超强地震作用下深厚覆盖层场地重力坝抗震安全研究

本文通过成层状地基地震动输入计算方法得到覆盖层边界自由场运动,采用粘弹性边界,考虑地基辐射阻尼效应及坝体和地基的接触非线性,针对强震区深厚覆盖层场地重力坝开展线性和非线性动力时程分析研究,结合需求能力比DCR评估其抗震性能。由线弹性动力时程分析可知,在运行基准地震OBE作用下,重力坝坝体应力均在允许范围内,其抗滑稳定安全系数不能满足要求;由非线性动力分析可知,在OBE和最大设计地震MDE作用下,重力坝发生较大滑动位移。通过在重力坝坝体下游坝后回填土加强重力坝抗震稳定性,结果表明,下游坝后回填土可有效减小坝体滑动位移,加强其抗震稳定性。本文针对深厚覆盖层场地重力坝开展的抗震安全研究为抗震设计提供了科学依据,为强震区深厚覆盖层场地重力坝的抗震分析提供参考。     

基于ABAQUS的粘弹性边界单元及在重力坝抗震分析中的应用

考虑了2种不同的地震输入模型,即无质量地基模型和考虑辐射阻尼的粘弹性边界模型。以大型非线性有限元程序ABAQUS为平台,采用FORTRAN语言开发了用户单元子程序VSB_UEL.for,将粘弹性边界有效地嵌入到ABAQUS中。在尽量避免求解自由场的前提下,将离散的地震荷载转化为等效结点荷载,编写的计算程序可以方便地将等效荷载施加到人工边界结点上,并通过数值算例验证了粘弹性边界单元及波动输入程序的正确性,其求解效率和计算精度均令人满意,最后将该程序应用到在建的某水电站厂房坝段的抗震分析中。结果表明,与传统的固定边界无质量地基相比,考虑了粘弹性人工边界后,坝体的动力响应峰值减小了20%~40%;在进行结构动力响应分析时,考虑无限域地基的辐射阻尼影响是很有必要的。文中的用户子程序及波动输入程序很容易扩展至三维,为同类工程的抗震分析提供了简洁、合理的计算模式。     

考虑流固耦合效应的辽宁葠窝水库溢流坝段抗震性能分析

针对辽宁葠窝水库混凝土重力坝抗震问题,采用耦合的拉格朗日-欧拉有限元分析技术,建立了可考虑库水-坝体-基岩动力耦合效应的典型溢流坝段抗震分析数值模型。模型中,采用等效一致粘弹性边界模拟基岩的人工截断边界;采用混凝土弥散裂缝本构模型模拟混凝土的动力特性。根据烈度与地震动之间的关系,确定了水库坝体抗震设计的输入加速度峰值。据此,分析了在不同季节水位变化条件下坝体地震反应的基本特性。研究表明：完好的辽宁葠窝水库混凝土重力坝溢流坝段能满足8度的抗震设防烈度要求。地震下溢流坝段峰值位移出现在胖坝和瘦坝的坝顶迎水面位置处,胖坝的动位移较瘦坝动位移大。胖坝在闸墩与溢流堰交接处出现了拉应力最大值。有库水条件下,瘦坝峰值拉应力出现在坝趾处,无库水条件下,瘦坝最大拉应力出现在溢流堰与闸墩交接处。     

基于坝体损伤及坝基稳定的重力坝动力分析及安全评价

强震区高混凝土坝的坝体强度和动力稳定是关系大坝抗震安全最为重要的两个因素。为了全面研究地震作用下的混凝土坝的抗震安全,采用混凝土塑性损伤及动力接触模型来分析模拟地震中坝体的损伤及坝基滑裂面的破坏、张开、滑移的全过程。通过构建坝体—基岩三维有限元非线性动力接触模型综合分析震后坝体损伤区域分布、坝基滑移面的接触状态及塑性区的动态分布,避免了采用单一判据的评价的局限性。以某重力坝为例,采用超载法进行大坝动力损伤及动力稳定性进行计算并对大坝的抗震安全进行评价,得到大坝的超载安全系数。工程算例表明：该方法可以全面的评价地震过程中大坝的坝体损伤和稳定性并能够考虑其相互影响,为混凝土坝抗震安全评价提供了新的途径。     

