一次多分叉多接地的空中触发闪电过程

该文分析了2007年广州从化人工引雷试验中,6月30日一次空中触发负极性闪电的光学和电学观测资料,结果表明:此次空中触发闪电的上行正先导和下行负先导分别出现了多个分叉。上行正先导早于下行负先导4.93 ms始发,上行正先导初始阶段的二维平均速度为104m/s量级,后增加到105m/s量级。下行负先导经历了3次分叉后分为4个分支接地,其中有两个接地分支一直持续发光到闪电放电结束,观测到下行负先导的二维平均速度为1.69×105m/s。小回击之后上行正先导也出现了多个分支,高速摄像和宽带干涉仪对这些分支的观测结果基本一致。小回击之后,初始长连续电流过程的持续时间为178.6 ms。     

新一代天气雷达天馈系统故障分析诊断方法和技巧

故障分析诊断技术对保障气象大型装备可靠业务运行具有重要作用。依据CINRAD/SB型新一代天气雷达天馈系统信号流程,通过对新一代天气雷达天馈系统故障诊断方法进行研究,总结出天馈系统漏气、打火故障检测方法,天馈系统损耗大的故障诊断流程和故障定位6种方法。按照故障诊断流程和其中的外接信号源联合频谱仪法,分析诊断、定位并修复了天馈系统天线座内环流器故障导致的雷达观测回波强度偏弱、灵敏度降低故障的典型个例。结果表明,根据雷达现场配备仪表状况,通过故障诊断流程,采用合适方法和技巧,可达到快速定位天馈系统故障部位、在最短时间修复雷达故障目的。     

风云四号静止气象卫星测距站坐标测量点的确定及修正

风云四号(FY-4)静止气象卫星是通过测量多个地面站到卫星的距离实现对卫星的轨道确定和预报,所以测距站站址坐标是影响定轨精度的主要因素之一.星地间距离通常是指地面天线相位中心到卫星天线相位中心之间的距离,但是FY-4测距站天线的相位中心无法用作测距距离起始参考点和站址坐标测量点.本文针对FY-4测距站简易半转台天线的特...     

Characterization and estimation of urban heat island at Toronto: impact of the choice of rural sites

In this study, the urban heat island of Toronto was characterized and estimated in order to examine the impact of the selection of rural sites on the estimation of urban heat island (UHI) intensity (?T _u-r). Three rural stations, King Smoke Tree (KST), Albion Hill, and Millgrove, were used for the analysis of UHI intensity for two urban stations, Toronto downtown (Toronto) and Toronto Pearson (Pearson) using data from 1970 to 2000. The UHI intensity was characterized as winter dominating and summer dominating, depending on the choice of the rural station. The analyses of annual and seasonal trends of ?T _u-r suggested that urban heat island clearly appears in winter at both Toronto and Pearson. However, due to the mitigating effect on temperature from Lake Ontario, the estimated trend of UHI intensity was found to be less at Toronto compared to that at Pearson which has no direct lake effect. In terms of the impacts of the rural stations, for both KST and Millgrove, the trends in UHI intensity were found to be statistically significant and also were in good agreement with the estimates of UHI intensities reported for other large cities in the USA. Depending on the choice of the rural station, the estimated trend for the UHI intensity at Toronto ranges from 0.01°C/decade to 0.02°C/decade, and that at Pearson ranges from 0.03°C/decade to 0.035°C/decade during 1970–2000. From the analysis of the seasonal distribution of ?T _u-r, the UHI intensity was found to be higher at Toronto in winter than that at Pearson for all three rural stations. This was likely accounted for by the lower amount of anthropogenic heat flux at Pearson. Considering the results from the statistical analysis with respect to the geographic and surface features for each rural station, KST was suggested to be a better choice to estimate UHI intensity at Toronto compared to the other rural stations. The analysis from the current study suggests that the selection of a unique urban–rural pair to estimate UHI intensity for a city like Toronto is a critical task, as it will be for any city, and it is imperative to consider some key features such as the physiography, surface characteristics of the urban and rural stations, the climatology such as the trends in annual and seasonal variation of UHI with respect to the physical characteristics of the stations, and also more importantly the objectives of a particular study in the context of UHI effect.     

