厦门湾水体中不同粒级颗粒物、Chl-a和234Th随潮汐的变化及其海洋学意义

在沿岸海域——厦门湾的定点观测站,研究了不同粒径悬浮颗粒物(SPM)、Chl-a和^234Th随潮汐的变化,结果表明,不管采样深度和粒级大小,Chl-a浓度的潮汐变化均为高潮大于低潮．SPM浓度的潮汐变化,表层的规律性很明显,即不管是第一天还是第二天,也不管粒径的大小,SPM浓度无例外地呈现高潮小于低潮之势．从不同粒径SPM、Chl-a的潮汐变化的比较可以看出,浮游植物等生源颗粒物在该研究水域的颗粒物中所占比例很小,颗粒物主要来自九龙江河流输入的悬浮物和表层沉积物的再悬浮．在沿岸海域,颗粒态^234Th是总^234Th的主要组成部分,^234Th各粒级的比活度均呈现高潮大于低潮的普遍趋势,基于^234Th估算的沿岸POC、PON等输出通量也存在潮汐变化的影响．文中对上述研究对象随潮汐变化的原因作了分析和讨论．     

长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒物浓度和粒径的时空变化特征

长江口是典型的高浊度河口,长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒物（suspended particulate matter,SPM）浓度跨度大,泥沙过程活跃、复杂。2015年7月9-20日（洪季）和2016年3月7-19日（枯季）,使用OBS和LISST分别测定了该区域99个和89个站位的SPM浊度、光衰减系数、总体积浓度、平均粒径和粒径谱等参数;同时通过现场过滤测定了各站位表、中、底3层的SPM质量浓度以及典型站位SPM中颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon,POC）的δ13C、颗粒氮（particulate nitrogen,PN）的δ15N以及POC/PN摩尔比值。结果表明,浊度、光衰减系数、总体积浓度等3个参数均与SPM质量浓度显示出了显著的正相关关系。研究区域SPM平均粒径一般表层大于底层、枯季大于洪季;长江淡水端元输出的SPM粒径枯季也明显大于洪季。具有相似粒径谱特征的SPM可以通过测定δ13C和δ15N值来进一步区分其来源和组成。SPM质量浓度和总体积浓度等参数结合还可以计算SPM有效密度,用以了解研究区域SPM的沉降过程。结果表明两个季节SPM有效密度和粒径之间显示出了显著的负相关关系,说明枯季长江输出的SPM由于粒径大、密度小、沉降速度低,加之强烈的垂直混合和口门拦门沙附近的再悬浮,随着环流可能到达研究区域北部的最东端;而洪季长江输出的SPM由于粒径小、密度大、沉降速度高,在口门附近快速沉降。     

九龙江河口区表层水铀同位素的粒级分布

利用微滤和超滤技术研究了九龙江河口区表层水中铀及其同位素组成的粒级分布和地球化学行为.结果表明,溶解态(<0.4μm)中低分子量组分(<10 000 u)占主要份额,胶体态(10 000 u~0.4μm)238U所占比例不足1%,且随盐度的增加其所占份额逐渐降低.溶解态、低分子量组分和胶体态238U的比活度与盐度之间存在良好的线性正相关关系,证实它们在九龙江河口区呈现保守行为.在颗粒态(>0.4μm)中,各粒级组分238U所占份额主要受控于相应颗粒物的浓度,在盐度小于20的区域,各粒级颗粒组分238U占颗粒态的份额有如下变化次序:10~53μm>2~10μm>0.4~2μm>大于53μm,而在盐度大于30的近外海站位,该次序发生一些变化:0.4~2μm>10~53μm>2~10μm>大于53μm,最小粒级颗粒组分238U的贡献有所增加,反映了自生铀贡献的加强.九龙江河口区表层水中溶解态(包括低分子量组分和胶体态)的234U/238U)_A.R.均大于1,显示出234U过剩的特征,而各粒级颗粒组分中的234U/238U)_A.R.则接近于平衡值(1.0).这一现象与陆地岩石风化过程中水体对铀的淋滤释出量及234U的优先浸出有关.对232Th/238U质量比的研究显示,溶解态及其所包括的低分子量组分和胶体态的232Th/238U质量比均小于1,而颗粒态及其所包括的4个粒级组分中的232Th/238U质量比均大于1,反映了向外海输送过程中铀、钍地球化学行为的差异.     

