揭示、发现地球内部的奥秘.必须清晰地认识到新世纪里地球物理学的发展导向,即地球物理学的前沿领域和深化研究与现代科学技术进步的制约;地球物理学必须牢牢地把握住向高层次的综合研究脉络方能有所发现与突破;地球物理学所面临的机遇、多元发展空间和挑战;地球内部圈层结构与大陆动力学研究的主体内涵和导向.     

当代中国地球物理学向何处去

在20世纪的百年中,地球物理学在经历了以活动论为内涵的板块构造和行星际探测双重革命的重大发展时期以后,当今正处在一个新的起点上.从全球地球科学发展趋势来看,地球物理学的未来面临着比以往任何时候都更富有挑战性,特别是在当今经济全球化和科学全球化的复杂格局下.显然,当必会展现出前所未有的发现和突破的机遇,同时也正在一个充满希望的新的转折点上.然而,当今我国的地球物理学却在不断削弱,并逐步入“消亡”,即面临着严峻的“危机”.在这21世纪的新时期,中国地球物理学向何处去?它面临的“危机”在哪里?其机遇又在何方?它在社会发展与科学进步的长河中占有什么样的地位?又扮演着什么样的角色?国人必须给予严肃的关注,以使其在中国地球物理学的发展和逐步步入世界科技强国的进程中,发挥其本能的作用,并做出应有的新贡献.为此,本文将讨论以下4个方面的问题：(1)地球物理学的发展导向和战略意义;(2)20世纪百年来地球物理学主要的重大成就;(3)当今中国地球物理学的发展势态与危机;(4)当今中国地球物理学向何处去.     

中国2000城市地球物理研究战略研讨会简况

介绍了在我国首次召开的城市地球物理战略研讨会，城市地球物理学是地球科学研究领域中的新兴学科，随着世界经济建设水平的不断提高，城市化速度加快，人类的生产活动与自然灾害对城市造成的隐患和危害也越来越大。城市化问题使得传统地球物理学的研究方法、研究对象和研究内容面临着机遇和挑战。     

国家安全地球物理学的若干研究方向

世界多极化和经济全球化是一种必然趋势,和平与发展虽然是主流,但我国国家安全形势不容乐观,同样面临严峻的挑战.与国家安全相关的地球物理学研究领域很广,主要涉及空间物理学、大气物理学、军事海洋学、空间遥感物理与监测和固体地球物理学.在这些领域中存在众多需要解决的问题,本文列举了一系列亟需研究的重要问题.在此基础上,笔者归纳出国家安全地球物理学的若干研究方向是：（1）具有明显或潜在国家安全应用价值的地球物理理论、方法技术研究;（2）国家安全地球物理装备（仪器）设施研究;（3）国家安全地球物理学中的数据处理理论、方法和技术研究;（4）重大国家安全地球物理学问题研究.由于国家安全地球物理学的研究任务多种多样、且各有侧重,如海、陆、空和二炮,都有各自的研究重点,不能一概而论.以二炮部队所涉及的军事地球物理学研究而论,研究方向应包括：（1）军事情报侦测保障中的地球物理问题研究（包括侦测与反侦测）;（2）作战运用与保障（测地、气象、空间天气、遥感）中的地球物理问题研究;（3）与战略导弹部队作战相关的地球物理武器和地球物理战研究;（4）国防工程中的地球物理应用研究.     

编者按

正地球生物学(geobiology)研究地圈-生物圈耦合系统,即生物圈与地球其他圈层如大气圈、水圈和岩石圈的相互作用机制及其过程.地球生物学、地球化学和地球物理学分别构成了研究地球系统的生物过程、化学过程和物理过程的学科体系.地球生物学的核心是生命与地球环境的相互作用与协同演化.我们过去讲地球与生命的关系,主要强调的是地球环境影响生命,生命适应地球环境,这是一个单向作用的关系.但地球与生命之间应为相互作用的关系,而且是协同演化的.生命演化能否影响地球环境演变,生物过程能否影响地球环     

