竖向循环荷载作用下砂土中单桩承载特性模型试验研究

采用自主设计的竖向循环加载装置,通过室内模型试验研究竖向循环荷载作用下砂土中单桩承载特性和桩周土体变形机制。根据试验结果,桩体累积位移可以划分为不发展区域、渐变发展区域、破坏区域3种区域;滞回曲线的滞回圈包络面积随着循环次数的增加,呈现逐渐减小的趋势,滞回曲线由不闭合发展为闭合曲线,桩周土体由弹塑性变形逐渐转变为弹性变形。采用粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry,简称PIV）技术对循环荷载作用下桩周土体变形进行实时量测,得到桩周土体完整的位移场和剪切应变场。结果表明：循环周期、幅值和密实度为桩周土体变形的主要影响因素,随着循环周期的增加,剪切破坏带在接近土体表面处呈现内敛趋势,剪切破坏面最终近乎平行于桩-土界面。循环荷载幅值越大,表层土体在循环荷载作用下越趋于密实,侧向土压力增大,位移影响区域减小,对应剪切应变场呈现“耳”状分布,幅值比循环周期更容易导致桩周土体出现沉陷。不同砂土密实度中的桩体累积位移随着循环周期呈现出不同的特征,松砂状态下桩周土体位移场呈现倒截锥形,密砂则呈现圆柱形。     

砂土中大直径单桩水平循环加载模型试验研究

采用电机伺服水平循环加载设备开展了一系列1g模型试验,研究砂土中大直径单桩在水平循环荷载作用下的刚度和变形累积特性。试验结果表明,一次加卸载产生的残余位移约为峰值位移的80%;随着循环次数的增加,循环加载滞回曲线面积逐渐减小,表明桩周土体行为从弹塑性向弹性阶段转变;滞回曲线割线刚度随着循环次数的增加,呈现先增后减的变化,为浅层桩周土体逐渐密实以及桩周土体抵抗由浅层向深层发展的趋势引起;桩顶累积位移随桩径增加而近似等幅减小,随埋深增加,位移的减小幅度也逐渐减小,表明了临界埋深的存在。在指数模型的基础上,在双对数坐标系中通过线性拟合给出了循环累积位移经验模型,发现增大桩径对于减小循环累积位移的效果要好于埋深。     

循环荷载作用下单桩动力模型试验与桩−土界面特性研究

通过开展红黏土中单桩轴向循环振动模型试验,研究不同循环荷载比和加载频率对桩长期动力特性的影响,从桩侧土剪切刚度和侧阻退化两方面出发,对循环荷载作用下桩顶累积沉降机制进行分析。在FLAC3D中,实现能够反映剪切刚度疲劳退化的修正Hardin-Drnevich（H-D）模型,并对常法向刚度（CNS）循环剪切下侧阻退化进行数值模拟。试验发现,循环荷载幅值是桩顶累积沉降变化的重要影响因素;桩顶动刚度在加载初期要先经历一个迅速降低的短暂过渡阶段,之后则不随振次的增加而改变;桩身振动在桩周土中引起的超孔压较小,有效应力的降低不足于使侧阻力发生较大程度的退化;随着加载速度的增大,桩顶动刚度和加速度均随之增大。采用修正H-D模型得到的理论滞回曲线与数值结果基本吻合,验证了程序编制的正确性。     

循环荷载下重塑弱膨胀土滞回曲线形态特征定量研究

以重塑弱膨胀土为研究对象,利用GDS动静态真三轴仪采用分级、单级加载方式对土体进行循环动荷载试验,研究不同围压、频率、固结应力比下土体滞回曲线演化规律。采用滞回曲线形态特征(包围的面积S、长轴斜率k、相邻滞回曲线中心间距d及不闭合程度ε_p)对土体滞回曲线进行定量描述。试验结果表明:膨胀土滞回曲线的S、d、ε_p随动应力幅值增大呈非线性增大,随围压、频率、固结应力比的增大而减小;k随动应力幅值的增大呈对数关系衰减,随围压、频率、固结应力比的增加而增大;单级循环荷载下膨胀土滞回曲线ε_p、d、S均随振次的增加呈非线性衰减,出现循环蠕变现象,分级加载历史对膨胀土滞回曲线的影响较小。     