南黄海和东海表层水两种粒级颗粒物和颗粒氮含量的分布特征

测定了南黄海和东海表层水0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm这2种悬浮颗粒物（SPM）、颗粒氮（PN）的含量.其结果表明,南黄海和东海表层水0.7~53.0μm粒级的SPM、PN平均含量分别为4.68 mg/dm3、18.50μg/dm3;而〉53.0μm粒级的SPM、PN平均含量分别为0.20 mg/dm3、2.65μg/dm3.0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级的PN/SPM含量平均比值分别为0.78%、1.41%（m/m）,后者约是前者的2倍.统计分析结果表明,尽管这2种粒级的SPM、PN含量和PN/SPM含量比值的范围较大,但约80%的数据集中在较小范围内,即0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级SPM含量分别集中在0.37~3.68、0.02~0.29 mg/dm3的范围内;0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级PN含量分别集中在2.54~18.90、0.40~2.69μg/dm3的范围内;0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级的PN/SPM含量比值分别集中在0.14%~1.00%和0.15%~1.95%之间.研究结果表明,研究海域0.7~53.0μm粒级SPM、PN含量有2个高值区,分别位于近岸海区和东海东北部海区.〉53.0μm粒级SPM、PN含量的分布分为2个部分：南黄海表层水SPM、PN含量分布呈从近岸向外海降低的趋势;而东海表层水SPM、PN含量分布呈断面中间高,并分别向近岸和外海降低的趋势.     

厦门湾海水中不同粒级铀同位素的深度分布

于2003年3月在厦门湾一个时间系列研究站(24°25.88’N,118°04.72’E)采集了高潮时不同深度的海水,用聚碳酸酯膜分离不同粒级悬浮颗粒物(SPM),用α能谱法测定各粒级悬浮颗粒物的铀同位素,研究了海水中238U和234U的体积比活度(AV)、质量比活度(Am)、活度比值[AR(234U/238U)]及238U、234U条件分配系数的粒级与深度分布特征.研究结果揭示了以下海洋学信息:(1)各粒级悬浮颗粒物中238U、234U的体积比活度和质量比活度的深度分布均表明,这两核素的深度分布趋势一致,反映出它们地球化学行为的一致性.(2)在所研究的不同水深处,在0.2～0.4、0.4～2.0、2.0～10.0、>10.0μm等4个粒级的SPM中,238U体积比活度AV(238U)的变化范围分别为0.04±0.00～0.15±0.01、0.04±0.00～0.13±0.01、0.29±0.02～0.43±0.02、1.06±0.06～4.11±0.24 Bq/m3;AV(234U)的相应值分别为0.08±0.00～0.08±0.00、0.05±0.00～0.13±0.01、0.27±0.01～0.37±0.02、0.84±0.05～3.95±0.24 Bq/m3.(3)在所研究的4个水深处的0.2～0.4、0.4～2.0、2.0～10.0、>10.0μm等4个粒级的SPM中,238U质量比活度Am(238U)的变化范围分别为0.100±0.000～0.319±0.021、0.022±0.000～0.167±0.013、0.049±0.003～0.113±0.005、0.024±0.002～0.081±0.005 Bq/g,而Am(234U)的相应值分别为0.114±0.014～0.364±0.045、0.027±0.005～0.168±0.013、0.052±0.003～0.098±0.008、0.029±0.002～0.064±0.005 Bq/g.(4)与238U、234U体积比活度的粒级变化顺序[也就是AV(>10.0μm)AV(2.0～10.0μm)>AV(0.4～2.0μm)=AV(0.2～0.4μm)]相反,这两核素质量比活度的粒级变化顺序为Am(0.2～0.4μm)≥Am(0.4～2.0μm)>Am(2.0～10.0μm)>Am(>10.0μm)≈Am(>0.2μm).(5)溶解态铀控制着总铀的地球化学行为,而颗粒态铀的地球化学行为则受控于大粒级颗粒物.(6)表层各粒级颗粒态AR(234U/238U)值均<1.0,而溶解态铀和总铀的AR(234U/238U)值均介于1.10～1.17之间.(7)不同粒级238U的条件分配系数(Kd)介于802～11 406 dm3/kg之间,Kd值随粒径减小而增大,意味着铀更有效地与小颗粒物相结合.     

