风积沙地基装配式偏心基础抗拔试验研究

在毛乌素沙漠中开展装配式偏心基础在上拔、上拔+水平力组合荷载作用下的现场试验研究。根据试验加载过程中监测的基础顶部位移、地表竖向位移及基础底板土压力数据,分析基础顶部的荷载-位移特性,研究装配式偏心基础的抗拔承载机制。结果表明,（1）在上拔、上拔和水平力组合作用下,基础顶部上拔和水平位移曲线均呈二阶段的承载特性;（2）当仅受上拔荷载作用时,基础偏心引起的附加弯矩,使得基础底板产生偏转,基础及底板上覆部分沙土自重抵抗上拔荷载,而在上拔和水平力组合荷载工况下,基础偏心引起的附加弯矩小,与上拔荷载工况相比,基础极限抗拔承载力提高8.7％,即在组合荷载工况下装配式偏心基础能够发挥更多的沙土来抵抗上拔荷载;（3）根据装配式偏心基础的抗拔承载机制,引入外荷载合力作用线与支架作用线之间的夹角δ来反映水平荷载对装配式基础抗拔破坏因子的影响,其影响规律为装配式基础的抗拔破坏因子随δ增加而降低。     

输电线路装配式基础下压计算时底面积取值研究

输电线路混凝土板条与角钢支架组合的装配式基础已在工程中得到应用,由于底板板条间存在空隙,基础在下压计算时底板面积取值尚不明确。通过地基土极限承载力理论分析,相邻板条间存在土拱效应,可将整个底板下的浅层土体近似等效为刚性体共同抵抗下压荷载。不同板条间距的现场试验表明,板条间距变化对荷载位移曲线基本无影响,板条下与空隙处的土压力差值在3倍底板宽度埋深时差距较小,在5倍底板宽度埋深时差别可忽略,且由于应力扩散作用板条间距变化对深层土压力无影响。根据理论研究与现场试验成果,建议装配式基础在下压计算时底板计算原则应按照底板板条包围的整体面积进行计算。     

插入式基础真型抗拔试验研究

对一种新型杆塔基础--插入式基础进行了大量抗拔室内真型试验,分析了影响插入式基础抗拔极限承载力的各种因素。试验结果表明：角钢在发生屈服前,角钢与混凝土间的拉拔力与角钢的种类无关,荷载-相对位移曲线几乎重合;而一旦角钢发生屈服,由于抗拉屈服强度的不同,角钢的种类对抗拔极限承载力的影响将很大;角钢的抗拔力随着角钢埋入长度的加大而增加;混凝土强度越高,埋入角钢间的摩擦力越大,则抗拔极限承载力越大;配筋率对埋入角钢的抗拔极限承载力影响不大。     

中密风积沙地层金属装配式基础抗拔模型试验与承载力改进计算方法

金属装配式基础因施工方便与综合造价低而被越来越多地应用于风积沙地区输电线路基础工程。针对中密风积沙开展全模和半模抗拔模型试验,研究了不同深宽比下基础的上拔荷载-位移特性和抗拔破坏模式。结果表明,抗拔荷载-位移关系曲线随着基础深宽比λ变化而改变。当λ=1.0时,曲线呈缓变型;当λ=2.0～5.0时,曲线呈软化型。随着λ的增大,抗拔拔承载力随之增大。在加载过程中,地表以基础顶部为中心逐渐形成近似为圆形的隆起区域,隆起程度随着上拔位移增大而不断增加,最终形成整体破坏,此时滑动面贯穿地表;通过半模试验观测的上拔土体滑动面子午线可用直线方程近似描述,且抗拔角随着λ的增大而减小。根据上述试验结果,基于Veesaert滑动面摩擦强度理论和极限平衡原理,提出了金属装配式基础的抗拔承载力改进计算方法,计算结果相较于土重法和剪切法更接近试验值,且离散程度更小。     