斜坡桩水平循环特性模型试验及有限杆单元解

为了揭示斜坡效应和循环弱化效应共同影响下的斜坡桩水平循环特性,进行了不同循环次数、荷载幅值及坡度下的单向水平循环加载试验,并将水平静载试验作为对照,揭示了桩顶位移、桩身弯矩及地基反力等变化规律。综合考虑二阶效应及桩-土相互作用的影响,对单元刚度矩阵进行了改进,提出了有限杆单元解。将理论预测曲线等与实测曲线及幂级数法计算结果进行了对比,验证了有限杆单元解的合理性。结果表明：桩身弯矩及位移均随循环次数非线性增加,最大弯矩位置逐渐从无量纲深度z_α=1.25下移到z_α=1.75;桩顶无量纲位移y0,α与循环次数n之间的关系符合幂函数y0,α=An0.11;当荷载幅值由20 N增加到40 N时,最大无量纲弯矩由0.010增加到0.029,位置均保持在z_α=1.7附近;当坡度由30°增加到60°时,最大无量纲弯矩由0.011(z_α=1)增加到0.025(z_α=2.5)。     

能源桩与周围土体之间荷载传递模型的改进及其桩身承载特性研究

桩-土相互作用问题是岩土工程桩基础问题的关键点与难点,目前针对桩身在循环温度荷载与上覆结构荷载双重作用下的能源桩承载特性研究较少。在传统理想弹塑性模型及双曲线模型的基础上,采用分段非线性的方法对桩-土荷载传递骨干曲线进行了修正,并基于Masing’s循环准则,提出了适用于能源桩的桩-土荷载传递模型。利用改进的桩-土荷载传递模型对能源桩承载特性进行数值分析,着重研究了桩-土荷载传递参数比R对能源桩受力情况的影响。此外,为了探究在上覆结构荷载及循环温度荷载双重作用下,能源桩与周围土体之间的真实荷载传递关系及其结构热力学特性,开展了针对能源桩与周围土体之间相互作用问题的室内模型试验,监测了其桩身轴向应力及侧摩阻力随温度及深度变化的趋势,并与基于改进荷载传递模型的数值计算结果进行了对比。室内模型试验监测及数值计算结果显示：能源桩在上覆结构荷载及温度循环荷载双重作用下,其受力行为受改进的桩-土荷载传递循环曲线控制;基于改进的桩-土荷载传递循环曲线而建立的数值模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,改进的桩-土荷载传递模型能够较好发地反映能源桩实际的承载特性。     

双排微型桩加固碎石土滑坡物理模型试验研究

通过3组不同桩间距下双排微型桩加固碎石土滑坡室内模型试验,研究微型桩受力变形特性和滑坡推力传递规律。试验结果表明:双排微型桩承受的滑坡推力主要集中在滑面以上1/3桩身范围内,桩身最大弯矩位于滑面附近,且桩群均以第一排桩达到其弹性受力极限而失效;桩间距为5d时,微型桩群对桩间土的遮蔽阻挡效果最好,桩群能承受的滑坡推力最大,且桩顶位移最小,滑坡推力在排桩间分布最合理,其传递系数α在（0.5,0.7）间取值。     

滑坡防治独立微型桩性状的大型物理模型试验研究

通过进行独立微型桩与滑坡相互作用的大型物理模型试验,采用土压力盒、位移计和应变片等测试手段,研究滑坡作用下独立微型桩的受力情况、变形破坏模式及弯矩分布规律等。试验结果表明:独立微型桩的破坏部位位于滑面附近,破坏模式为弯曲与剪切相结合的破坏;滑面上下各15倍桩径的范围内桩土相互作用较明显,此范围外的桩身与周围土体基本共同变形;独立微型桩发生破坏时的桩顶位移量约为1/4倍桩径,且破坏后的微型桩依然有抗滑能力,主要由桩身配筋的拉力提供;独立微型桩的桩身弯矩分布形式不同于普通抗滑桩,弯矩主要分布在滑面附近,且受荷段承受反弯矩。     

倾斜荷载下群桩承载特性理论分析

倾斜荷载是海洋、输变线塔等桩基工程的最主要荷载形式之一。然而现行规范中有关该问题的计算方法相对并不成熟。将桩身划分为自由段和嵌固段,建立桩基单元体的挠曲微分方程;基于群桩p-y曲线法计算水平荷载下群桩承载特性;考虑桩-土相对滑移和竖向力引起的二阶弯矩(P-(35))效应,基于剪切位移法计算竖向荷载下桩-土相互作用;编制相应程序,以迭代法计算获得荷载-位移曲线、桩身弯矩分布规律曲线等。分析验证了所建立的理论计算方法的准确性和可靠性。相关研究成果拓展了工程设计中倾斜荷载作用下桩基承载特性计算方法,为工程设计与计算提供参考依据。     