专题：地球生物学前沿

地球生物学（geobiology）研究地圈．生物圈耦合系统,即生物圈与地球其他圈层如大气圈、水圈和岩石圈的相互作用机制及其过程．地球生物学、地球化学和地球物理学分别构成了研究地球系统的生物过程、化学过程和物理过程的学科体系．地球生物学的核心是生命与地球环境的相互作用与协同演化．我们过去讲地球与生命的关系,主要强调的是地球环境影响生命,生命适应地球环境,这是一个单向作用的关系．但地球与生命之间应为相互作用的关系,而且是协同演化的．生命演化能否影响地球环境演变,生物过程能否影响地球环境,这是一个重大科学问题．地球生物学对此作出了肯定的回答．生命与地球的协同演化这一概念符合地球系统科学的总体观,也符合人与自然协调发展的科学发展观．     

地球自转速率变化及其与地球物理现象关系研究的进展

作为地球的基本运动形式之一的地球自转变化表征着地球的整体运动状态和地球系统各圈层之间的相互作用过程,其变化形式非常复杂．研究表明,地球自转速率的变化与众多地球物理现象有密切联系,与地震活动、EN-SO事件等重大自然灾害存在一定的相关性．因此,对地球自转速率变化及其与地球物理现象之间关系的研究长期以来就受到天文学家、地球科学家和从事灾害研究领域专家的重视．本文主要介绍了该研究领域近年来的研究进展,并认为在此基础上开展更深入的研究对天文学和地球科学的发展都是有意义的．     

《地球物理学进展》稿约

正《地球物理学进展》创刊于1986年,是中国科学院主管、中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所和中国地球物理学会联合主办的地球物理学科的综合性学术刊物,是《中文核心期刊要目总览》、中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)和中国科技论文统计与引文分析数据库(CSTPCD)核心期刊,主要报道国内外地球物理学研究的最新进展和成果,探讨地球物理学的发展战略,评价地球物理学科的现状和发展趋势,刊登具有创新性或意义重大的研究论文、专论、综述、快报和其他文章.双月刊,国内外公开发行.     

《地球物理学进展》稿约

正《地球物理学进展》创刊于1986年,是中国科学院主管、中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所和中国地球物理学会联合主办的地球物理学科的综合性学术刊物,是《中文核心期刊要目总览》、中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)和中国科技论文统计与引文分析数据库(CSTPCD)核心期刊,主要报道国内外地球物理学研究的最新进展和成果,探讨地球物理学的发展战略,评价地球物理学科的现状和发展趋势,刊登具有创新性或意义重大的研究论文、专论、综述、快报和其他文章.双月刊,国内外公开发行.     

《地球物理学进展》稿约

正《地球物理学进展》创刊于1986年,是中国科学院主管、中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所和中国地球物理学会联合主办的地球物理学科的综合性学术刊物,是《中文核心期刊要目总览》、中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)和中国科技论文统计与引文分析数据库(CSTPCD)核心期刊,主要报道国内外地球物理学研究的最新进展和成果,探讨地球物理学的发展战略,评价地球物理学科的现状和发展趋势,刊登具有创新性或意义重大的研究论文、专论、综述、快报和其他文章.双月刊,国内外公开发行.     

OH(6–2) spectra and rotational temperature measurements at Davis, Antarctica

The OH(6 – 2) band was monitored during 1990 at Davis, Antarctica (68.6°S, 78.0°E) using a Czerny-Turner scanning spectrometer. Spectra obtained with a 0.15-nm bandwidth and wavelength steps of 0.005 nm have been recorded in an attempt to isolate auroral features. This has enabled detailed study of weak features in the region 837.5–855.5nm. These weak features can contribute to the apparent intensity of P-branch lines and to the background. Their presence is allowed for in our calculation of rotational temperature, but the P₁ (3) line is excluded because of significant contamination. An average temperature of 221 ± 2K is obtained from a selected data set of 104 spectra. The mid-winter average temperature, for the months of May, June and July, is 224 ± 2K, which is consistent with the 1986 CIRA model values for mid-winter at this height and latitude, but this result is dependent on the choice of transition probabilities. Preliminary assessments of seasonal and diurnal variations in rotational temperature and intensity are presented.     