黄土地基掏挖扩底基础抗拔试验研究

随着西部电网建设的发展,越来越多的架空输电线路需经过黄土地区。输电线路杆塔基础抗拔能力通常是其设计控制条件。掏挖扩底基础因具有较好的抗拔承载性能而在黄土地区输电线路工程中得到广泛应用。根据甘肃黄土地区2个试验场地12个掏挖扩底基础实测上拔荷载位-移曲线,分别采用Chin双曲线模型以及初始直线斜率法、双直线交点法和L1-L2方法确定了基础抗拔极限承载力及其对应位移,得到了抗拔基础归一化荷载-位移曲线,采用归一化荷载-位移双曲线模型对试验结果进行拟合,给出了不同保证概率下基础荷载-位移预测曲线。结果表明：初始直线斜率法得到的承载力最小,双直线交点法次之,Chin数学模型法最大,宜采用L1-L2方法确定黄土地基掏挖扩底基础抗拔承载性能;荷载-位移曲线归一化处理可显著减小实测荷载-位移曲线的离散性,按双曲线拟合参数a、b均值确定的归一化荷载-位移曲线代表了试验平均值,而试验荷载-位移曲线刚度远大于95％保证概率的预测曲线。     

上拔扩底基础与地基土体承载特性差异性分析

工程中多采用基础上拔静载试验中基础顶部荷载-位移曲线获取基础的承载力,忽略了基础周围土体的变形破坏过程,而实际工程中均是基础周围地基土体发生破坏。为研究扩底基础与其周围土体在抗拔承载特性方面的差异,以黄土地基中的9个扩底基础为研究对象,通过现场全尺寸基础的上拔静载试验,分别获得基础顶部与地表的上拔荷载-位移曲线,并进一步对基顶与地表处的荷载-位移曲线变化特征、抗拔承载力取值进行对比分析。结果表明,两处的荷载-位移曲线变化特征相似,相同上拔荷载作用下地表处的位移量均小于基础处位移量,差异以初始弹性阶段变形最为突出;两者在弹性极限荷载QL1取值方面,相差较大,但随着地基基础由弹性向塑性发展,差异逐渐减小,两者塑性极限荷载QL2取值基本相同。结合上拔扩底基础的破坏模式,分析出上述差异主要由于基础与周围土体之间变形不协调所致,加载初期基础顶部的上拔位移包括基础拔出量和上部土体压缩量,当上部土体压密后压缩变形消失,地基基础成为一个整体,上拔基础与周围土体的变形趋于协调。     

风积沙地基斜柱基础上拔水平力组合荷载试验

对不同埋深、不同底板宽度和不同露头高度的风积沙地基斜柱式扩展基础,在上拔与水平力组合荷载作用下的承载变形特性、基础底板与风积沙地基之间的接触压力变化规律开展现场试验研究。结果表明,由于风积沙地基的散体结构特性,上拔与水平力组合荷载作用下斜柱式扩展基础的强度机理可概括为：风积沙地基被压缩挤密－塑性区出现和发展－整体上拔破坏的渐进破坏过程,地基破裂面具有不对称性。水平荷载大小、深宽比及嵌固程度是决定斜柱式扩展基础抗拔承载力的重要因素,增加基础深宽比及嵌固程度可有效提高基础稳定性。     

沙漠地区风积沙地基输电线路装配式基础真型试验研究

沙漠风积沙地基输电线路杆塔基础设计是当前我国电网建设中的关键研究课题之一。沙漠风积沙属于特殊土地基,这种地基上的输电线路装配式基础缺少相关设计依据。针对沙漠风积沙地基输电线路基础工程的特点,进行了输电线路装配式基础的真型试验,得到了上拔与水平荷载、下压与水平荷载联合作用下的承载变形特性、基础构件的应变特性、基础底板与风积沙地基之间的接触压力变化规律。根据测试结果,确定了沙漠地区风积沙地基装配式基础的地基承载力和上拔角取值,得到了基础稳定的最不利工况,有助于提高基础设计的可靠性和合理性。试验结果为沙漠地区台远-塔中220 kV输电线路基础工程的设计提供了依据。     

戈壁地基扩底掏挖基础抗拔试验及其位移计算

在甘肃和新疆7个戈壁碎石土场地完成了46个扩底掏挖基础抗拔现场试验,分析了基础抗拔荷载-位移曲线的阶段特征,应用L1-L2方法确定了所有基础抗拔承载力和位移。采用归一化荷载-位移双曲线模型对实测荷载-位移曲线进行拟合,得到了各试验基础归一化荷载-位移双曲线模型拟合参数取值及其统计规律,给出了同时考虑抗拔基础极限承载力计算理论模型误差和归一化荷载-位移双曲线模型不确定性时基础荷载和位移的计算方法。结果表明：戈壁碎石土扩底掏挖基础抗拔荷载-位移曲线呈初始弹性直线段、弹塑性曲线过渡段和直线破坏的3阶段变化规律,归一化荷载-位移双曲线模型可较好拟合基础实测荷载-位移曲线,归一化荷载-位移双曲线模型不确定性可转化为该双曲线模型拟合参数的不确定性,基于强度和变形统一的工程设计更有利于工程安全。     

