广西公路建设对生物多样性的潜在影响

根据广西的生物多样性特征,以及因公路网络对景观结构的改变而造成的对生物多样性的潜在影响,文章主要通过公路阻隔效应指数(I)及公路对生物多样性影响指数(B),运用GIS技术,以5 km×5 km的像元为单元格计算各指数的数值,从而确定广西公路建设对生物多样性影响的区域特征及差异.结果表明,桂北山区、桂西南岩溶山区和广西边缘山区是生物多样性最易受到公路建设影响的区域,这些地区的生物多样性敏感而特殊,需要特别注意采取必要的保护措施.     

中国沿海陆地自然保护区景观连接度评价

人类社会发展进入人新世时期,以人类活动为主导的高频率干扰和自然资源的高强度开发对生态环境造成严重威胁,提升自然保护区的景观连接度是缓解和应对外界干扰的关键手段之一。传统意义上景观连接度研究侧重于景观基质对物种迁徙的累积负向阻碍作用,评价体系中忽略了生物多样性对物种迁徙的正向支持作用。本文以中国沿海省份作为研究区域,将生物多样性空间分布作为生态系统关键功能的表征,并将其纳入景观连接度评价体系,构建了生态廊道的连通适宜性及生态支持力二维评价新方法,进一步分析人类活动干扰和物种空间分布对自然保护区景观连接度的影响。研究结果表明沿海地区人类活动对景观连接度的影响存在明显的边缘效应,即自然保护区边缘地带的人类干扰范围（46.46%）明显高于其内部区域,人类活动干扰使保护区面积减少约720.25 km²,且造成廊道起点和终点位置的改变。自然保护区边缘地带人类干扰导致了研究区域内95条廊道的连通适宜性下降;78条廊道的生态支持力有明显提升,“一降一升”的评价结果能有效地衡量景观基质对物种迁移的支持能力变化。基于景观基质阻碍和促进作用的二维评价可为中国未来自然保护区连通性和生物多样性保护提供更为全面的时空格局动态变化模拟,为优化自然保护区空间布局提供更为完善的景观连接度评估新方法。     

景观多样性的类型及其生态意义

本文讨论了景观多样性的概念和类型划分，提出了景观多样性包括斑块多样性、类型多样性和格局多样性，论述了景观多样性的生态意义。斑块的数量、大小和斑块形状、景观类型的性质、多少和比例以及景观类型的空间分布、斑块与斑块裼 空间关联性和功能联系性是景观多样性研究考察的主要要素。     

城市湿地景观格局与生态—社会过程研究进展

湿地生态系统中各种生物、化学和物理过程活跃,大规模的城市化进程显著改变了这些过程,影响着城市及周边区域的湿地景观组分、功能与结构。从城市湿地定义与分类、格局演变、格局与生态-社会过程耦合模拟3个方面综述了国内外湿地景观格局结合城市背景的研究成果。通过归纳当前研究现状,指出城市湿地景观研究的薄弱环节与亟待发展的领域,构建融合关键生态特征的城市湿地景观分类体系,整合社会经济要素的城市湿地格局与过程耦合模型,以及耦合模型在城市规划与区域资源管理中的应用。     

我国沿海滩涂景观生态初步研究

沿海滩涂是一类特殊的土地/景观类型。文中以景观生态学理论为指导,结合我国实际,将沿海滩涂划分为泥滩、砂滩、岩滩和生物滩等四大基本类型。认为沿海滩涂是一种典型的开放系统,具有对干扰敏感、边缘效应明显、自然要素空间集聚、空间动态迁移、空间异质性显著和地域分异等六大景观生态特征,并据此提出沿海滩涂开发的基本准则。     

基于景观生态学基本理论的生物多样性研究

生物多样性是人类生存和发展的物质基础,但由于人口激增、环境恶化和人类的强烈干扰等原因使其大量丧失．这严重威胁着社会的可持续发展。因此,对它的研究引起了国内外的重视,成为社会关注的热点之一。新兴的景观生态学的生命力就在于直接涉足人类课题,其理论和应用已经深入到生物多样性研究中。在分析了近30年来景观生态学和生物多样性研究关系的基础上,探讨了基于景观生态学的生物多样性研究动态,并根据其保护需求和研究趋势,提出了在景观生态学理论和方法指导下生物多样性保护的有益建议。     

旅游地景观生态分类方法探讨——以福州市青云山风景区为例

综合分析了影响旅游地景观的主要因子,以人为干扰为基础,以地貌为基本线索,以植被为标志,以土壤为参照,结合实地考察和景观生态制图技术,建立研究区的三级景观生态分类体系.结论认为:旅游地景观类型的划分应强调整体的综合,而不是对个别组分进行分类;多要素综合的分级分类体系,既能反映控制景观形成过程的主要因子,又可体现景观的综合性,能较好地反映客观实际;旅游地景观生态类型的划分,应根据景观异质性、图形比例尺和图斑的需要,明确分类单元的等级,确定分类的基础单元.     

