基于Global Mapper的测绘图形数据转换

Global Mapper支持多种格式的光栅、高程、矢量数据的读取与输出,并内置多种坐标投影方式。尝试挖掘其支持多种数据格式、多种投影模式的功能,快速实现测绘图形数据的转换。通过设置当前工作空间的坐标投影模式,然后打开任何其支持的、含有坐标投影信息的数据,所有数据均自动转换成当前的投影模式,最后将文件输出（另存为）为所需的格式,即可快速完成数据转换。转换的内容主要包括不同格式的DTM(Digital Terrain Model,数字地面模型)数据转换、相同格式但不同坐标投影之间的相互转换,以及卫星影像配准等     

浅谈工程测量与三维测绘技术的发展

工程测量技术领域涉及的内容非常广泛,包括控制测量、数字化测图、工程施工测量、工程竣工测量、变形监测、城市测量、交通工程测量、管线测量等内容。随着测绘科学技术的快速发展,工程测量技术的发展也非常快。综合近几年的工程测量发展情况,预测未来,作者认为：三维测绘技术、地下管线智能化探测与管理技术、数字城市地理空间框架等三方面将是未来工程测量科技发展有较大影响的核心技术。     

专题地质填图及有关问题讨论

面积性地质调查及填图是今后地质调查的主要工作,如何做好这个工作,并实现地质调查和科研一体化,特别是在已有填图基础上,如何部署和开展新的填图工作,是一个亟待回答的新问题。专题地质填图是针对存在的重要地质或资源、环境问题,或是针对特定目标地质体等,以解决特定问题或满足社会特定需求为主要目的、填图与研究融为一体的地质填图,填图的范围和比例尺依据解决问题和目标地质体而定。专题地质填图是以问题和需求为驱动,是对已有的综合地质填图的补充和提高,是高效实现地调科研一体化的一种方式。论述了专题填图的内涵、必要性,以及开展专题填图的方式和方法。     

新一轮全球地球化学填图:中国的机遇和挑战

论述从1988年联合国教科文组织相继批准实施国际地球化学填图(IGCP259)和全球地球化学基准(IGCP360)项目以来,中国和欧洲在制定全球地球化学填图的方法指南及技术标准方面作出的决定性贡献。文中指出,中国的"环境地球化学监控网络及动态地球化学填图"项目、欧洲的FOREGS地球化学基准值填图项目为全球其他国家开展类似工作提供了示范,但地球化学家预期10年内获得全球地表地球化学概貌的愿望至今未能实现。挪威和中国的地球化学家通过IAHS/ICCE正在酝酿"Global geochemical mapping and the sediment-bound flux of major world rivers"重大国际合作项目,以开展新一轮全球地球化学填图。通过国际极地年,IPY317项目首先从北极地区启动。新一轮全球地球化学填图项目计划以中国提出的"全球地球化学填图的泛滥平原沉积物采样草案"和挪威提出的"三角洲中河漫滩沉积物的采样草案"作为实施方案,因而巩固和扩大了中国地球化学填图技术在全球的优势地位。论文在分析中国面临的机遇与挑战后,建议政府主管部门对新一轮全球地球化学填图给予优先支持。     

Quaternary climates: a perspective for global warming

This brief review provides an Earth Science perspective on present climate change (global warming) using evidence from past ice ages with details from the Quaternary ice age. It places the present (Quaternary) ice age in the context of Earth history and outlines possible causes of ice ages and the scale and style of ice age climate. Milankovitch climate forcing is described and explained as the cause of relatively predictable climatic variations within an ice age (and at other times), and this is followed by an outline of the factors likely to be responsible for short and rapid sub-Milankovitch climate variations that are superimposed on the predictable changes. Finally the anomalous, relatively constant climate of the last 11.5 ka (Holocene) is highlighted and explained in terms of human input of greenhouse gasses into the Earth's atmosphere.     