Summer thermal structure of lake Ontario off Toronto: Cooling the big city

Abstract

It has been proposed that large savings in electrical energy are possible if cool, deep water from Lake Ontario is used, as an alternative to electrically operated chillers, to provide the cooling requirements of large buildings in down‐town Toronto. In order to estimate the capital expenditure involved, it is necessary to determine how deep (and how far offshore) the cold water intake must be placed to obtain a reliable supply of cool water throughout the air‐conditioning season. Temperature profile data, collected during ship surveys over the past twenty years in Lake Ontario off Toronto, plus time‐series data from a 21‐level thermistor array installed on the 100‐m contour near the site of the proposed intake during the summer of 1980, have been used to answer this specific question. The two sets are examined to determine the relative importance of thermal variability for inter‐annual, seasonal, and shorter time‐scales. Intake design turns out to be an important consideration for the air‐conditioning scheme. Unless azimuthal swirling velocities are restrained at the intake, drawdown of warmer thermocline water into the intake may occur.     

CINRAD/SA雷达天线座动态故障分析

结合CINRAD/SA雷达天线的动态控制过程、结构特点与故障现象,从理论上清晰地分析了天线运行的基本过程,指出各CINRAD站经常、普遍出现的天线座动态故障的实质是雷达天线运行的实际动态速率和位置与RDA(Radar Data Acquisition)计算机给定雷达伺服控制系统的命令不匹配以及判断造成此类故障报警的雷达天线动态速率不匹配条件和位置不匹配条件,而后深入分析了雷达天线伺服控制结构中的D/A转换电路、速度比较电路等关键部件的工作状态,最后总结了排查此类故障的驱动链路检查、滑环维护方法、伺服电机检测方法等,从而为CINRAD/SA雷达天线故障的现场维护和维修提供参考。     

Mechanical balance-electrical readout weighing lysimeter

As part of the research programme of the Atmospheric Environment Service, a large, sensitive weighing lysimeter was constructed on the Atmospheric Environment Service research site north of Toronto. Features of the instrument include: measurement of runoff, percolation, drainage of water held in tension, addition of water from below during dry conditions, equalization of soil temperature profile inside with that outside the lysimeter, humidity control to eliminate condensation, low area of discontinuity at the rim to reduce edge effects, and quasimonolith filling. This paper describes the construction and installation of the lysimeter, the problems encountered and some infrequently considered sources of error.     

Design of a High Efficiency Acoustic Phased Array Antenna for an Acoustic Wind Profiler

Summary Improvements to the performance of acoustic wind profilers necessitate designing efficient acoustic antennas for the profilers, so that weak echoes can be received to enhance data availability. An efficient acoustic antenna needs to optimize electrical to acoustic and acoustic to electrical conversion efficiency as measured at the antenna axis. It also needs to provide a good directional response, and be able to handle increased electrical power. Phased array antennas, designed using piezo-electric transducers, should provide better characteristics in this regard. In the present study several different transducer elements were characterized with respect to their relative efficiencies. On the basis of this characterization, measurement of acoustic background noise at the expected site of antenna location and comparative study of atmospheric molecular absorption at the element peak efficiency frequencies, it is concluded that Motorola KSN 1025 A transducer is the best speaker element for the array antennas for profilers up to around 500 meters. The present array antenna has been designed using 104 KSN 1025 A piezo-electric transducer elements. The corner elements were removed from a 16 × 8 element speaker matrix, yielding an irregular octagonal pattern. Before installing the elements in the array, each element was individually characterized for its transmit and receive conversion efficiency, and variations in the product of these efficiencies (conversion gain) amongst the different elements, has been usefully employed to taper the array gain from centre to periphery. The antenna was systematically characterized, in an acoustic anechoic chamber, with respect to its axial transmit and receive conversion efficiencies and directional response. Received October 14, 1998 Revised March 1, 1999     

可见光通信中光学天线的研究

可见光通信作为一种结合了照明与通信的新型无线通信技术,近几年成为一个研究的热点.光学天线是可见光通信系统中的重要组成部分,在优化光能分布、提高接收功率、提升系统信噪比和通信质量方面起重要作用.目前国内外对于光学天线的研究可以分为发射天线和接收天线两个部分.发射天线一般与LED光学设计相结合,按照配光方式可以分为准直型、均匀照明型和聚焦型等类型.接收天线采用复合抛物面聚光器、菲涅尔透镜等光学元件作为光学接收前端,主要目的是提高接收信号的功率.本文介绍了近年来国内外光学天线的研究进展,评价并比较了各种类型光学天线的光学性能,并对光学天线的发展趋势做出了展望.     