混凝土重力坝FRP片材表面加固抗震性能研究

如何提高混凝土重力坝薄弱位置的抗震性能是国内外大坝抗震研究的热点问题。本文基于等价静力非线性方法,采用考虑混凝土细观非均匀特性的混凝土损伤模型,研究FRP片材表面加固大坝薄弱位置的抗震有效性。以2座不同形态的混凝土重力坝A、B为例,分别进行坝踵FRP片材表面加固研究和折坡处FRP片材表面加固研究,分析加固前后坝体的应力状态、裂缝扩展情况和破坏形态。数值模拟结果表明：坝踵处采用FRP片材加固可以很好地增强坝体的抗震性能,有效地抑制裂缝的产生和发展;折坡处采用FRP片材加固在一定程度上可以提高坝体的抗震性能,下游坝身加固与否对提高大坝的抗震性能影响不大。     

基于UPFs的珊瑚岛礁场地地震反应分析方法研究

合理且高效地模拟珊瑚砂非线性动力特性、远场无限地基辐射阻尼以及海域岛礁动水压力的影响是进行珊瑚岛礁抗震安全分析的关键技术问题.以通用有限元软件ANSYS为研究工具,基于UPFs二次开发灵活性的特点,建立了适用于珊瑚砂地基条件下的岛礁场地地震反应分析时域计算模型.通过创建一种新的珊瑚砂等价线性单元描述岛礁场地的非线性动力...     

考虑桩-土-结构动力相互作用的土质地基条件下核岛厂房地震响应分析

在有限元框架内以全耦合方式考虑群桩效应的影响,引入粘性人工边界模拟无限地基辐射阻尼效应,并采用等效线性法模拟地基非线性特征,建立了嵌岩桩-土-结构动力相互作用计算模型;基于此模型,以CPR1000核岛厂房结构为研究对象,综合对比分析原状土质地基条件下和嵌岩桩处理地基条件下核电厂房地震响应。研究结果可为类似地基条件下核岛厂房的抗震设计提供参考。     

某沿海软土地区核电厂核岛天然地基及桩基抗震承载力分析

针对我国核岛厂房建设尚没有采用桩基础的现状,以某拟建核电厂嵌岩桩加固后的软土地基为研究对象,采用滑面应力法确定地基天然承载力,采用等效线性法描述近场地基非线性特征,粘性人工边界模拟辐射阻尼效应及考虑桩土效应影响的节点耦合,建立了桩-土-结构动力相互作用模型,并通过有限元分析计算得到静力、地震作用下桩体内力分布,给出满足抗震承载力要求的配筋方案。研究结果可为类似条件下的核岛厂房软土地基处理方案的抗震设计提供借鉴与参考。     

不同地基条件对泳池式反应堆结构地震响应的影响

泳池式反应堆(简称泳池堆)是环境友好型的新型供热源,不同地基条件下反应堆厂房结构的地震响应是进行抗震设计的关键技术参考。以某堆型泳池式反应堆厂房为研究对象,基于ANSYS软件及UPFs的二次开发特点,建立考虑液晃效应的泳池堆-地基三维动力相互作用模型,其中,通过创建黏弹性边界单元来考虑散射波的能量耗散,采用Housner等效力学模型模拟动液压效应,从而开展不同地基对泳池堆厂房结构地震响应的影响分析。分析结果表明：当地基土的坚硬度、刚度逐渐减小时,泳池堆的地震响应变化明显,特别是由岩性地基逐渐变为土质地基时,结构的主应力和层间位移角逐渐增大,而加速度反应谱则逐渐减小。研究成果可为不同型号泳池堆的抗震设计提供有益的参考。     

复杂地基条件下桩-土-核岛结构相互作用模型研究

合理有效地模拟桩-土-结构动力相互作用是软土地基条件下核岛厂房结构抗震适应性分析及地基处理的关键环节。以某拟建核岛厂房实际工程为研究背景,结合SuperFLUSH软件平台,以Goodman单元模拟桩与桩周土间的接触效应,采用等价线性法描述近场软土地基非线性特性,并在模型底部和侧面引入黏性边界模拟半无限地基辐射阻尼效应,从而建立土质地基条件下桩-土-核岛结构相互作用分析模型。进而,通过对原状地基和嵌岩桩处理地基条件下核岛厂房的楼层反应谱、结构节点相对位移（绝对值）的对比分析,探讨考虑桩-土间接触效应的嵌岩桩基对核岛厂房结构的影响规律。研究成果可为实际工程中类似土质地基条件下核岛厂房结构的地基处理提供参考。     

