Impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge in Küçük Menderes River Basin in Western Turkey

Groundwater is an important component of the global freshwater supply and is affected by climate. There is a strong need to understand and evaluate the impacts of climate change over the long term, in order to better plan and manage precious groundwater resources. Turkey, located in Mediterranean basin, is threatened by climate change. The purpose of this study was, through a quantitative overview, to determine the impacts of climate change on the groundwater recharge rates in Küçük Menderes River Basin in western Turkey. According to the data of Ödemi? and Selçuk meteorological stations located in the basin, there is a significantly decreasing trend in precipitation combined with increasing trends in temperature and evaporation observed in 1964–2011. The calculations of groundwater recharge with hydrologic budget method for the observation period showed an approximately 15% decline in groundwater recharge in the basin. Thus, the combined impacts of climate change and excessive groundwater pumping, due to increasing water demand, have caused a significant decline in groundwater levels. Consequently, the proper management of the groundwater resources threatened by climate change requires effective governance to both mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change and facilitate the adaptation of sustainable integrated water management policies.     

Estimating groundwater recharge rates in the southeastern Holstein region, northern Germany

In the southeastern Holstein region, located to the east of the metropolitan zone of Hamburg, northern Germany, a groundwater investigation program was conducted from 1984 to 2000 by the State Agency for Nature and Environment (Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt, LANU) of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, with the aim of providing long-term, ecologically acceptable groundwater management plans for the region. The focal point of the investigation comprised the determination of groundwater recharge rates. The investigation method was based on the transfer of available lysimeter results from other regions to comparable regions within the area studied. With the help of lysimeter equations, potential amounts of percolation water were calculated. The groundwater recharge rate was then determined after subtraction of the surface runoff which was calculated for the entire area. All computations were performed with a spreadsheet program. Groundwater recharge rates were calculated for two areas. One consisted of roughly determining groundwater recharge rates for the total region (1,392 km²) of southeastern Holstein. The overall goal of these investigations was to identify potential areas of water exploitation. Areas in which groundwater recharge rates are high and groundwater outflow is low are particularly suited to water exploitation, since inflow rates into deeper aquifers are high. These areas are located on the flanks of the Elbe and Stecknitz River valleys. Subsurface groundwater runoff to these lowlands would be reduced through groundwater withdrawal. However, the resulting decline in shallow groundwater tables would be so small that it would have no detrimental ecological effects. Groundwater recharge rates were also calculated for a 110-km² area in the outskirts of Hamburg (Grosshansdorf model area) which is intensively developed for water supply. These investigations showed that the amount of groundwater recharge is already being withdrawn to a large extent. Approximately 65% of the recharge rate is currently withdrawn by the waterworks in this area, thus making further increases in exploitation rates unjustifiable from an ecological point of view. Electronic Publication     

Groundwater Recharge and Mixing in Arid and Semiarid Regions: Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

A sound understanding of groundwater recharged from various sources occurring at different time scales is crucial for water management in arid and semi-arid river basins. Groundwater recharge sources and their geochemical evolution are investigated for the Heihe River Basin(HRB) in northwest China on the basis of a comprehensive compilation of geochemical and isotopic data. Geochemical massbalance modeling indicates that mountain-block recharge accounts for a small fraction(generally less than 5%) of the shallow and deep groundwater sustaining the oasis, whereas infiltration of rivers and irrigation water contribute most of the groundwater recharge. Dedolomitization is the primary process responsible for the changes in groundwater chemical and carbon isotope compositions from the piedmont to the groundwater discharge zone, where the dedolomitization is very likely enhanced by modern agricultural activities affecting the shallow groundwater quality. Analysis of radioactive isotopes suggests that these primary recharge sources occur at two different time scales. Radiocarbon-derived groundwater age profiles indicate a recharge rate of approximately 12 mm/year, which probably occurred during 2000–7000 years B.P., corresponding to the mid-Holocene humid period. The recharge of young groundwater on the tritium-dated time scale is much higher, about 360 mm/year in the oasis region. Infiltration from irrigation canals and irrigation return flow are the primary contributors to the increased young groundwater recharge. This study suggests that groundwater chemistry in the HRB has been influenced by the complex interaction between natural and human-induced geochemical processes and that anthropogenic effects have played a more significant role in terms of both groundwater quantity and quality.     

Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

人工回灌条件下多组分溶质的反应迁移模拟

人工回灌技术在我国水资源管理中占据重要地位,但是其实施对地下水环境质量也造成了较大的影响。如何保障人工回灌条件下地下水环境质量的安全稳定性,已成为人工回灌技术发展的瓶颈。以上海市某人工回灌试验场为例,结合试验场的地质、水文地质勘探结果,以TOUGHREACT为数值模拟平台,模拟预测人工回灌条件下地下水中多组分溶质的迁移转化过程。模拟结果表明：地下水化学成分主要受混合作用、阳离子交换吸附作用及含水层矿物相溶解-沉淀作用等影响;含水介质中石英、白云石、钾长石、钠长石及蒙脱石发生溶解,方解石发生沉淀,伊利石与高岭石则先溶解后沉淀,但各矿物相反应量极其微弱;按不同压力方案回灌,水位恢复速率随压力增大而加快,但地下水中化学成分变化趋势几乎不受压力影响。     

基于氚同位素的安阳河中下游流域地下水更新能力研究

利用水中氚值与地下水年龄分布特征和多年平均更新速率,分析安阳河中下游流域地下水更新能力。应用MGMTP重建研究区1953—2016年大气降水氚值,应用集中参数模型(LPMs)计算地下水年龄,采用Le Gal La Shalle等提出的方法估算潜水与泉水多年平均更新速率。研究结果表明:(1)潜水与泉水由近20多年来大气降水补给。潜水样点受局部水文地质条件控制,补给径流条件差异明显。(2)小南海泉平均滞留时间23 a,多年平均更新速率3.6%,水量呈不断衰减趋势。(3)安阳河冲洪积扇扇后缘为补给区,受地表水渗漏与大气降水入渗补给,更新能力较强。扇中部至京港澳高速路地带为现代地下水,年龄40~60 a。扇前缘为现代与次现代地下水的混合水,年龄大于60 a,更新能力较弱。(4)剥蚀岗丘与冲洪积平原深层承压水为较老地下水,更新能力极弱。因此,对小南海泉域的保护需要加强,并在短时期内能取得明显成效。受南水北调中线水源补给及限量地下水开采影响,安阳市区地下水降落漏斗大幅度缩减。     

Impact of changing climate and land use on the hydrogeology of southeast Australia ∗

Anthropogenic climate change is the Earth's most serious large-scale environmental concern. While the projected changes of global temperatures, rainfall and surface water have been modelled in a sophisticated manner, the impact on groundwater resources is much less well constrained. In southeast Australia, the decrease in rainfall amount and an increase in temperature that are predicted by climate models are generally assumed to reduce the amount of recharge to the groundwater systems. However, the increase in recharge that has resulted from clearing of the native vegetation will almost certainly produce a greater impact on the groundwater system, increasing quantity and potentially improving quality. Additionally, the impact on recharge of changes to rainfall frequency rather than just total amount is not well documented. Overall our understanding of the impacts of climate change on groundwater systems is insufficiently advanced to make firm predictions. Indirect impacts of climate change, particularly the projected increased demand for groundwater or surface water to supplement surface water supplies also will have a major impact that may be greater than the direct effect of climate change.     

济南泉域岩溶水水化学特征及其成因

济南泉域水质逐年变差,查明其污染来源和影响因素,对岩溶水资源开发利用及生态环境保护具有十分重要的意义,而对包含补给径流区的全区岩溶水系统分析尚未见报道.综合运用水化学(Piper三线图、离子比例系数、相关分析)和多元统计(因子分析、聚类分析)方法分析地下水水化学特征,探讨了不同区域水质影响因素及影响强度.因子分析反映了灰岩水岩作用、工业和生活污染、白云岩水岩作用、农牧业和生活污染对水化学组分的影响,贡献率依次为33.1%、28.4%、12.0%和11.8%.分析结果表明:研究区岩溶水水质受水岩作用和人类活动的双重影响;南部补给区、西郊及其以西排泄区水质优良,主要受碳酸盐岩溶解的影响;直接补给径流区部分岩溶水受农牧业和农村生活污染的影响,NO₃-含量较高;东郊排泄区、城区及近郊开采区受工业及城镇生活污染的影响,水质较差,少数地段SO₄2-、NO₃-、TDS和总硬度超标.      

半干旱区域高速公路绿化带建设对地下水循环的影响: 以京藏高速公路呼包段为例

高速公路绿化带能美化环境,吸尘减噪,保持水土,但在降水量少的干旱地区,高速公路绿化带主要依赖地下水补给,会对区域地下水资源分布产生一定影响。以土默川平原北部呼包高速绿化带为研究对象,利用3S技术将研究区的绿化带进行分类,同时,结合ET_0等相关公式计算绿化带的蒸腾耗水量。在收集区域水文地质资料的基础上,掌握研究区的地下水补径排特征,计算研究区侧向补给量,进而得出绿化带蒸腾耗水量与地下水补给量之间的关系,定量分析高速公路绿化带建设对区域地下水循环的影响。结果表明:研究区地下水补给主要来源于大青山山前侧向补给,主要排泄为地下水径流排泄及绿化带的蒸腾耗水; 2016-07—2017-06期间,研究区非植被区、植被覆盖区分别占总面积的17%和83%,绿化带年蒸散发量为1006.10 mm,蒸腾耗水量为2434.86×10~4m^3/a;山前侧向补给量为24372.16×10~4m^3/a;绿化带蒸腾耗水量约占山前侧向补给量的10%。由此可见,高速公路绿化带的建设对地下水资源分布有着重要的影响。     