全运会期间713雷达一次天线追摆故障的分析与诊断

天线追摆超标是雷达天控系统出现的一种较为严重的故障,不仅会降低雷达天线的控制精度,还会磨损天线伺服系统的机械结构。对山东省菏泽市气象局的CTL-713C天气雷达在全运会期间出现的一次天线追摆故障进行了分析与处理。根据角度信号的流程对713雷达天线控制电路进行分析,通过关键节点的实时数据和常态数据相比较,确定故障部位。最终在既保证天线控制的前提下又使天线追摆满足雷达指标的要求,顺利排除了故障。此次故障排除过程充分体现了信号流程分析法在雷达故障处理中的重要性。     

一种新型小型化宽带平面全向天线

在传统圆形单极子平面天线的基础上引入了Wilkinson功分器、渐变型微带馈线和瓶状接地板结构，设计了一款3.4~7.4 GHz频段的新型小型化宽带平面全向天线.通过引入Wilkinson功分器来改善天线方向图不圆度，较好地实现全向辐射；天线背面采用瓶状结构的金属接地板，达到了良好的阻抗匹配效果.结果表明：该平面全向天线驻波比小于2的阻抗带宽为4 GHz，中心频点5.4 GHz处的增益为3.35 dB，中心频点5.4 GHz在天线辐射方向的不圆度小于3.50 dB，整个阻抗带宽内的增益为2.3~3.35 dB，仿真结果与实测结果基本吻合.     

相控阵雷达扫描方式对回波强度测量的影响

有源数字阵列雷达的波束设计非常灵活,可变的波束宽度和多波束模式不仅可以满足不同任务的观测需求,还可有效节约扫描时间,但阵列天线参数随波位改变的特性对相控阵天气雷达回波强度的精确定标提出了挑战。2013年4—6月,中国气象科学研究院与安徽四创电子股份有限公司联合研发的X波段一维有源相控阵天气雷达 (X-PAR) 进行了装配后的首次测试观测。对比该雷达与相同位置的C波段双线偏振雷达 (C-POL) 观测资料发现,X-PAR不同宽度的扫描波束均能取得较合理的观测资料。但由于各模式的雷达方程及其标定方法不尽相同,并受到阵列天线照射体积、展宽波束和发射增益的影响,造成X-PAR回波强度存在一定的测量偏差。结合天线参数分析和实际数据统计将测量偏差订正至±1 dB内,为雷达的进一步调试和改进提供了依据。     

Freeze thaw cycles in Toronto, Canada in a changing climate

Summary Freeze thaw cycles are examined in Toronto Canada. Using data from 1960 to 1989 for three Toronto area weather stations, trends in freeze thaw activity, the relationship to mean monthly temperature and projections of freeze thaw activity are examined. For downtown Toronto the annual frequency of freeze thaw cycles is decreasing significantly, most notably in the shoulder months of October and April. At the Pearson International Airport and the Toronto Island Airport similar annual trends were not found, however there was evidence of decreased freeze thaw activity in April and October. Polynomial curve fitting provided functional relationships between mean monthly temperature and freeze thaw activity. These relationships enabled the assessment of freeze thaw activity under synthetic warming conditions. The results of this analysis show that the warming of the magnitude typically projected for the rest of this century will not likely generate a significant change in the freeze thaw activity although there are indications that the freeze thaw season will contract.     

双线偏振天气雷达天线性能要求及其检测方法

双线偏振天气雷达天线性能的优劣将直接影响雷达探测能力和气象目标定量测量的精度。双线偏振雷达主要采用交替发射和双发双收两种模式,即水平和垂直线偏振波交替发射同时接收和同时发射同时接收两种形式。本文基于双线偏振天气雷达天线误差对气象目标探测精度影响的研究和分析,提出了双线偏振天气雷达天线性能要求及其检测方法,特别对如何在雷达工作现场利用太阳和专用信号源检测评估双线偏振天气雷达天线性能的方法进行了说明。     

一种用于GPS的小型化全向圆极化天线设计

圆极化天线在卫星导航通信、雷达及信息对抗上有非常重要的作用.本文提出了一种工作在GPS L1频段（1.575 GHz）上的小型圆极化天线,它具有较低的剖面和较小的尺寸,结构紧凑、馈电简单,并呈现良好的全向圆极化特性.天线的辐射结构由一个4轴弧形贴片和直接馈电的金属柱组成,同时,贴片内环引入额外的弧形枝节,外环枝节的末端引入4个短路探针来实现天线的小型化.通过Ansoft HFSS 16.1对该天线进行仿真验证,结果表明,该圆极化天线在1.575 GHz频段上具有良好的驻波特性,且工作频带内的轴比<3 dB,最高增益达到0.2 dBic.     