地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响

为研究地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响,根据地震波动入射理论,采用FORTRAN进行波动荷载的编程计算,并与大型通用有限元软件ADINA相结合,实现基于黏弹性人工边界的地震波斜入射,研究P波和SV波分别以不同角度入射对高面板堆石坝地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震波斜入射时大坝地震动反应与垂直入射时明显不同,常规垂直入射的结果偏于不安全,因此在高面板坝地震反应分析和抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

SV波斜入射下混凝土重力坝易损性分析

易损性分析是评估不同强度地震作用下混凝土重力坝各级破坏概率的有效方法。目前重力坝易损性分析通常假定地震波为垂直入射,然而在近断层区域,地震波往往是倾斜入射的,地震波斜入射对重力坝地震响应有显著影响。从太平洋地震工程研究中心数据库选取16条地震动记录,采用黏弹性人工边界结合等效节点荷载实现SV波斜入射波动输入。采用增量动力分析方法对地震动峰值加速度进行调幅,以印度Koyna混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以坝顶相对位移为抗震性能指标,建立SV波斜入射下重力坝不同震损等级的易损性曲线。结果表明,与垂直入射相比,相同震损等级和相同地震动强度下,斜入射时重力坝破坏概率减小;当PGA接近重力坝实际遭受的地震动强度时,入射角为15°和30°时破坏概率与垂直入射相比最大减小率分别为27.3%和68.2%;各地震强度下,15°和30°斜入射相对于垂直入射的破坏概率差异值最大分别达36.6%、83.9%。因此,混凝土重力坝抗震性能分析应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。研究结果也可为近断层区域混凝土重力坝安全风险评估提供参考。     

Parallel computation of seismic analysis of high arch dam

Parallel computation programs are developed for three-dimensional meso-mechanics analysis of fully-graded dam concrete and seismic response analysis of high arch dams （ADs）, based on the Parallel Finite Element Program Generator （PFEPG）. The computational algorithms of the numerical simulation of the meso-structure of concrete specimens were studied. Taking into account damage evolution, static preload, strain rate effect, and the heterogeneity of the meso-structure of dam concrete, the fracture processes of damage evolution and configuration of the cracks can be directly simulated. In the seismic response analysis of ADs, all the following factors are involved, such as the nonlinear contact due to the opening and slipping of the contraction joints, energy dispersion of the far-field foundation, dynamic interactions of the dam-foundation- reservoir system, and the combining effects of seismic action with all static loads. The correctness, reliability and efficiency of the two parallel computational programs are verified with practical illustrations.     

基于IDA的金安桥混凝土重力坝潜在失效模式研究

为了研究混凝土重力坝在地震动荷载作用下的潜在失效模式,以金安桥碾压混凝土重力坝5号非溢流坝段为例,运用粘弹性边界法和流固耦合法建立了反映重力坝在地震动作用下动力响应特征的坝体-地基-库水抗震分析模型。基于增量动力分析（IDA）法:绘制了以相对位移转角为x轴（损伤指标,DM）和峰值地面加速度为y轴（强度指标,IM）的IDA曲线簇;分析了金安桥大坝在极端荷载作用下的潜在失效模式和其在不同峰值地面加速度下重力坝的损伤破坏过程。结果表明:金安桥大坝在地震动荷载作用下,可能发生功能失效的地方多出现在坝体折坡处、碾压分区交界处、坝踵与坝基交界处、廊道顶等应力集中处。因此,加强对这些区域的抗震防护有利于提高大坝整体的抗震水平。     

极限安全地震动下考虑土-结构相互作用的核电站安全壳响应分析

根据黏弹性人工边界的基本原理,结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS和MATLAB辅助程序,在地基有限区域上添加黏弹性人工边界并实现极限安全地震动的输入。基于ABAQUS软件平台,对CPR1000安全壳构建了土-结构相互作用体系的数值模拟模型,分析其在极限地震动下的动力响应,并将计算结果与考虑刚性基础的安全壳结构响应数据进行对比。结果表明:核电站CPR1000安全壳结构在极限安全地震动下仍能保持良好的密闭性。考虑土-结构相互作用后分析所得安全壳结构受到的应力、加速度峰值和相对位移均有所增大,使用刚性地基模型要偏于危险。     

