Terminal forecasting and supersonic transport

Although an official observatory was established in Toronto in 1839, governmental attempts to organize a national meteorological service were not begun until 1871. Storm warnings and general weather forecasts for Eastern Canada were instituted in 1876, and this service was extended across the West and throughout the settled portions of the country by the early years of the 20th century. Historical climatological data were published annually after 1871, but very little statistical data, delineating the climate of the country, were available prior to 1900. A beginning was made at expanding meteorological activities into the North before World War I, but it was not until the 1920's that a significant number of observing stations were located there. By 1930 the need for extensive aviation meteorological services was becoming apparent, but the economic depression prevented an expansion of both aviation and meteorological services.     

A brief history of meteorological services in Canada part 3: 1939–1945

When the concerns of the Meteorological Division turned from peace to war in 1939–40 the Division was in the midst of a major expansion to meet the needs of Trans‐Canada Airlines. Civil air requirements for meteorological services continued to increase, and to these were‐added the meteorological needs of the Royal Canadian Air Force for operations and for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force for their ferrying activities over the Atlantic Ocean and to Alaska, and the much smaller needs of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army. By developing an analysis and forecasting system based on several forecast centres previously planned for civilian aviation, by setting up still more forecast centres for military purposes and by staffing nearly 100 “dependent” forecast offices at training and operational military stations, the wartime meteorological needs in Canada were largely met, although in northern Canada the United States assisted by establishing many observing stations and some forecast offices. To do this it was necessary for Canada's national service to recruit and train 350 new meteorologists and a large number of assistants during a period of extensive manpower scarcity. Services to the public were greatly curtailed and for a period both the broadcasting and publishing of weather information were prohibited. At the end of the war the Meteorological Division was faced with the major task of reorganizing in order to provide, to the public, services commensurate with the wartime advances in meteorological theory and practice.     

Currents along the pacific coast of Canada

Abstract

A powerful storm passed over the coastal waters of eastern Canada on the 21 and 22 January 2000 causing significant damage to coastal infrastructure. The storm generated a large (>1.4 m) storm surge in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence that unfortunately coincided with a high spring tide. This resulted in record high water levels in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (e.g., the highest level at Charlottetown since records began in 1911) and severe flooding around Prince Edward Island and along the eastern shore of New Brunswick.

During January 2000, a recently developed storm surge forecast system was running in pre‐operational mode at Dalhousie University. The core of the forecast system is a depth‐averaged, non‐linear, barotropic ocean model driven by forecast winds and air pressures produced by the Canadian Meteorological Centre's regional atmospheric forecast model. In this study we assess the forecast skill of the surge model for the 21 January storm by comparing its 24‐hour forecasts with two independent hourly dataseis: (i) sea levels recorded by 12 tide gauges located in eastern Canada and the north‐eastern United States, and (ii) depth‐mean currents recorded by an acoustic Doppler current profiler deployed on the outer Scotian Shelf. Overall, the forecasts of coastal sea level and depth‐mean currents are reasonable and have forecast errors below about 0.1 m and 0.1 m s^?1 respectively.     

国际航空气象预报的发展趋势

结合国际上最新的航空气象预报产品或项目,介绍了美国、加拿大及欧洲在航空气象预报方面的最新进展和未来的发展趋势。综合来看,未来航空气象预报将更多地基于网络技术,逐渐走向半自动化和自动化;将更多地使用概率预报;形式也将更加多样化,图形格式的预报产品将有越来越大的比率。在航空用户业务系统中,预报产品最终将成为集成的决策辅助工具;在协同决策中的所有参与者使用统一的预报产品;针对不同的航空用户提供不同的预报产品将是未来气象服务的一个主要方向。     

中央气象台决策气象服务智能移动终端的设计与实现

中央气象台决策气象服务智能移动终端(简称为“决策服务App”)是在发展智慧气象的大背景下,针对桌面应用、网站等传统天气预报业务系统存在时效性、移动性不足的问题,利用最新的移动互联技术,面向决策服务领导和一线决策服务人员设计研发的手机应用程序。在研发过程中实现了基于WebGIS和OpenGL ES技术的渲染引擎、基于大数据分析技术的用户行为统计,以及高安全性等多项关键技术。在此基础上实现了包括基于精细化智能网格的城市天气预报、决策服务产品、实况监测及其统计查询,以及预警预报在内的主要功能。决策服务App在日常天气预报业务、国家重大会议与活动,以及特大灾害的气象保障服务中提升了中央气象台和各级台站的精细化分析和决策服务水平。     