基于特征模理论的低剖面MIMO立方体天线

基于特征模理论,给出了一种适用于室内环境的16端口多输入多输出（MIMO）立方体天线设计.首先利用特征模理论在对一个矩形金属片进行模式分析的基础上,同时激励金属片的不同模式,设计了一款工作于5.150~5.875 GHz的高隔离度的4端口MIMO天线单元,并引入人工磁导体（AMC）表面代替原天线的地板,大大降低了天线的剖面.进一步地,围绕立方体环绕一周组成4×4端口的MIMO立方体天线,在较小的空间内实现了天线的多端口与多极化.仿真和测试结果表明：天线在5.150~5.875 GHz频段内端口反射系数S_ii<-10 dB,端口间隔离度|S_ij|>20 dB.     

Temporal Variability in Fine Carbonaceous Aerosol over Two Years in Two Megacities： Beijing and Toronto

Time-series of weekly total carbon(TC)concentrations of fine aerosol particles(PM2.5)in Beijing and Toronto were compared to investigate their respective levels and temporal patterns over two years from August 2001 through July 2003.In addition to this comparison,differences in the factors contributing to the observed concentrations and their temporal variations are discussed.Based upon past knowledge about the two megacities with highly contrasting air pollutant levels,it is not surprising that the average TC concentration in Beijing(31.5μg C m-3)was greater than that in Toronto by a factor of 8.3.Despite their large concentration differences,in both cities TC comprised a similarly large component of PM2.5.TC concentrations exhibited very different seasonal patterns between the two cities.In Beijing,TC experienced higher levels and greater weekly fluctuations in winter whereas in Toronto this behavior was seen in summer. As a result,the greatest gap in TC concentrations between Beijing and Toronto(by a factor of 12.7) occurred in winter,while the smallest gap(a factor of 4.6)was in summer.In Beijing,seasonal variations in the emissions probably played a greater role than meteorology in influencing the TC seasonality,while in Toronto during the warm months more than 80%of the hourly winds were recorded from the south,along with many potential anthropogenic sources for the days with high TC concentrations.This comparison of the differences provides insight into the major factors affecting carbonaceous aerosol in each city.     

The structure and movement of the Chinook in Alberta

At the beginning of the 1930's the demand for aviation meteorological services was increasing rapidly. Before the Meteorological Service of Canada could significantly expand, however, the economic depression forced the cancellation of contracts and programs in aviation and the demand diminished greatly. Continuing to provide general public and marine forecasts and routine climatological services, the Service inaugurated seasonal forestry and agricultural forecasts during the mid 1930's. Taking advantage of innovations in meteorological science abroad, the Service began participating with the University of Toronto in a postgraduate training program in meteorology, and undertook to adapt the new meteorological theories to North American weather. During the late 1930's the demand for aviation meteorological services intensified again, leading to the establishment of aviation forecast offices to serve Trans‐Canada Airlines at Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto and Montreal. In addition a trans‐Atlantic aviation forecast office was set up at Gander, Newfoundland. During the decade, the number of professional meteorologists in Canada increased from less than a dozen to more than 50, while the number of telegraphic reporting stations was nearly doubled from 70 to 135.     

Testing for trend in variability of climate data: measures and temporal aggregation with applications to Canadian data

Summary It is not clear whether different measures of dispersion of weather attributes could lead to different conclusions on the nature and direction of climatic variability. The range is commonly used as a measure of variability, while the presence of trend is typically studied on seasonal and/or annual basis. In this study, we used daily average temperature values at 15 sites spatially distributed across Canada to test for the presence of trend in variability (measured by the range, the standard deviation and the IQR) using a bootstrap method. The length of the series varied from site to site, ranging from 30 to 151 years. The analysis was undertaken for each month, each season, and the annual data. When calculating the standard deviations, estimates of the annual mean temperatures were used to make the results invariant to the presence of trend in mean. The monthly and seasonal analysis revealed the presence of either increasing or decreasing variability for some months and some seasons. The results for the annual data were not so revealing, especially at sites where some months have increasing while others have decreasing trends. The results across sites did not exhibit a clear geographic pattern. However, there were consistently increasing trends in variability at Toronto and St. Johns during non-summer months, and mostly decreasing trend in Edmonton. The significance of trend in variability using the range and the standard deviation were consistent in less than 30% of the time across sites and across the monthly, seasonal and annual aggregations. There was not much agreement between the standard deviation and the IQR either, highlighting the importance of the choice of a measure of variability.