黑河流域民乐山前隐伏构造带地下水补给与更新

第四系地下水是民乐山前地区居民清洁饮水的重要水源,而复杂的隐伏构造对区内地下水的运移和更新具有重要的控制作用。本文应用环境同位素技术,深入讨论了该区地下水的补给、更新能力以及隐伏构造对地下水更新的影响。结果表明:(1)民乐山前第四系地下水的补给来源包括出山河水渗漏和当地降水入渗,二者对地下水补给的贡献分别为89%和11%;(2)地下水更新能力由山前向下游变差,山前一带地下水更新周期在20～30年之间,下游的六坝北部一带地下水更新周期大于50年;(3)隐伏构造具有明显的阻水作用,导致地下水径流速度减缓。     

太行山山前平原地下水补给规律分析:以河北栾城为例

采用水均衡法与通量法对太行山山前平原(河北栾城)进行了地下水补给评价,结果表明:近20 a地下水入渗补给量为8～172mm/a(水均衡法),平均值49.3 mm/a,变化幅度大.其中2004年入渗补给量(63mm/a)比采用通量法计算结果(28.2mm/a)大一倍,表明土壤优先流对入渗补给作用显著.年入渗补给量总体上随有效降雨量增加、地下水位下降速率减少、作物实际蒸发蒸腾量减少而增加,但与有效灌溉量和灌溉量之和的相关性不显著.通过长序列地下水位与灌溉量等数据估算得到研究区侧向净补给量为125.2 mm/a,约占地下水总补给量的71.7％(175.4 mm/a),说明地下水主要以侧向补给为主.同时计算了入渗补给与侧向补给地下水的延迟时间,分别为60 a和1个月.     

Urbanization and the groundwater budget, metropolitan Seoul area, Korea

The city of Seoul is home to more than 10 million people in an area of 605 km². Groundwater is abstracted for public water supply and industrial use, and to drain underground facilities and construction sites. Though most tap water is supplied from the Han River, the quantity and quality of groundwater is of great concern to Seoul's citizens, because the use of groundwater for drinking water is continuously increasing. This study identifies the major factors affecting the urban water budget and quality of groundwater in the Seoul area and estimates the urban water budget. These factors include leakage from the municipal water-supply system and sewer systems, precipitation infiltration, water-level fluctuations of the Han River, the subway pumping system, and domestic pumping. The balance between groundwater recharge and discharge is near equilibrium. However, the quality of groundwater and ability to control contaminant fluxes are impeded by sewage infiltration, abandoned landfills, waste dumps, and abandoned wells. Electronic Publication     

惰性气体法测定地下水入渗补给量

地下水入渗补给量是重要的水文地质参数。本文介绍了测定地下水入渗补给量的最新方法——惰性气体法的原理与方法，该方法适用于封闭条件下的深层地下水。     

地下水污染脆弱性评价方法

地下水污染脆弱性是指污染物自顶部含水层以上某一位置到达地下水系统中某一特定位置的趋势和可能性,进一步分为固有脆弱性和特殊脆弱性。地下水污染脆弱性受地下水流系统和地球化学系统的影响和控制。其主要评价方法有主观分级评价法、统计或基于过程的评价法和综合评价法三大类。中国地下水污染脆弱性评价已有很好的工作基础,评价工作中应以地下水系统为单元,以饮用水井、集中供水水源地、区域含水层系统的补给区为重点保护目标,评价方法应综合区域地下水流系统的过程分析和指数评价方法,并利用已有的区域水质资料进行检验,增强评价结论的科学性和可靠性。     

人工补给对含水层水质的影响

为了研究人工补给对含水层水质的影响问题,通过反向地球化学模拟方法对大庆西部地下水水质演化规律进行了分析。结果表明,地下水化学成分主要受含水层矿物相的溶解-沉淀作用、阳离子交换吸附作用以及氧化还原作用的影响,并确定方解石、白云石、盐岩、萤石、石膏、赤铁矿、菱铁矿、软锰矿、二氧化碳、阳离子交换剂等为影响地下水化学成分的控制性（矿）物相。在此基础上,采用正向地球化学模拟方法,以大庆市西水源地下水人工补给为例,模拟了地表水进入到地下后与含水层中原有的地下水以及含水层介质发生的水-岩相互作用。模拟结果表明,注入水与含水层中的水混合后,使地下水的矿化度有所降低,且混合水中地表水所占比例越大,地下水的矿化度越低;注入水与含水层中的地下水混合后,不会导致地下水水质的突变和水质级别的降低,还可在一定程度上改善含水层水质。     