粉质黏土中沉箱-桩复合基础水平向承载性能试验研究

为进一步研究沉箱-桩复合基础的水平向承载性能,开展粉质黏土中单桩、沉箱-桩复合基础在水平向荷载和竖向及水平向组合荷载作用下的系列试验,对沉箱-桩复合基础的水平荷载与位移关系、桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力分布规律及群桩效应等进行了研究。结果表明,在水平荷载作用下沉箱对桩顶的约束使桩身弯矩分布较桩顶自由情况要更均匀,并能有效地降低桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力,提高了基础水平承载能力;在同时作用有竖向和水平向组合荷载时,沉箱底摩擦力参与抵抗水平力作用、桩顶竖向力也有利于进一步提高基础水平承载力;试验获得了不同桩数、桩顶约束、荷载作用条件下的沉箱-桩复合基础群桩效应系数,对于桩距为6倍桩径的情况,桩与桩之间的相互影响很小。     

非均质地基承载力及破坏模式的FLAC数值分析

利用基于Lagrangian显式差分的FLAC算法，通过数值计算，对黏结力随深度线性增长的非均质地基上条形基础和圆形基础的极限承载力及地基破坏模式进行了对比计算与系统分析。研究表明：（1）随着地基黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大，地基的破坏范围逐渐集中在地基表层和基础两侧：（2）即使地基的非均质程度较小，当将非均质地基近似地按均质地基考虑时，由此所估算的承载力可能过于保守；（3）地基承载力系数随黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大而非线性地增大。与数值解相比，skempton与Peck等近似公式均可能高估了非均质地基承载力。     

Dynamic Response of Machine Foundation on Layered Soil: Cone Model Versus Experiments

This paper presents the experimental validation of analytical solution based on cone model for machine foundation vibration analysis on layered soil. Impedance functions for a rigid massless circular foundation resting on a two layered soil system subjected to vertical harmonic excitation are found using cone model. Linear hysteretic material damping is introduced using correspondence principle. The frequency-amplitude response of a massive foundation is then computed using impedance functions. To verify the solution field experiments are conducted in two different layered soil systems such as gravel layer over in situ soil and gravel layer over concrete slab (rigid base). A total 72 numbers of vertical vibration tests on square model footing were conducted using Lazan type mechanical oscillator, varying the influencing parameters such as depth of top layer, static weight of foundation and dynamic force level. The frequency-amplitude response in general and in particular the resonant frequencies and resonant amplitudes predicted by cone model is compared with the results of experimental investigation, which shows a close agreement. Thus the cone model is reliable in its application to machine foundation vibration on layered soil.     

扩展基础冲剪破坏特征试验研究

通过10个基础模型试验,研究了钢筋混凝土扩展基础的冲剪破坏特征和破坏规律。试验结果表明,当基础宽度大于柱宽加两倍基础有效高度时,将发生冲切破坏;当基础宽度小于或等于柱宽加两倍基础有效高度时,若基础底板只配置抗弯钢筋时,基础将发生剪切破坏;当基础板按梁式配筋时,基础将发生弯曲破坏,在基础尺寸、底面纵筋相同时,柱下条形基础按基础梁配筋与按板式配筋相比,基础的延性性能和承载力都将有较大提高。建议在柱下条形基础设计时按基础梁的形式进行配筋,以避免基础发生脆性的剪切破坏。     

基于非对称双侧破坏模式的临坡地基承载力上限分析

临坡地基已成为一种广泛的地基形式。针对临坡条形基础地基破坏模式的非对称性特点,首先引进双侧破坏模式的研究思路,重点考虑临坡地基基础两侧滑块大小和同一滑块几何形状的双重非对称性特征,构建了临坡条形基础地基非对称双侧破坏模式,为临坡地基承载力分析奠定了坚实基础;然后在此基础上,引进极限上限分析和优化理论,建立了临坡条形基础地基承载力分析的模型与方法,该方法不仅可考虑地基破坏模式,还可考虑基础与坡顶距离对临坡地基承载力的影响,而且还可较好地蜕化为平地地基承载力的分析;最后通过工程实例计算,并与现有相关分析方法进行对比分析,表明该方法的可行性与合理性以及普遍适用性。     