Targeting Climate Forecasts for Agricultural Applications in Sub-Saharan Africa: Situating Farmers in User-Space

Several meteorological services in Africa now issue seasonal climate forecasts on an operational basis. However, the failure to develop a comprehensive profile of users has resulted in a considerable gap between the information that is likely to be useful to farmers and that provided and disseminated by these services. The present study develops a methodology to characterize smallholder production systems in order to identify farmer groups who may adopt and benefit from the climate forecast information in sub-Saharan Africa. Through an extensive literature review, data and information was derived from a national household survey of 1540 smallholders in 1995–1997 by the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and spatial georeferenced data from leading world data centers. The data were analysed and synthesized using the GIS. Considerable opportunities exist for farming communities to improve their profitability using climate forecasts. Although the needs and demand for climate forecasts vary according to the production systems and market forces that determine credit, demand and input availability and, thus, the usability of forecasts depend on the characteristics of the farmers and their place in space. Based on production strategies and options available to farmers, three zones were identified grouping farmers with highly probable, probable and less probable potential of adopting climate forecasts to alter their production practices. Although a climate forecast may be useful to all farmers in the region considered, due to different options available to individual groups of farmers, however, the benefits derived from its use may not be equitable. Some of the options available to farmers in Kenya were considered in this study with a view to highlighting why some may benefit more than others. The methodology demonstrated here could be adopted for other parts of the world for: (1) selecting survey sites to determine the benefits of climate forecasts using farmers participatory rapid rural appraisals and simulation approach, and (2) target climate information where it would be most useful.     

连云港市海洋气象业务服务系统

根据全国海洋气象台站网布局和任务设置要求,结合连云港确立新亚欧大陆桥东桥头堡、建设国际枢纽港和开发海洋特区经济的规划以及连云港市气象业务现代化发展的实际,从海洋气象探测与灾害监测、海洋气象资料与实时信息通信传输、海洋气象预报和海洋气象服务四个方面提出连云港市海洋气象台气象业务服务系统的总体方案,并且在制作丰富的海洋气象预报产品和面向不同对象开展多媒体服务方面体现了一定的特色。     

SL-AV atmospheric model version using σ-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis> hybrid vertical coordinates

The SL-AV atmospheric model version using hybrid vertical coordinates combies the advantages of sigma and isobaric coordinates. The formulation and discretization of model equations maintain the equivalency of the new model version to the basic sigma version in the special case, when hybrid coordinates coincide with sigma coordinates. The SL-AV model version with hybrid vertical coordinate is verified with medium-range weather forecasts. The decrease in the errors of predicted geopotential height and wind as compared to the sigma model version is demonstrated. The use of hybrid coordinates also leads to a certain increase in forecast skill scores for some meteorological parameters characterizing aviation significant weather.     

内蒙古航空气象预报服务业务系统

利用数值预报技术开发了包括背景资料自动采集传输、航空气象业务产品预报模块、产品后处理、产品的采集传输和内蒙古航空气象服务网站五个部分的内蒙古自治区航空气象预报服务业务系统。通过业务系统的开发达到给内蒙古气象部门内部承担航空气象服务的民航气象台提供技术指导和预报指导产品,提升为航空气象预报服务的能力和科技水平。     

贵州省旅游气象服务的现状与发展思考

贵州旅游业近年来呈井喷式发展,旅游气象服务在其中起到重要作用。在气候变暖大背景下,极端天气逐渐增多,对旅游安全保障工作提出更高的要求;同时,人们对旅游质量要求逐渐提升,有必要丰富旅游气象服务产品,提升游客的旅游满意度。为此,该文梳理了贵州近年来在旅游气象服务方面开展的工作,总结其中的不足,结合当前贵州十四五发展规划,从“防灾减灾”和“助推地方经济”两方面提出了旅游气象业务的发展设想,以期为旅游气象服务工作的开展提供思路和参考。     