A comparison of stochastic and deterministic downscaling methods for modelling potential groundwater recharge under climate change in East Anglia, UK: implications for groundwater resource management

Groundwater resource estimates require the calculation of recharge using a daily time step. Within climate-change impact studies, this inevitably necessitates temporal downscaling of global or regional climate model outputs. This paper compares future estimates of potential groundwater recharge calculated using a daily soil-water balance model and climate-change weather time series derived using change factor (deterministic) and weather generator (stochastic) methods for Coltishall, UK. The uncertainty in the results for a given climate-change scenario arising from the choice of downscaling method is greater than the uncertainty due to the emissions scenario within a 30-year time slice. Robust estimates of the impact of climate change on groundwater resources require stochastic modelling of potential recharge, but this has implications for groundwater model runtimes. It is recommended that stochastic modelling of potential recharge is used in vulnerable or sensitive groundwater systems, and that the multiple recharge time series are sampled according to the distribution of contextually important time series variables, e.g. recharge drought severity and persistence (for water resource management) or high recharge years (for groundwater flooding). Such an approach will underpin an improved understanding of climate change impacts on sustainable groundwater resource management based on adaptive management and risk-based frameworks.     

近30年来降水量变化和人类活动对北京潮白河冲洪积扇地下水动态的影响

对北京潮白河冲洪积扇分布区30年来降水量、地表径流量、地下水水位和地下水储存量进行了时间序列分析。结果表明: 过去30年中,区域地下水动态发生了明显变化,特点是1998年以来,地下水位和地下水储存量迅速下降与减少。1998年以来,年降水量为以往多年平均值的76％左右。在储存量变化的影响因素中,降水量减少导致的补给量减少约占24％,人类活动,如工农业地下水开采、应急水源地地下水开采和地表水体入渗减少等因素约占76％。由于未来气候变化的不确定性,在南水北调的水进京后仍可能出现连续枯水年,因此,以丰水年降水进行水源涵养存在较大风险。对于已经处于严重超采状况的潮白河冲洪积扇来说,为了满足未来供水的需要,应急水源地从现在起应减少开采量或停采以逐步恢复地下水储存量。     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater depression cones in Yinchuan City, Northwest China

Groundwater in Yinchuan City has been heavily over-exploited, thus leading to the formation of depression cones in confined and phreatic groundwater environments. The depression cones have an important influence on the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical fields of groundwaters. The evolution of depression cones was analyzed on the basis of the monitoring data on groundwater level accumulated in the past 14 years. The ratio of rCl-/rCa2 showed that phreatic water circulation was intensified, and confined groundwater was affected by external factors. Mass balance of Cl- showed confined water mixed with about 11% phreatic water. It is shown that the alternative function of confined water was affected by external factors. At last, the evolution of groundwater hydrochemical field on the basis of groundwater chemical composition showed that phreatic water quality has been improved whereas confined water quality has been deteriorated. Saturation indices of minerals with respect to phreatic and confined waters were calculated by using PHREEQC.     

鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查

鄂尔多斯盆地矿产资源丰富，生态环境脆弱，地下水资源分布不均，水质复杂。在研究盆地周边岩溶区岩溶发育规律，地下水富集规律，地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件的基础上，将周边岩溶区划分为9个岩溶水系统，进一步划分为25个岩溶水子系统。白垩系自流盆地初步揭示了深部赋存有丰富的地下水，地下水受岩相古地理、地下水补径排条件等控制，水质差异较大。总结了东部黄土覆盖区的地下水类型及开发利用模式。     

地下水区域环境评价的几个问题

在进行区域环境评价时,对地下水环境的评价应当占有相当的地位。文章作者主要探讨了： (1)对一个区域进行战略环境评价时,应当考虑当地的水资源和水环境条件,不能因为新上 建设项目造成当地居民生活质量的下降。(2)正确处理少占耕地和保护水源的矛盾,既要保 护耕地,也要保护水源。(3)当河水与地下水有水力联系时,即使污水是达标排放的,也可 能引起地下水的污染,使之不符合供水标准。对于此种情况应当慎重对待。(4)探讨了地下 水污染源调查的要点。正确地认识和解决上述问题,有助于提高区域环境评价的质量。