农业生态系统中人类行为对植被多样性的影响:以中国封丘县为例(英文)

本文研究了社会经济因素对当地植被多样性的作用,并利用数学模型分析了中国封丘县农田景观中植被多样性的主要干扰因素。发现在小尺度上,植被多样性与景观组成和机构紧密相关这一观点没有证据支持。相比较而言,植被多样性受人为干扰的影响较大,而且与作物种类和经济来源紧密相关。这主要是因为中国农区经济行为拥有特殊格局,包括联产承包责任制以及农民外出务工流。提出了在政策环境的变化下如何维持当地植被多样性的现状。     

永定河流域门头沟区景观生态安全格局评价

生物多样性安全是流域生态安全主体之一,也是近年研究的热点。以永定河流域门头沟区为研究区,基于景观生态安全格局理论与最小费用距离模型方法,利用RS与GIS空间分析技术研究构建了研究区1984-2010年4个时段景观生态安全格局。根据最小费用阻力阈值,建立了“源”间生态廊道及“源”与外部联系的辐射道,确定了关键的战略点,最终完成景观安全格局的构建。基于生物多样性目标得到了低、中、高3 个不同安全水平的面积分别占研究区总面积的比例。结果表明：研究区低安全区面积比例由1984年的9.49%下降为2010年的9.18%,说明处于人类强干扰区的东部区域生态安全状态2010年较1984年有好转趋势。研究结果可为研究区生态安全策略及开展景观尺度生态恢复的治理提供参考。     

江苏淤泥质海岸湿地景观格局与景观生态建设

海岸湿地是江苏湿地资源中的一种重要类型,是海岸带社会经济发展的重要资源保障。该文以景观生态学理论为指导,分析了江苏淤泥质海岸湿地景观格局的主要特点及影响景观格局的自然驱动因子和干扰因素,提出江苏淤泥质海岸湿地景观生态建设的原则及主要内容。     

Integrating landscape connectivity into the evaluation of ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and its implications for landscape planning

This paper examines the integration of landscape connectivity and ecosystem services. It is based on the assumption that if a habitat within a landscape has a more significant role in connecting with other habitats, it would have a higher ecosystem services value for biodiversity conservation. The Shenzhen River watershed, a cross-border region shared by the city of Shenzhen and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in China, was used as a case study. An area-based functional connectivity index, known as the possibility of connectivity (PC), was implemented to examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of the value of ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation over the period from 1988 to 2008. To evaluate the effectiveness of the PC index, a comparison was made between the conventional assessment method for ecosystem services and the proposed method. Results suggest that our proposed method can identify significant reduction of ecosystem services that was not only due to the decrease of habitat size, but also caused by the damage of connectivity among habitat patches. Also, it can identify sites which should have a high priority in restoring the ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, this study provides a way to consider landscape connectivity in the evaluation of ecosystem services which is essential for landscape planning and nature conservation.     

GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化

在区域尺度上以城市化过程为特征的土地利用活动对景观功能的稳定和景观结构的差异性有着深刻的影响。选择北京西北地区为研究区域, 应用RS 与GIS 技术, 对1989 年、1996 年、2005 年三期LANDSAT TM 图像进行解译判读, 深入分析研究区景观格局时空变化特征, 发现城市扩展造成了生态绿地破碎化、景观连通性降低及景观单一等一系列问题。在此基础上, 本研究以景观流运行受距离、障碍等因素影响原理作为出发点, 采用累积耗费距离模型, 结合景观组分的生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用, 研究了北京西北地区景观结构紧密性和生态功能空间差异, 进而构建源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系, 最后提出本研究区域的景观格局优化方案。该研究方法及结果对北京地区景观生态规划和建设具有重要的理论依据和和参考价值。     

Relationship between landscape heterogeneity and plant species richness on the Mexican Pacific coast

The present study aims to use landscape heterogeneity as a predictor of plant species richness in a tropical dry landscape area in the coast of Michoacán, Mexico. To understand the relationship between species richness and landscape, a three-step approach was followed: first, landscape spatial heterogeneity was measured by classifying landscape types according to their attributes (i.e., environmental, soil and topographic variables). Second, several diversity standard indices were used to explore biological diversity and to select the best one explaining the relationship between landscape heterogeneity and plant species richness, for this study area. Third, from the obtained results it was possible to calculate biodiversity values on the basis of landscape heterogeneity. The results indicate that it is possible to predict more than 61% of species richness through an indicator of landscape heterogeneity (H′; Shannon–Weaver diversity index). This procedure may be useful in terms of land use, conservation, and management of protected areas, mainly in areas with high biodiversity but with limited biological data, since it allows to obtain an approximation of the spatial distribution of species richness, even with scarce biological information.     