横-竖立体加筋地基中附加应力的分析计算

建立了横-竖立体加筋（H-V筋）地基的有限元模型,通过分析地基中的竖向应力分布、水平向位移分布以及筋-土界面相互作用,发现横-竖立体加筋地基中的竖向应力在筋材下方出现扩散和重分布,并逐渐向土体下部传递,使得土体中整体的应力分布更加均匀;同时,横-竖筋材中的竖筋类似于一个侧壁,其提供的垂直侧向力约束了介于竖筋间的土体,限制了土体的侧向水平位移,使得地基中筋材上部土体的侧向水平位移变小。基于有限元模拟对横-竖立体加筋地基加固机制的认识,将横-竖立体筋视为作用在地基上的一维弹性地基梁,通过弹性地基梁理论,根据弗拉曼解推导求解了横-竖立体加筋地基中任意一点竖向附加应力的计算表达式。将模型计算结果与有限元模拟所得结果进行对比发现两者吻合良好。     

Nonlinear finite element modeling of beams on two-parameter foundations

This paper presents an inelastic element for the analysis of beams resting on two-parameter foundations. The element is derived from a two field mixed formulation with independent approximation of forces and displacements. The values for the two parameters of the foundation are derived through an iterative technique that is based on an assumption of plane strain for the soil medium. This iterative behavior is repeated at each time step of the nonlinear solution algorithm. The nonlinear response of structures resting on this improved two-parameter foundation model is analyzed following both a Vlasov and a Pasternak approach. Numerical examples that clarify the advantage of the newly developed model are conducted. These studies confirmed the importance of accounting for the foundation second parameter, and the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed model.     

Construction Problems on the Karstified Limestone Tuffs of Condeixa, Central Portugal: A Case Study

During the excavations for the foundations of a three storey building on the limestone tuffs of Condeixa, Central Portugal, a large dissolution fissure and smaller dissolution voids were found. Since the area has never been the subject of engineering geology investigation, it was decided to evaluate the risk associated with the construction of the building. These limestone tuffs were formed in a continental environment by the precipitation of calcite carried by the water coming from the large limestone body in the east. The precipitated calcite mixed with the terrigenous materials and around trunks and leaves of plants, originating a very heterogeneous and porous ground, which is characteristic of limestone tuffs. The study started with a detailed geological survey followed by a large number of destructive drillings, located essentially under the pad foundations. The results revealed several karstic cavities with serious problems for the building foundations and the structure, and many smaller dissolution cavities, often filled with clayey soils. The ground treatment solutions used included, dental cleaning, filling with concrete or granular material the dissolution structures accessible at the level of the foundation, reinforcement of the footing and the structure of the building and adding a continuous foundation beam to hold the foundations together. The cost of the engineering geology study, site investigation, ground treatment, and the reinforcement of the foundation and building, increased the total construction cost from 2%, at the design stage, to 4.8%.     

Modeling of Beams on Reinforced Granular Beds

The paper describes a mechanical model for estimating the flexural response of a strip footing, supporting a column (imposing a concentrated load), resting on a compacted granular bed overlying a reinforcement layer for example, geogrids, geomats etc. below which lies a loose soil deposit. The footing is idealized as a beam and the reinforcing element is assumed to have finite bending stiffness and negligible frictional resistance. The upper and lower soil layers are idealized by a series of linear and discrete springs (Winkler springs) of different stiffness values. To find the response of such a model the governing differential equations have been derived and expressed in a nondimensional form. A closed form analytical solution of the same has been obtained subjected to appropriate boundary conditions. Using the present approach the resulting solution for a degenerated case of a long beam is found to be identical to the same of Hetenyi (1946, Beams on elastic foundations, University of Michigan press, Ann Arbor, MI). Parametric studies reveal that the ratio of flexural rigidity of upper and lower beam and the ratio of stiffness of the upper and lower soil layers affect significantly the response of the foundation.