多年冻土工程地质制图的阶梯发展

多年冻土工程地质制图是区域和历史冻土学研究的基础内容之一.多年冻土工程地质制图是根据需要和制图原则,在特定时空尺度分析多年冻土特征,以及各种自然、工程、环境要素共同影响下的多年冻土属性的量化描述.多年冻土工程地质制图所解决的科学问题从多年冻土的分布、规律和格局、冻土功能,认识不断提高.制图的内容从研究多年冻土的基本要素...     

地质流体与流体地质填图

地质流体是地质作用过程不可缺少的介质,以不同产状和表现形式广泛发育在造山带和沉积盆地的不同演化阶段,是油气和成矿物质形成、运移和定位成矿（藏）的直接载体。流体地质填图作为一种专题地质填图,是在基础地质研究程度较高的地区,为解决与流体形成、运移、聚集过程有关的地质和成矿（藏）问题而进行的地质调查和填图工作。通过对流体地质特征和表现形式的论述,认为流体填图单位应以流体活动类型（同源）和期次（同期）为划分依据,以流体野外宏观地质要素和流体地球化学要素为主要调查内容,填图范围和比例尺灵活多样,成果图应为以反映流体宏观分布特征、流体地球化学性质变化、流体动力学、流体成矿（藏）作用及其分布规律等为内容的一系列图件。流体地质填图为地质科学研究和找矿提供了创新性的地质工作方法和思路。     

地下空间GIS二次开发中的数字制图方法研究

地下空间的信息化实现与综合开发利用是21世纪城市建设的主题,也是重大工程建设的基础问题。结合东深供水改造工程地下环境信息系统开发,着重研究了自动化数值制图模块的功能设计、数据搜寻方法、柱状图自动绘制方法、任意剖面图的绘制方法等数字制图方法。在数据搜寻方法中主要强调了数据组织形式和多库协同搜寻方法;在柱状图绘制中发展了固定表格绘制、动态数据填充两种方法;而在任意剖面图的绘制中主要探讨了橡皮筋式剖面线实现方法和剖面数据计算等方法。最后,在东深供水改造工程中进行了应用,结果表明：这些方法具有自动化程度高、高效、准确等优势,并具有较好的纠错性能,对于面向工程实际问题而开发的数字制图功能的设计与实现,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

地球化学填图的历史发展（代总序）

地球化学填图的发展属于勘查地球化学家的贡献。勘查地球化学家从发展局部矿产勘查至区域性矿产勘查,再从区域性地球化学填图至全国性乃至全球性地球化学填图。论述了西方国家、苏联和中国发展地球化学填图所走的不同道路,从而预见21世纪地球化学填图的标准化、多样化及其在解决资源与环境问题方面的重大作用。     

Geochemical mapping using a geomorphologic approach based on catchments

The Extended Sample Catchment Basin (ESCB) mapping technique, discussed in this paper, can be used to display the spatial distribution of geochemical variables measured in stream sediments taking into consideration the geomorphologic settings and the hydrographic patterns of surveyed areas. This approach is based on the association of an area of statistical representativeness with each sample, and on the assumption that the concentrations measured in the stream sediments can be considered as average reference values for this area.ESCBs can be easily identified considering the position of the sampling points within the hydrographic network and using the confluences between the streams of highest rank as break points for representing changes of the geochemical background. This approach, different from the traditional geostatistical and deterministic ones, does not consider the Euclidean distance among the sampling points as a measure of geochemical similarity but only refers to their functional relationship along the streams (following the water and the sediment flow) to measure their proximity.ESCBs can be seen as a specific development of previous techniques based on catchments and proves to be especially useful for supporting land planning in a preliminary survey phase while it is not specifically suitable for the identification of point sources of geochemical anomalies.Due to the fractal nature of the hydrographic network, all the procedures can be driven in a GIS environment by using digital terrain models apart from their spatial resolution.     