Lower thermospheric nitric oxide concentrations derived from WINDII observations of the green nightglow continuum at 553.1 nm

Vertical profiles of nitric oxide in the altitude range 90 to 105 km are derived from 553 nm nightglow continuum measurements made with the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The profiles are derived under the assumption that the continuum emission is due entirely to the NO+O air afterglow reaction. Vertical profiles of the atomic oxygen density, which are required to determine the nitric oxide concentrations, are derived from coordinated WINDII measurements of the atomic oxygen OI 557.7 nm nightglow emission. Data coverage for local solar times ranging from 20 h to 04 h, and latitudes ranging from 42°S to 42°N, is achieved by zonally averaging and binning data obtained on 18 nights during a two-month period extending from mid-November 1992 until mid-January 1993. The derived nitric oxide concentrations are significantly smaller than those obtained from rocket measurements of the airglow continuum but they do compare well with model expectations and nitric oxide densities measured using the resonance fluorescence technique on the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite. The near-global coverage of the WINDII observations and the similarities to the nitric oxide global morphology established from other satellite measurements strongly suggests that the NO+O reaction is the major source of the continuum near 553 nm and that there is no compelling reason to invoke additional sources of continuum emission in this immediate spectral region.     

火星环境探测结果分析

本文对空间飞行器所观测取得的火星环境的资料进行了分析研究，并对有关火星磁层和电离层及其与太阳风机相互作用的研究结果进行了概述。     

Stratospheric background aerosol and polar cloud observations by laser backscattersonde within the framework of the European project “Stratospheric Regular Sounding”

The Stratospheric Regular Sounding project was planned to measure regularly the vertical profiles of several tracers like ozone, water vapor, NO_x, ClO_x and BrO_x radicals, aerosol, pressure and temperature, at three latitudes, to discriminate between the transport and photochemical terms which control their distribution. As part of this project, the “Istituto di Fisica dell’Atmosfera” launched nine laser backscattersondes (LABS) on board stratospheric balloons to make observations of background aerosol and PSCs. LABS was launched with an optical particle counter operated by the University of Wyoming. Observations have been performed in the arctic, mid-latitudes and tropical regions in different seasons. Polar stratospheric clouds have been observed in areas inside and outside the polar vortex edge. A background aerosol was observed both in mid-latitudes and in arctic regions with a backscattering ratio of 1.2 at 692 nm. Very stratified aerosol layers, possibly transported into the lower stratosphere by deep convective systems, have been observed in the lower stratosphere between 20 and 29 km in the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.     

The ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar: objectives, configuration, and performance

We report on the development and current capabilities of the ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar. This instrument is one of the core instruments of the international ALOMAR facility, located near Andenes in Norway at 69°N and 16°E. The major task of the instrument is to perform advanced studies of the Arctic middle atmosphere over altitudes between about 15 to 90 km on a climatological basis. These studies address questions about the thermal structure of the Arctic middle atmosphere, the dynamical processes acting therein, and of aerosols in the form of stratospheric background aerosol, polar stratospheric clouds, noctilucent clouds, and injected aerosols of volcanic or anthropogenic origin. Furthermore, the lidar is meant to work together with other remote sensing instruments, both ground- and satellite-based, and with balloon- and rocket-borne instruments performing in situ observations. The instrument is basically a twin lidar, using two independent power lasers and two tiltable receiving telescopes. The power lasers are Nd:YAG lasers emitting at wavelengths 1064, 532, and 355 nm and producing 30 pulses per second each. The power lasers are highly stabilized in both their wavelengths and the directions of their laser beams. The laser beams are emitted into the atmosphere fully coaxial with the line-of-sight of the receiving telescopes. The latter use primary mirrors of 1.8 m diameter and are tiltable within 30° off zenith. Their fields-of-view have 180 rad angular diameter. Spectral separation, filtering, and detection of the received photons are made on an optical bench which carries, among a multitude of other optical components, three double Fabry-Perot interferometers (two for 532 and one for 355 nm) and one single Fabry-Perot interferometer (for 1064 nm). A number of separate detector channels also allow registration of photons which are produced by rotational-vibrational and rotational Raman scatter on N₂ and N₂+O₂ molecules, respectively. Currently, up to 36 detector channels simultaneously record the photons collected by the telescopes. The internal and external instrument operations are automated so that this very complex instrument can be operated by a single engineer. Currently the lidar is heavily used for measurements of temperature profiles, of cloud particle properties such as their altitude, particle densities and size distributions, and of stratospheric winds. Due to its very effective spectral and spatial filtering, the lidar has unique capabilities to work in full sunlight. Under these conditions it can measure temperatures up to 65 km altitude and determine particle size distributions of overhead noctilucent clouds. Due to its very high mechanical and optical stability, it can also employed efficiently under marginal weather conditions when data on the middle atmosphere can be collected only through small breaks in the tropospheric cloud layers.     