A decision‐analytic study of the joint value of seasonal precipitation and temperature forecasts in a choice‐of‐crop problem

Abstract

A static decision‐analytic method is used to investigate the economic value of bivariate ‐ precipitation and temperature ‐ seasonal forecasts of the form currently issued by the U.S. National Weather Service. This method is applied to a corn versus spring wheat choice‐of‐crop decision‐making problem by considering a transect of four counties across the northwestern margin of the North American corn belt. Numerical results indicate that seasonal forecasts of current quality can be of appreciable value (≥$1/ha) for some locations when the optimal action chosen on the basis of climatological information is only marginally preferred to another action. Increases in forecast value follow from hypothetical increases in the quality of both the precipitation and temperature components of the forecasts in the spring wheat region, whereas forecast value increases primarily as a function of the quality of the precipitation forecasts alone in the corn belt region. The results are very sensitive to absolute and relative crop prices.     

空气质量多模式系统在广州应用及对PM10预报效果评估

介绍了广州空气质量多模式系统并评估其对2010年9月广州市的气象要素和PM10日均浓度的24 h的预报效果.评估结果表明：模式系统较好地预测了气象要素的变化,但高估了风速;各空气质量模式能合理预测广州PM10浓度的时空变化,预报效果均处于可接受范围内(平均分数偏差MFB小于±60%且平均分数误差MFE小于75%),部分模式可达到优秀水平(MFB小于±30%且MFE小于50%),但同时各模式在郊区均预测偏高而在市区偏低;总体上,模式在广州郊区的PM10预报效果优于市区.模式间对比表明,在本次业务预报实践中,不存在最优的单模式,同一模式对不同的统计指标、不同的站点,其预报效果可能存在差异,基于算术平均集成各模式结果未能获得最优的预报效果.优化排放源空间分布并引进更好的集成预报方法(如权重平均、神经网络、多元回归等)是未来改进广州空气质量多模式系统预报效果的可能途径.     

降水预报-观测概率匹配动态订正法在江西降水集中期的应用与检验

为提高数值预报降水预报的准确率,本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的高分辨率数值预报（ECMWF）降水预报资料和江西省国家级气象观测站实况降水资料进行概率匹配,选取Gamma累积概率分布函数用于拟合预报与观测的降水累积概率,通过在2017年江西省一次降水集中期的应用试验,得到以下结论：基于ECMWF的降水预报-观测概率匹配动态订正法由于把最新的预报与实况结果带入概率匹配中,并根据近期模式预报调整及误差不断自动更新各量级降水修正值,可实时动态订正模式降水预报;检验发现ECMWF模式降水产品对于24 h内12 h间隔的10 mm及以下量级的预报普遍偏大,25 mm及以上量级的预报普遍偏小,在江西区域九江沿江地区和景德镇的各量级降水预报较为接近实况、预报效果较好.本降水预报订正法能提高小雨和暴雨的TS评分、降低暴雨的漏报率且提升其命中率,但对大雨及部分中雨的订正效果不佳,在实践中应权衡利弊使用.     

辐射灾害雾的分析与预报

为适应航空飞行和气象安全保障工作的需要,将辐射大雾中能见度 <500m的雾分立出来作灾害雾研究;分析其形成的气象条件、主要特征,并进行合理归类;提出辐射灾害雾的常规预报方法、统计定量计算预报方法及综合预报方法。     

影响光伏发电功率的气象因子分析及其预测检验

利用贵州省普安磨舍光伏电站2020年逐15 min的光伏发电功率、辐射资料与气象站资料，对光伏发电功率变化特征及影响光伏发电功率的气象因子进行分析，建立了光伏发电功率的预测模型，并利用CFSv2模式资料开展月内预测检验。结果表明：光伏电站发电功率呈现早晚低、中午高的单峰型日变化特征，其中春季发电功率值最大，夏季次之，冬季最小。影响光伏发电功率最关键的气象因子为总辐射和日照时数，其相关系数均在0.9以上。5种组合的线性回归预测模型检验结果显示，利用平均气温、最高气温、日较差建立的预测模型预测效果最好，而利用单一气象因子的预测效果最差。为增加光伏发电功率的预测准确率，可根据预测服务需求，并用延伸期模式资料开展光伏发电功率滚动订正预测。     