Developing an integrated urban ecological efficiency framework for spatial ecological planning: A case on a tropical mega metropolitan area of the global south

Rapid urbanization has emerged as one of the most critical challenges to ecological sustainability in urban areas. In developing countries, the degradation of the ecosystem is more prominent due to the lack of urban planning. Thus, it has become urgent for researchers to identify the ecological efficiency (EE) changes imposed by urban expansion and promote sustainable land use planning. This study aims to develop a comprehensive urban ecological efficiency (UEE) framework in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India, from 2000 to 2020. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to develop a remote sensing-based UEE index (UEEI) based on five effective ecological parameters (Greenness, Dryness, Heat, Wetness and vegetation health. A single sensitivity parameter was also calculated to determine the role of a single parameter based on which management strategies can be carried out. The findings showed that (i) there were substantial deteriorations of UEE in the last 20 years. In 2000 the areas with good EE were about 65.5% which declined to 53.72% in 2010 and 20.87% in 2020. The areas with good UEE decreased 68% and 61% from 2000 to 2020 and 2010 to 2020, respectively; (ii) the areas with good UEE were 52% in 2000, while 38% in 2010. Most urban centres (Bhadreshwar, Champdani, Srirampur, Bally, Howrah, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, South Dum Dum, Rajarhat, Bidhannagar) located around the Kolkata megacity are characterized by poor and very poor EE (ranges of 0.60–1.00). Thus, spatiotemporal pattern of UEE could assist to clarify the administrative responsibilities as well as obligations. In addition to this, the UEE framework can help for scientific guidance of urban ecosystem protection and restoration through comprehensive spatial landscape planning.     

六面体单元等参逆变换的一种迭代解法

提出了六面体等参逆变换的一种迭代解法,它不仅克服了三维问题中线性迭代格式因初值不同而不能保证收敛的缺陷,而且也避免了求解高次方程,只需进行简单的迭代就可以方便求出局部坐标。     

Different responses of different altitudes surrounding Taklimankan Desert to global climate change

Chongce Ice Cap (35°14′N, 81°07′E), located in the south margin of Taklimakan Desert, West Kunlun Mts. of China was sampled by coring in 1992, and this provides us with climate proxy of high altitudes (6,530 m). Through analyzing the weather observation stations surrounding Taklimakan Desert, the climate record of Hotan station was chosen to be the representative of low altitudes. Wavelet analysis were used to investigate the climatic variations of patterns, cycles and frequencies of different altitudes from 1954 to 1992, and different responses of different altitude surrounding Taklimakan Desert to global warming were recorded: (1) coherent decline of snow accumulation rate and dust deposition of high altitude recorded in Chongce ice core; (2) coherent increase of summer half-year precipitation and SAT of Hotan; (3) consistent variation tendency between dust deposit recorded in Chongce ice core and Hotan spring sandstorm days; (4) opposite variation tendency between Hotan precipitation and Chongce ice core snow accumulation rate and consistent cycles in general. By analyzing the mechanism of different responses, the predominant factors were determined of different altitudes: (1) at the low altitude, the vapor supply is predominant, and more vapor supplying means more precipitation; (2) at the high altitude, probably the population of dust aerosols which act as cloud ice nuclei in high altitude takes advantage over the vapor supply to affect the precipitation, and so the dust aerosol population reducing results in the wet deposition being reduced, thus the dust aerosol is the predominant factor.     

Fortran IV program for grey-level mapping of spatial data

Afortran iv computer program for grey-level mapping of spatial data using a CDC 6600 is described. The program produces maps for irregularly distributed data in as many as 10 intensity levels which are displayed in grey tones by a lineprinter. Unlimited map size and unrestricted data input provide for as many as 5000 data points per 13-in.-wide strip of map. The program is easily modified for other installations. Examples are given of geochemical analyses of stream sediments in Northern Ireland.     