山区天然气管道—滑坡体系下花管微型桩与螺纹微型桩支护性能对比试验

山区天然气管道工程难免会遭遇滑坡等地质灾害的影响,这给穿越滑坡区域的沿线管道的安全运营造成严重威胁。文章以中贵天然气管道K558+700滑坡为工程背景,通过室内大型物理模型试验,研究对比花管微型桩与螺纹微型桩两种新型支挡结构在管道滑坡中的支护机理及适用性。试验表明：（1）花管微型桩山侧及河侧峰值土压力沿桩深分布形式基本相似,大体呈“S”曲线形,桩后土体土拱效应明显,且在各级荷载下分布形式大致保持一致,总体来说花管桩侧土压力分布规律为桩中最大,桩顶次之,桩底最小;滑带附近的桩体周围土压力较大,在抗滑桩设计工作中应重点考虑优化。（2）螺纹桩山侧峰值土压力沿桩深分布图大体呈双“S”曲线形,河侧峰值土压力相比山侧分布形式产生了较大差异,桩底的土压力相比山侧有很大幅度减小;随外部荷载的增加桩周土压力增加幅度较大,表明螺纹微型桩在横向承载性能方面有所欠缺。（3）花管桩桩身弯矩沿深度方向呈“M”形分布,桩身离模拟滑面以上5 cm位置处产生最大正弯矩;螺纹桩桩身弯矩分布沿深度方向呈“S”形,桩体正负弯矩位置在模拟滑面附近大致呈旋转对称分布,滑面以上大部分区段为负弯矩,滑面以下为正弯矩;在相同推力荷载工...     

Analytical solution for micropile design under tension and compression

Micropiles are being increasingly utilized in foundation rehabilitation and seismic retrofitting projects. The function of the micropiles in these projects is to enhance the foundation ultimate capacity as well as reduce foundation deflection. This paper focuses on an analytical model for micropile load-displacement behavior subjected to compressive as well as tensile loading. The soil-micropile interaction is considered explicitly in the model development. Furthermore, to keep the model simple and accessible to designers, the micropile-soil interface is assumed to be linearly elastic-perfectly plastic and homogeneous with depth. Closed form expressions of micropile deformation as a function of applied load are presented. These expressions are used to study the effect of model parameters on micropile yield behavior. Micropile strain distribution and the load transfer behavior calculated by the model are discussed. The model calculations are compared with the field measured load-displacement curves. The measured micropile load-displacement data available in the literature are analyzed to evaluate the model parameters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An elastoplastic model for the analysis of a driven pile extended with a micropile

An elastoplastic model for the analysis of a driven pile extended at the bottom with a micropile under axial load is presented. The model is an extension of the integral equation method of Poulos and Davis. The finite-difference scheme used to obtain the pile displacements is reformulated to take into account the discontinuity in the stress distribution at the joint between pile and micropile. The results obtained with the proposed method are compared with the outcomes of a more sophisticated finite element simulation, and also with data from full-scale load tests. Reasonably good agreement is obtained in both cases.     

Analysis of the shape effect on the axial performance of a waveform micropile by centrifuge model tests

A new type of micropile, the waveform micropile, has been developed to provide improved load-bearing capacity compared with that of a conventional micropile. The waveform micropile has a wave-shaped grout with a partially enlarged shear key formed by the jet grouting method on the cylindrical shaft of the micropile. Previous research has determined that the waveform micropile can be installed faster than the conventional micropile and that the bearing capacity increases as the wave-shaped grout provides additional shaft resistance between the ground and the grout. In this study, a series of centrifuge model tests were conducted on the waveform micropile model with various wave-shaped grouts to analyze the relationship between the arrangement of the shear key and the load-bearing mechanism of the waveform micropile. The load–settlement relationship and the load-transfer mechanism were analyzed based on the test results of six test micropiles, including three waveform micropiles with a single shear key at various depths, one waveform micropile with a multiple shear key along the pile depth, and two micropiles with only a cylindrical shape. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the waveform micropile was over two times greater than that of the conventional micropile. The rate of increase in the bearing capacities of each waveform micropile differed with the shape of the shear key. Furthermore, the characteristics of the load-sharing ratio due to the shaft resistance and end bearing varied depending on the shape of the waveform micropiles.