技术职称改革实践中的问题及若干建议

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Hydroxyl (6/2) airglow emission intensity ratios for rotational temperature determination

OH(6/2) Q1/P1 and R₁/P₁ airglow emission intensity ratios, for rotational states up to j = 4.5, are measured to be lower than implied by transition probabilities published by various authors including Mies, Langhoff et al. and Turnbull and Lowe. Experimentally determined relative values of j transitions yield OH(6/2) rotational temperatures 2 K lower than Langhoff et al., 7 K lower than Mies and 13 K lower than Turnbull and Lowe.     

新形势下地震监测预报发展的思考

本文从我国30多年地震监测预报历程、今后监测预报的发展方向以及改进监测预报管理工作等方面简明扼要地阐明了在新形式下如何推进地震监测预报发展的思考,文中所讨论的问题及新思维、新观点,相信对广大读者会带来更多的启迪,以此促进防震减灾事业的不断发展。     

The role of bromine and chlorine chemistry for arctic ozone depletion events in Ny-Ålesund and comparison with model calculations

During the Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry (ARCTOC) campaigns at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, the role of halogens in the depletion of boundary layer ozone was investigated. In spring 1995 and 1996 up to 30 ppt bromine monoxide were found whenever ozone decreased from normal levels of about 40 ppb. Those main trace gases and others were specifically followed in the UV-VIS spectral region by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) along light paths running between 20 and 475 m a.s.l. The daily variation of peroxy radicals closely followed the ozone photolysis rate J(O₃(O¹D)) in the absence of ozone depletion most of the time. However, during low ozone events this close correlation was no longer found because the measurement of radicals by chemical amplification (CA) turned out to be sensitive to peroxy radicals and ClO_x. Large CA signals at night can sometimes definitely be assigned to ClO_x and reached up to 2 ppt. Total bromine and iodine were both stripped quantitatively from air by active charcoal traps and measured after neutron activation of the samples. Total bromine increased from background levels of about 15 ppt to a maximum of 90 ppt during an event of complete ozone depletion. For the spring season a strong source of bromine is identified in the pack ice region according to back trajectories. Though biogenic emission sources cannot be completely ruled out, a primary activation of halogenides by various oxidants seems to initiate an efficient autocatalytic process, mainly driven by ozone and light, on ice and perhaps on aerosols. Halogenides residing on pack ice surfaces are continuously oxidised by hypohalogenous acids releasing bromine and chlorine into the air. During transport and especially above open water this air mixes with upper layer pristine air. As large quantities of bromine, often in the form of BrO, have been observed at polar sunrise also around Antarctica, its release seems to be a natural phenomenon. The source strength of bromine from halogen activation on the pack ice, as based on the measured inorganic bromine levels, averages about 10¹² Br-atoms m⁻² s⁻¹ during sunlit periods in Arctic spring. The total source strength of inorganic bromine from sunlit polar regions may therefore amount to 30 kt y⁻¹.