智绘地质——新一代智能化地质编图模式及应用

为了弥补传统数字地质编图工作量大、重复操作多、周期长、质量难保证等不足,从地质图件快速编制的业务需求出发,提出了多学科交叉的智能地质综合编图理念,构建了以"地质数据+专家知识+人工智能"为核心的智能化地质编图技术体系,研制了具有需求驱动、数据驱动、模型驱动、知识驱动等特点的地质调查综合智能编图系统——智绘地质。智绘地质以地质专家知识为全流程控制主线,有机融合地图综合、地理信息系统、数据库、可视化、人工智能、制图标准、质量控制等关键技术和方法,依托地质演化关系、各种规则库、智能算法等,模拟编图专家自动或半自动地完成大量地质要素的综合处理,打通了大中比例尺到小比例尺图件的快速缩编、基础图件编制、跨行政边界的协作编图、定制化图件开发等技术流程。智绘地质已在中国1 150万和1 250万地质图修编、区域地质图件编制、沿海城市建设影响因素图件开发等生产工作中试用,实践证明该软件至少能节省65%~75%的编图时间,减轻编图人员压力,有效提高成果数据质量。开发的两套智绘地质软件已初步投入使用,有利于开启新一代交互式智能化编图的工作模式,可为地质调查、矿产资源、生态保护、国际编图等更多领域提供技术支撑,促进编图工作的标准化、规范化。     

数字地质填图数据库资料的接收验收技术要求

自开展数字地质填图工作以来,获得了大量的数字地质填图数据库资料,但这些数据库资料的}[交目前仍没有标准规范,影响了数字填图地质资料的汇交和验收工作。本文提出了数字地质填图数据库资料的接收验收技术要求,包括数字地质填图数据库资料汇交内容、组织形式、质量要求及数据验收等几个方面的内容。本技术要求的研究和探索为地质资料汇交人和地质资料管理机构接收、验收数据填图地质资料提供了依据。     

晚新生代地质填图理论与方法的新探索

在评述中国现有地质填图（主要是中比例尺地质图）的历史、现状和问题的基础上,根据晚新生代地层的特点,以及笔者长期从事地貌、第四纪地质研究工作与填图实践积累的经验,以青藏高原及其邻区为例,提出了提高中国大比例尺地质图填图水平和加快填图工作进度的几点建议。认为认识晚新生代地层的基本特征是提高地质填图水平的基础;解译地形图和遥感图是确定晚新生代地层成因类型与分布范围的重要手段;要重视相对高度在划分晚新生代地层中的重要作用,建立填图单位的地层层序系统;强调同位素年龄测定与地层顺序判定之间的辩证关系：皇冠与皇冠上的宝石;加强青藏高原隆升、环境变迁研究与晚新生代地质填图的联系方能使二者相辅相成、相得益彰。     

Efficiency of local polynomials in contour mapping

On the basis of samples taken from a known topographic surface, the parameters of two types of linear models are estimated. The first category is defined by polynomials or trigonometric functions, whose parameters are simultaneously computed from available data. In the second category a set of local centers is defined, and in the neighborhood of each center a fixed-degree polynomial is developed. An approximative resemblance index is calculated, and contour maps corresponding to various models are compared with the topographic map. It is found that with an increasing number of grid points, maps of local polynomials are converging both in continuity and in resemblance. For a sufficient number of grid points, this resemblance is always higher than those produced by models of the first category.     

解析联合国教科文组织世界地质公园标准

2015年11月,世界地质公园正式成为联合国教科文组织的一个品牌,同时颁布了《国际地球科学和地质公园计划章程》(UNESCO,2015a)和《联合国教科文组织世界地质公园操作指南》(UNESCO,2015b),对世界地质公园的管理、组织架构、标准、申报、评估和再评估及活动等提出了明确的要求。中国是世界地质公园的创始国之一,拥有教科文组织世界地质公园的数量居各国之首。几年来的实践表明,一些地质公园和地方政府管理机构对世界地质公园的概念和标准的理解尚存在偏差,造成了工作上的被动局面。本文基于中国世界地质公园的实际状况,针对当前存在的现实问题,对教科文组织世界地质公园的标准进行解析,尤其对其范围、边界、品牌叠加等方面进行详细解读,以期对我国今后教科文组织地质公园的健康发展有所裨益。