Two-dimensional dynamic analysis of concrete gravity and embankment dams including hydrodynamic effects

An analysis procedure in the frequency domain is developed for determining the earthquake response of two-dimensional concrete gravity and embankment dams including hydrodynamic effects; responses of the elastic dams and compressible water are assumed linear. The dam and fluid domain are treated as substructures and modelled with finite elements. The only geometric restriction is that an infinite fluid domain must maintain a constant depth beyond some point in the upstream direction. For such an infinite uniform region, a finite element discretization over the depth is combined with a continuum representation in the upstream direction. The fluid domain model approximately accounts for interaction between the fluid and underlying foundation medium through a damping boundary condition applied along the reservoir bottom, while the dam foundation is assumed rigid. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the fluid domain model and to illustrate dam responses obtained from the analysis procedure.     

Seismic analysis of dam-foundation-reservoir system including the effects of foundation mass and radiation damping

One of the main concerns in using commercial software for finite element analyses of dam-foundation-reservoir systems is that the simplifying assumptions of the massless foundation are unreliable. In this study, an appropriate direct finite element method is introduced for simulating the mass, radiation damping and wave propagation effect in foundations of damfoundation-reservoir systems using commercial software ABAQUS. The free-field boundary condition is used for modeling the semi-infinite foundation and radiation damping, which is not a built-in boundary condition in most of the available commercial software for finite element analysis of structures such as ANSYS or ABAQUS and thus needs to be implemented differently. The different mechanism for modeling of the foundation, earthquake input and far-field boundary condition is described. Implementation of the free-field boundary condition in finite element software is verified by comparing it with analytical results. To investigation the feasibility of the proposed method in dam-foundation-reservoir system analysis, a series of analyses is accomplished in a variety of cases and the obtained results are compared with the substructure method by using the EAGD-84 program. Finally, the massed and massless foundation results are compared and it is concluded that the massless foundation approach leads to the overestimation of the displacements and stresses within the dam body.     

Earthquake safety assessment of concrete arch and gravity dams

Based on research studies currently being carried out at Dalian University of Technology, some important aspects for the earthquake safety assessment of concrete dams are reviewed and discussed. First, the rate-dependent behavior of concrete subjected to earthquake loading is examined, emphasizing the properties of concrete under cyclic and biaxial loading conditions. Second, a modified four-parameter Hsieh-Ting-Chen viscoplastic consistency model is developed to simulate the rate-dependent behavior of concrete. The earthquake response of a 278m high arch dam is analyzed, and the results show that the strain-rate effects become noticeable in the inelastic range. Third, a more accurate non-smooth Newton algorithm for the solution of three-dimensional frictional contact problems is developed to study the joint opening effects of arch dams during strong earthquakes. Such effects on two nearly 300m high arch dams have been studied. It was found that the canyon shape has great influence on the magnitude and distribution of the joint opening along the dam axis. Fourth, the scaled boundary finite element method presented by Song and Wolf is employed to study the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction effects of concrete dams. Particular emphases were placed on the variation of foundation stiffness and the anisotropic behavior of the foundation material on the dynamic response of concrete dams. Finally, nonlinear modeling of concrete to study the damage evolution of concrete dams during strong earthquakes is discussed. An elastic-damage mechanics approach for damage prediction of concrete gravity dams is described as an example. These findings are helpful in understanding the dynamic behavior of concrete dams and promoting the improvement of seismic safety assessment methods.     

Investigation of damping in arch dam-water-foundation rock system of Mauvoisin arch dam

The overall damping of linear arch dam-water-foundation rock systems depends on the material damping of dam concrete, the material and radiation damping of semi-unbounded foundation rock, and the dam-water interaction. In this paper, the effective damping ratio of these factors is separately evaluated for Mauvoisin arch dam in Switzerland to quantitatively discuss their contributions, and to guide the damping selection in the numerical analysis. This paper also aims to investigate if the material and radiation damping of the foundation rock can be replaced by increasing the material damping of the dam to simplify numerical analysis models. The seismic responses of Mauvoisin arch dam are analyzed using the semi-unbounded and massless foundation models, respectively. The results show that the overall effective damping ratio of the system can be approximately expressed as the summation of the individual effective damping and thus the increased material damping of the dam can approximate the material and radiation damping of the semi-unbounded foundation rock.