海水U、Th长寿命核素的高精密度MC-ICP-MS测定方法

建立了适合海水U、Th同位素高精密度测量要求的MC-ICP-MS方法.确定了采用Mg(OH)2共沉淀法富集海水U、Th同位素时的最佳NH3·H2O浓度为0.14 mol/dm3.采用CRM-145 U标准溶液,经质量分馏、电子倍增器增益、丰度灵敏度、仪器及试剂本底和记忆效应等校正后,历时3个月得235U/238U和234U/238U的准确度分别优于0.05%和0.08%,精密度分别优于0.12%和0.10%.将该方法应用于台湾海峡B9站位3份平行水样中U、Th同位素含量及比值的测定,得238U平均含量为3.05±0.05μg/kg,234U/238U平均值为(6.28±0.11)×10-5,U含量及其同位素比值的标准偏差均小于3%;232Th的平均含量为(1.66±0.04)×103pg/kg,232Th/230Th平均值为(1.95±0.01)×105,Th含量及其同位素比值的标准偏差均小于2%.测定结果与海区的水文学条件及物质来源相吻合,证明了方法的可靠性.     

中国近海沉积物中钍同位素的分布

本文对采自中国7个近岸海域的沉积物中钍(铀)同位素的分布进行了研究。发现表层沉积物中,~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)均小于1.0且呈均匀分布的态势。但~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)的数值及其深度分布特征与深海沉积物截然不同。~(230)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)与水深呈良好的正相关。钍系不平衡普遍存在,其特征是~(228)Th/~(232)Th)_(A.R.)<1.0,据此推测了沉积物中可溶化学物质与上覆海水发生交换的深度。研究了沉积物中~(232)Th的含量、比度和~(232)Th/~(238)U)_(C.R.)的分布特征。从~(234)Th_(ex.)的深度分布求出秀屿站的表层混合系数(0.49×10~(-6)cm~2/s)和沉积柱中~(234)Th_(ex.)的总量。     

赤道太平洋上层水体颗粒态生物硅分布及与营养盐的关系

依托中国“大洋一号”第20和第21调查航次,分析测定了东、西赤道太平洋4个站位的颗粒态生物硅浓度及其粒级结构。结果显示赤道太平洋采样站各层位颗粒态生物硅(PBSi)总浓度分布范围为5~65 nmol/dm³,东赤道太平洋的调查站位颗粒态生物硅的总浓度平均值达46 nmol/dm³,是西赤道太平洋的近3倍。PBSi的粒径结果显示在东赤道太平洋调查站位0.8~20 μm粒径颗粒是PBSi的主要来源,其平均贡献率高达64%;而在西赤道太平洋2种粒径的生物硅贡献率相当。营养盐分布对PBSi的浓度及粒径分布有显著的影响,并在一定程度上控制了“硅质泵”的组成结构,是控制大洋生物泵运转的重要因素。     

西北太平洋春、秋季悬浮颗粒物的粒径变化与物质组分

为了解日本以东的西北太平洋200m以浅上层水体悬浮颗粒物的粒径变化与物质组分,分别于2015年5月和9月在该海区应用LISST-100X型现场激光粒度仪进行了悬浮体粒径分布的测量,并采集悬浮体水样采用扫描电镜及能谱分析悬浮颗粒物的物质组分.结果表明,研究区的悬浮颗粒物主要由大粒径颗粒(大于133μm)组成,并在100m以浅的上表层集中分布,其余层位颗粒含量较少.秋季悬浮体浓度远高于春季,但大粒径颗粒所占的比重明显降低,中等大小的颗粒(36~133μm)所占比重相应增加,中等粒径颗粒和细小粒径颗粒(小于36μm)在200m水层以浅分布较均匀,并有随着粒径的增大悬浮体浓度逐渐增加的趋势.悬浮颗粒物组成成分主要为单矿物碎屑、生物碎屑、絮凝体,主要来源于海洋浮游生物和陆源输入.悬浮体浓度及粒径分布特征主要受生物生长、大陆风尘和洋流输送等因素的影响.     