人类活动对山地景观的影响研究进展

提出山地景观是由相互联系的相对海拔较高的景观组分镶嵌构成的异质性镶嵌体，具有景观类型呈垂直地带性分布格局、多样性高、形状复杂及廊道曲度大等特点重点从斑块复杂性、景观稳定性和多样性以及组成单元间空间联系等方面评述了人类活动对山地景观结构的影响，说明人类活动可增加或降低景观斑块的复杂性，破坏山地景观的稳定性并可改变山地景观的多样性．分析了人类活动对景观功能及动态的影响，探讨了人类活动对山地景观影响的研究重点。     

中国景观生态学与生物多样性的交叉研究进展（英文）

The spatiotemporal landscape heterogeneity implies multiple biodiversity mechanisms across scales, and the cross-disciplinary studies between landscape ecology and biodiversity are becoming a new research field in China. This paper briefly reviews the development of the field by comparing papers published in international journals and Chinese journals;then it investigates the differences in the trends and focuses between international and Chinese studies. We also introduce several study areas that have emerged over the last 10 years in this field, including metacommunity assembly, landscape genetics, biodiversity and ecosystem service relationship, and landscape planning for biodiversity conservation. The major advances emerging in this field in China over the past 5 years can be classified into six subject areas: 1) effects of urban landscape and urbanization on biodiversity;2) altitudinal patterns of biodiversity in mountain landscapes;3) effects of topographic heterogeneity on plant community assembly and species coexistence;4) impacts of landscape patterns and processes on animal behaviors;5) forest fires and spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation responses;and 6) landscape ecology applications in natural conservation planning and design. In an attempt to promote cross-field studies between geography and ecology, this special issue collected 10 research articles, involving multiple landscape types and biological assemblages, in order to explore the interaction between landscape features and biodiversity. We anticipate that the future development of this active front will be primarily driven by the application of novel information techniques and the realistic demands of sustainability issues, in addition to answering scientific questions cross scales.     

哈尼梯田文化景观及其保护研究

文化景观及其保护是当前的研究热点之一。本文对景观概念及其研究的演变 ,以及文化景观及其主要研究内容与进展进行了总结 ,并具体探讨了地处云南南部亚热带山地的哈尼梯田文化景观的概念、特征、结构和功能及其保护措施。     

Geodiversity in the Yellow River source zone

It is a key premise of ＇ecosystem approaches＇ to natural resources management that we must have an appropriate understanding of biodiversity values, and controls upon them, if we wish to manage them effectively. These biodiversity values, and associated ecosystem functionality, vary with space and time and are tied directly to landscape-scale relationships and evolutionary traits. In riverine systems, nested hierarchical principles provide a useful platform to assess relationships between landscape components across a range of scales. These understandings are most instructively synthesized through catchment-scale analyses. This paper outlines a rationale for systematic catchment-wide appraisals of river geodiversity. An initial application of these principles is presented for the Yellow River source zone in Qinghai Province, western China. Geo-ecological relationships are outlined for five broad sections of the trunk stream, highlighting implications for the management of these individual landscape compartments and for the system as a whole.     

From Forests and Fields to Coffee and Back Again: Historic Transformations of a Traditional Coffee Agroecosystem in Oaxaca,Mexico

Studies of coffee agroecosystems have focused on their role in providing habitat for biodiversity across a range of management intensities. These studies have not taken into account the temporal and spatial transformations in coffee landscapes and their impacts on structural heterogeneity and biodiversity, nor systematically linked these transformations to farmer management responses to price and policy shocks. We utilize a coupled natural–human system framework to examine the historical transformations of the coffee landscape in a matrix of community-protected forests in a coffee-growing community in Oaxaca, Mexico, and study how those transformations impact tree biodiversity across a range of management options, including formerly certified organic and conventional coffee, abandonment, and conversion. The coffee landscape has historically transitioned from forests and fields (1950s–1960s) to one dominated by coffee (1970s–1980s) to a richly mosaic and biodiverse landscape (1990–2010) resulting from 43% recent abandonment and conversion of coffee back to forest and fields.     

城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展

城市景观是深受人类活动影响的景观类型,同时城市生态系统也深深地刻上了人类影响的烙印。随着人类社会日益城市化,未来的景观将越来越强烈地受到人类经济、社会活动的改造。人类活动一方面可以直接作用于城市生态系统,另一方面,更广泛而深远的影响却是通过城市景观格局和土地利用方式改变区域物质能量流,进而影响区域生态过程,这种城市景观通过空间格局对生态系统特征和过程造成的影响,可以称之为城市景观的生态效应。本文考察了中外学者近年来就城市景观的生态效应所作的理论和实证研究,包括景观要素与格局及土地利用/土地覆被对城市动植物群落、气候、水文、土壤等造成的影响。作者通过评述近年来城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展,认为尽管目前对景观格局及其生态过程的结合尚未完善,但已经有越来越多的研究者注意到这个问题,并通过在不同尺度、不同切入点的实证研究,为建立城市景观格局与生态过程的有机结合提供基础。这些研究的结论及其所揭示的规律将作为城市空间规划与管理的依据,推动城市和人类-自然系统的可持续发展。