The king city operational doppler radar: Development,all‐season applications and forecasting

Abstract

In 1985, the first Doppler weather radar to operate in Canada was established by the Research Directorate of the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) at a site in King City, north of Toronto, Ontario. The initial thrust of the research program immediately recognized the advances Doppler observations would make in the operational sector and a system was devised to satisfactorily meet both needs. This paper describes the radar system, the techniques, the data processing and innovations developed to provide immediate intelligence to the data. The system was developed by adapting mainly commercial hardware and in‐house software. The system factors that are significant for operational meteorological surveillance and analysis, the display form and formats, and the sample cases illustrating the impact of Doppler observations on both synoptic and mesocale analysis in all seasons complete the discussion.

Significant factors, in both system parameters and meteorology, that impinge on the success of the Doppler radar program and its applications are summarized. There is sufficient maturity in the technology, display capabilities and meteorological knowledge to warrant network implementation. However, research and development is still needed to interpret and synthesize the voluminous amounts of available information. In particular, conceptual models of the kinematics of mesoscale systems need considerable development.     

AMSR2辐射率资料同化对台风“山神”分析和预报的影响研究

在WRFDA-3DVar（Weather Research and Forecasting model's 3-dimensional variational data assimilation）的框架下,添加了新的探测器AMSR2（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2）微波辐射率资料的同化模块,实现了AMSR2辐射率资料在中小尺度同化系统中的有效使用。台风"山神"（Son-Tinh）直接同化AMSR2资料的个例试验结果表明,AMSR2资料可以很好的探测出台风的形态,并且与没有同化该资料的控制试验相比,同化AMSR2辐射率资料可以有效提高模式分析场的质量,进一步提高了台风中心气压,最大风速和台风路径的预报。     

基于大尺度模式产品的误差订正与统计降尺度气象要素预报技术

应用自适应卡尔曼滤波方法,对大尺度模式要素预报进行误差订正和降尺度精细化气象要素预报。并通过对订正系数科学选取的研究,改进了滤波方法的应用效果。通过对大尺度模式系统进行误差订正,改善了大尺度模式预报的准确率,提高了模式要素,如2 m温度、10 m风等预报的精度,并基于改善了的大尺度模式预报场和高分辨率观测场,生成降尺度函数,得到高精度的气象要素预报产品,为精细化气象要素预报服务提供了有效的方法。     

Evaluation of the Added Value of Probabilistic Nowcasting Ensemble Forecasts on Regional Ensemble Forecasts

Ensemble forecasting systems have become an important tool for estimating the uncertainties in initial conditions and model formulations and they are receiving increased attention from various applications. The Regional Ensemble Prediction System(REPS), which has operated at the Beijing Meteorological Service(BMS) since 2017, allows for probabilistic forecasts. However, it still suffers from systematic deficiencies during the first couple of forecast hours. This paper presents an integrated prob...     

Calibration and combination of dynamical seasonal forecasts to enhance the value of predicted probabilities for managing risk

Seasonal probability forecasts produced with numerical dynamics on supercomputers offer great potential value in managing risk and opportunity created by seasonal variability. The skill and reliability of contemporary forecast systems can be increased by calibration methods that use the historical performance of the forecast system to improve the ongoing real-time forecasts. Two calibration methods are applied to seasonal surface temperature forecasts of the US National Weather Service, the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, and to a World Climate Service multi-model ensemble created by combining those two forecasts with Bayesian methods. As expected, the multi-model is somewhat more skillful and more reliable than the original models taken alone. The potential value of the multimodel in decision making is illustrated with the profits achieved in simulated trading of a weather derivative. In addition to examining the seasonal models, the article demonstrates that calibrated probability forecasts of weekly average temperatures for leads of 2–4 weeks are also skillful and reliable. The conversion of ensemble forecasts into probability distributions of impact variables is illustrated with degree days derived from the temperature forecasts. Some issues related to loss of stationarity owing to long-term warming are considered. The main conclusion of the article is that properly calibrated probabilistic forecasts possess sufficient skill and reliability to contribute to effective decisions in government and business activities that are sensitive to intraseasonal and seasonal climate variability.