南沙海域基于234Th-238U不平衡的颗粒态有机碳输出通量研究

利用234Th-238U不平衡方法研究南沙群岛海域春季真光层颗粒动力学性质,测定了4个站位水柱中颗粒态有机碳(POC)、溶解态及颗粒态234Th和238U的含量,讨论了各站位水柱中234Th/238U)A.R.的垂直分布.运用稳态箱式模型计算各站位不同水层中溶解态234Th相对于清除至颗粒物的平均停留时间和颗粒态234Th相对于迁出作用的平均停留时间.结合POC/234ThP比值,用两种方法估算出各站位的颗粒态有机碳输出通量分别为8.51-34.94和13.28-50.06mmol·(m2·d)-1.两种方法结果一致,说明234Th是表征POC循环的良好示踪剂.     

错流超滤技术在海水胶体态铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳研究中的应用

建立了由预过滤装置、蠕动泵、中空纤维超滤膜(AmiconH10P10-20,标称截留分子量10KDa)和连接管组成的错流超滤系统,利用荧光标记的40KDa葡聚糖和已知放射性活度的234Th示踪剂评估了超滤膜的截留和吸附性质,探讨了234Th在超滤过程中的渗透行为,考查了该系统用于实际海水样品时铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳的质量平衡状况.结果表明,10Kda中空纤维超滤膜对40Kda葡聚糖具有良好的截留效率(85%),而吸附损失率为18%.铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳在超滤过程中均达到极佳的质量平衡,回收率R=95%～98%,优于大多数文献报道的值.234Th在超滤过程中的渗透行为可以很好地用渗透模型加以描述.研究组分胶体态含量占“溶解”态含量的份额大小顺序如下:钍同位素、有机碳、镭同位素约等于铀同位素,这与钍为强颗粒活性元素、铀和镭为水溶性元素的地球化学性质相吻合.     

Copper and zinc isotope variations in ferromanganese crusts and their isotopic fractionation mechanism

Ferromanganese(Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archives of the Cu and Zn isotope compositions of seawater through time. In this study, the Cu and Zn isotopes of the top surface of 28 Fe-Mn crusts and 2 Fe-Mn nodules were analysed by MC-ICP-MS using combined sample-standard bracketing for mass bias correction. The Zn isotope compositions of the top surface of Fe-Mn crusts are in the range of 0.71‰ to 1.08‰, with a mean δ~(66) Zn value of 0.94‰±0.21‰(2 SD, n=28). The δ~(65) Cu values of the top surface of Fe-Mn crusts range from 0.33‰ to0.73‰, with a mean value of 0.58‰±0.20‰(2 SD, n=28). The Cu isotope compositions of Fe-Mn crusts are isotopically lighter than that of dissolved Cu in deep seawater(0.58‰ vs. 0.9‰). In contrast, the δ~(66) Zn values of Fe-Mn crusts appear to be isotopically heavy compared to deep seawater(0.94‰±0.21‰ vs. 0.51‰±0.14‰). The isotope fractionation between Fe-Mn crusts and seawater is attributed to equilibrium partitioning between the sorption to crusts and the organic-ligand-bound Cu and Zn in seawater. The Cu and Zn isotopes in the top surface of Fe-Mn crusts are not a direct reflection of the Cu and Zn isotopes, but a function of Cu and Zn isotopes in modern seawater. This study proposes that Fe-Mn crusts have the potential to be archives for paleoceanography through Cu and Zn isotope analysis.     