     

微型桩单桩加固滑坡体的模型试验研究

通过开展滑坡基本参数试验和微型桩加固滑坡体的模型试验,研究微型桩单桩加固滑坡体的承载机理、受力情况及破坏模式。结果表明:微型桩可有效提高滑坡的稳定系数,采用微型桩加固滑坡后,可将滑坡的稳定系数由0.96提高至1.35;微型桩所受的滑坡推力呈上小下大的三角形分布,滑床抗力呈上大下小的三角形分布,且随加载量的增加合力作用点逐渐向滑面靠近;微型桩于滑面附近发生破坏,其破坏模式可判断为弯剪破坏。     

柔性微型桩水平承载力数值模拟

针对微型桩水平载荷的现场测试和原位试验相对困难,对其开展的研究很少,其荷载传递性状、受力特征等尚不能完全确定的问题,运用有限元软件ABAQUS对现场柔性微型桩（桩长与桩径之比一般大于50左右）试验进行数值模拟。数值分析结果和现场实测结果基本一致,说明模拟中的参数是有效并正确的,基本上能反映现场的实际情况。通过有限元模拟,探讨了微型桩在水平载荷作用下的工作性能,分析了微型桩的各个参数对其水平承载力的影响,给出了桩长、桩径、桩身弹性模量的合理取值,研究结果表明：较大的桩径、较高的土体摩擦角对提高柔性微型桩水平承载力有显著作用     

Field loading tests of screw micropiles under axial cyclic and monotonic loads

Unlike conventional grouted micropiles, screw micropiles have been recently introduced to the foundation industry. Full-scale field tests of screw micropiles were carried out at a cohesive soil site. The screw micropiles have a diameter varying from 76 to 114 mm and a length varying from 1.6 to 3 m, and spiral threads welded on the lower half of the steel tubular shaft. Site investigation from cone penetration tests (CPT) and laboratory testing implies that the soil was medium to stiff, low plasticity clay. Six axial monotonic and three axial cyclic load tests were performed on three micropiles. One micropile was instrumented with strain gauges to investigate the shaft load distribution during loading. The axial cyclic loading was intended to simulate cyclic inertia load during vertical ground motions. Results showed that the micropiles behave as frictional piles during monotonic tests; the unit shaft resistance and adhesion coefficient were calculated and compared with results in the literature. The end installation torque was estimated using CPT shaft resistance and was shown to agree reasonably with the measured torque. Under axial cyclic loading, the micropiles underwent small cumulative displacements and the magnitude of the displacement decreased with increasing pile length and diameter. Cyclic loading redistributed the load transfer along different segments of the micropile. Negative skin resistance was observed along the smooth pile shaft when the pile underwent decreasing axial loading.

     

静压钢管注浆微型桩抗压与抗拔对比试验研究

通过现场桩基承载力试验,对静压钢管注浆微型桩抗压与抗拔性能进行了对比分析。基于实测Q-s曲线,研究压力注浆工艺及注浆体积比对微型桩抗压极限承载力、抗拔极限承载力以及极限侧阻力的影响,分析注浆微型桩的桩土作用机理,对微型桩抗拔极限状态进行讨论,建议微型桩设计抗拔系数 极限抗拔位移。研究结果表明,软土地基中静压钢管注浆微型桩较未注浆钢管微型桩,桩基极限承载力提高显著,桩基抗拔性能良好。     

An experimental study on static and dynamic bending behaviour of piles in soft clay

Static and dynamic lateral load tests were carried out on model aluminium single piles embedded in soft clay to study its bending behaviour. Model aluminium piles with length to diameter ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 were used. Static lateral load tests were conducted on piles by rope and pulley arrangement upto failure and load–deflection curves were obtained. Dynamic lateral load tests were carried out for different magnitudes of load ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a Data Acquisition System. Safe static lateral load capacity for all piles is interpreted from load–deflection curves. Dynamic characteristics of the soil–pile system were arrived from the acquired experimental data. The soil–pile system behaves predominantly in nonlinear fashion even at low frequency under dynamic load. The displacement amplitude under dynamic load is magnified by 4.5–6.5 times the static deflection for all piles embedded in soft clay. But, the peak magnification factor reduces with an increase in the magnitude of lateral load mainly because of increase of hysteretic damping at very soft consistency. The maximum BM occurs at the fundamental frequency of the soil–pile system. Even the lower part of the pile affects the pile head response to the inertial load applied at the pile head. The maximum dynamic BM is magnified by about 1.5 times the maximum static BM for model piles in tested consistency of clay. The maximum dynamic BM occurs at a depth of about 1.5 times the depth of maximum static BM for model piles, which indicates an increase of active pile length under dynamic load.