内蒙古岱海地区近千年气候环境演变的初步研究

根据岱海湖泊岩心沉积物的有机碳及其同位素、碳酸盐含量、自生碳酸盐氧同位素组成、介形类化石以及岩性特征,结合Ｐｂ－２１０测定的沉积速率,讨论了岱海近千年来的气候环境演化过程,结果表明：９８０～７４０ａＢ．Ｐ．气候以暖湿为主,岱海为高湖面期;７４０～５４０ａｂ．Ｐ．以冷湿气候为主;５４０～４８０ａＢ．Ｐ．湖面急剧下降,以冷干气候为主;４８０～４７０ａＢ．Ｐ．气候转温和,以温偏湿气候为主;３７０～２２０     

Distribution of the organic matter in the channel-levees systems of the Congo mud-rich deep-sea fan (West Africa). Implication for deep offshore petroleum source rocks and global carbon cycle

The quantity and the source of organic matter preserved in the Recent turbiditic channel-levees systems around 4000 m-depth off the Congo River were determined using bulk geochemical approaches (Rock-Eval, elemental and isotopic analyses) as well as molecular and optical analyses on selected samples. These mud-rich sediments contain high amount of organic matter (3% Corg on average), the origin of which is a mixture of terrestrial higher-plant debris and deeply oxidized phytoplanktonic material. Although the relative contribution of continental source versus marine source of the organic matter cannot be precisely quantified, the continental fraction appears significant (at least 70–80%) especially for such depths and distances from the coast. The organic matter distribution appears very homogeneous at different scales, from the single turbiditic event to the entire levee, and changes in accumulation rates have a little impact on the quantity and quality of preserved organic matter.     

A geochemical traverse along the “Sperchios Basin – Evoikos Gulf” graben (Central Greece): Origin and evolution of the emitted fluids

The studied area is a 130 km long fast spreading graben in Central Greece. Its complex geodynamical setting includes both the presence of a subduction slab at depth responsible for the recent (Quaternary) volcanic activity in the area and the western termination of a tectonic lineament of regional importance (the North-Anatolian fault). A high geothermal gradient is made evident by the presence of many thermal springs with temperatures from 19 to 82 °C, that discharge along the normal faults bordering the graben.In the period 2004–2012, 58 gas and 69 water samples were collected and their chemical and isotopic analysis revealed a wide range of compositions.Two main groups of thermal waters can be distinguished on the basis of their chemical composition. The first, represented by dilute waters (E.C. <0.6 mS/cm) of the westernmost sites, is characterised by the presence of CH₄-rich and mixed N₂–CH₄ gases. The second displays higher salinities (E.C. from 12 to 56 mS/cm) due to mixing with a modified marine component. Reservoir temperatures of 150–160 °C were estimated with cationic geothermometers at the easternmost sites.Along the graben, from west to east, the gas composition changes from CH₄- to CO₂-dominated through mixed N₂–CH₄ and N₂–CO₂ compositions, while at the same time the He isotopic composition goes from typical crustal values (<0.1 R/R_A) up to 0.87 R/R_A, showing in the easternmost sites a small (3–11%) but significant mantle input. The δ¹³C values of the CO₂-rich samples suggest a mixed origin (mantle and marine carbonates).     

耦合碳、硫同位素及其它地球化学指征研究海底甲烷渗漏

Methane seepage is the signal of the deep hydrocarbon reservoir. The determination of seepage is significant to the exploration of petroleum, gas and gas hydrate. The seepage habits microbial and macrofaunal life which is fueled by the hydrocarbons, the metabolic byproducts facilitate the precipitation of authigenic minerals. The study of methane seepage is also important to understand the oceanographic condition and local ecosystem. The seepage could be active or quiescent at different times. The geophysical surveys and the geochemical determinations reveal the existence of seepage. Among these methods, only geochemical determination could expose message of the dormant seepages. The active seepage demonstrates high porewater methane concentration with rapid SO_4~(2–) depleted, low H_2S and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC), higher rates of sulfate reduction(SR) and anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM). The quiescent seepage typically develops authigenic carbonates with specific biomarkers, with extremely depleted ~13C in gas, DIC and carbonates and with enriched ~34S sulfate and depleted ~34S pyrite. The origin of methane, minerals precipitation, the scenario of seepage and the possible method of immigration could be determined by the integration of solutes concentration, mineral composition and isotopic fractionation of carbon, sulfur. Numerical models with the integrated results provide useful insight into the nature and intensity of methane seepage occurring in the sediment and paleooceanographic conditions. Unfortunately, the intensive investigation of a specific area with dormant seep is still limit. Most seepage and modeling studies are site-specific and little attempt has been made to extrapolate the results to larger scales. Further research is thus needed to foster our understanding of the methane seepage.     

Carbon cycle and sea-water palaeotemperature evolution at the Middle–Late Jurassic transition,eastern Paris Basin (France)

A very high-resolution carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis (bulk-carbonate) of a biostratigraphically well-constrained Callovian–Oxfordian series is provided here for the first time. The homogeneity of the clayey series and the weak diagenetic alteration allow the isotopic signal variations to be considered as primary in origin. A prominent and brief negative excursion in the δ¹³C curve (−2‰), occurring at the start of the Middle Callovian (Jason Zone – Obductum Subzone) and correlated regionally, suggests a possible methane release. The increasing δ¹³C values thereafter up to the Early Oxfordian, concomitant with a warming episode, highlight the burial of carbon in organic-rich layers which, in return, may have triggered a decrease in atmospheric pCO₂. At higher frequencies, observed fluctuations of the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values are orbitally driven (405-kyr and 100-kyr eccentricity cycles) and may correspond to the salinity and temperature variability recorded in sea water. The δ¹⁸O isotopic measurements from well-preserved diagenetically screened belemnites and bivalves along the series, compared to available data from Tethyan domains, agree with the scenario of a global cooling at the Middle-Late Jurassic transition. The well-dated δ¹⁸O isotopic curve suggests that the onset of this cooling event occurred at the end of the Coronatum Zone (Middle Callovian).     

Sources and transfer of organic matter in food webs of a Mediterranean coastal environment: Evidence for spatial variability

The spatial variability in the food web structure of a Mediterranean semi-enclosed coastal environment (Stagnone di Marsala, Italy) was investigated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Organic matter sources and consumers were sampled in two locations with different environmental features (e.g. hydrodynamic regime, open-sea influence, vegetal coverage). Overall more ¹³C-enriched and ¹⁵N-depleted values were found in the central location than in the southern for organic matter sources and consumers. Pelagic consumers (zooplankton and juveniles of transient fish) showed slight spatial differences and in both locations seemed to depend on phytoplankton as the ultimate energy source. In contrast, benthic consumers (epifauna and resident fish) exhibited remarkable differences between locations. Spatial differences in organic matter sources were smaller than in benthic consumers and thus consumers presumably exploited different ultimate organic matter sources in the two locations. Sedimentary organic matter and epiphytes appeared to be the main primary producers transferred within the food web in both locations, and seagrasses seemed to play a non-negligible trophic role in the central location. The results of this paper corroborate the finding food webs are characterised by high spatial variability even on a small spatial scale and environmental heterogeneity more than primary production that seems to influence the trophic role of autotrophs.     

稳定碳、氮同位素在生态系统研究中的应用

在简要介绍了稳定同位素测定方法之后 ,对稳定碳、氮同位素在生态系统领域中关于系统的碳源、能量流动、营养结构、污染物的生物放大作用及系统稳定性变化的应用研究作了较为系统的论述 ,并对稳定碳、氮同位素在赤潮研究、环境污染治理、生态动力学建模及有机分子化合物系列示踪技术等方面的应用提出展望     

~(13)C/~(12)C比值在海洋生态系统营养关系研究中的应用──海洋植物的同位素组成及其影响因素的初步探讨

于1993年2月-1995年5月,采用生物显微镜鉴定并计数和高温氧化的方法,对崂山湾海洋植物的种类组成及其有机碳同位素组成的季节性变化作了5个季度月的研究。结果表明,该区同采浮游植物全年以硅藻为主,甲藻在夏季也可成为优势种之一。浮游植物的碳同位素组成在夏季较重,冬季和春季较轻,并与海水温度有弱的正相关性。浮游植物δ13C值的变化范围为-259ｘ10-3—-19.2ｘ10-3,全年平均值为（-23.2±2.4）ｘ10-3。该生态系统的另一碳源为底栖藻类,其δ13C平均值为（-18.5±2.4）ｘ10-3,明显区别于浮游植物。对除温度以外的其它影响海洋植物同位素组成的因素,诸如植物种类组成、海水中溶解无机碳δ13C值、CO2供应速率以及CO2固定过程中不同验化酶的同位素分馏作用等也作了初步探讨。